Comprehensive Report on End Stage Kidney Disease and Patient Status

This report provides a detailed analysis of a patient diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease, highlighting various physiological factors and their impact on the patient's health. It discusses the effects of the disease on calcium and sodium levels, the causes of anemia and hypotension, and the acid-base disorders associated with kidney malfunction. Furthermore, the report explores the correlation between end-stage renal disease and low vitamin levels (D, K, E, and A), as well as the hormonal responses to low calcium levels. The physiological findings, abnormal stool and urine samples, and the role of Glisten in insulin production are also examined, concluding with the critical need for urgent medical attention to prevent further organ malfunction. Desklib offers a wealth of resources including similar solved assignments and past papers for students.

1
End Stage Kidney Disease
Name
Date
Instructor
Campus

2
Abstract
This report reflects on patient status diagnosed with end stage kidney disease. the
patient state is characterised by various physiological factors ranging form tissues and organ
problems. This signified by low levels of various physiological assessments. Thus, the needs
for urgent review and diagnosis to correct the abnormal features being encountered so as to
prevent organ malfunctioned.
Introduction
The human body consists of various systems which perform various functions. The
body plays a fundamental role in ensuring that body processes function optimally. The kidney
performs the function of removing waste and fluid in the blood. Presence of urea in the blood
has toxification effects deteriorating the patient state. The liver, on the other hand, removes
harmful substance from the body, blood filtration and production of blood clotting. The
pancreas is part of the digestive system producing pancreatic juice in the duodenum through
the arterial duct. This juice has bicarbonate which offers neutralization on the acid entering
the duodenum and digestive enzymes.
Body
Calcium and sodium levels
End-stage kidney reflects various pathological assessments, (Kidney disease, 2018).
Calcium is an essential electrolyte in the blood. In pericardium state, calcium deposits
develop due to pericarditis. Fluid accumulates in the layers to develop in between the heart
depositing calcium hence the body calcium level is low. The low sodium levels are linked to
the fluid accumulation in the pericardial effusion which affects the supply flow of sodium in
the body (Chang, Lee & Chiu, 2012). The state of end renal disease has affected the balance
of the calcium and sodium level affecting their absorption and utilization in the body hence
low levels.
Cause of anemia
Often the common causes of anemia result from active bleeding, heavy menstruation,
bleeding, and wounds. Further gastrointestinal ulcers can result in low anemia. The decreased
functioning of the patient kidney function has hampered production of red blood cells. The
functioning of the kidney in bone marrow functioning has reduced the production of red
blood cells hence causing anemia. Thus red blood cells indicate the anemic state. Normal
RBCs ranges between 4.2-5.4 cell/ ul, compared to the patient status at 3.9 cell/ul
Causes of hypotension
Hypotension refers to low blood pressure less than 90/60. Patient hypotension is

3
exacerbated by the 2+ bilateral edema couple with end-stage renal disease and diabetes state
of the patient. Homeostasis s sate is the ability of the body to achieve an internal steady
environment towards achieving an equilibrium condition of normal fainting. The patient state
will be a challenge due to the affected fluid balance and changes occurring on her pH
concentration of sodium, potassium and calcium ions which have been affected
tremendously. Hence regulation of the CBC and blood gas will be a key target of the body in
enhancing regulation (Abdel-Kader, Uruh & Weisbord, 2009).
Acid-base disorder
Acid-base disorder reflects a pathogenic disorder occurring on the changes of carbon
dioxide or the serum bicarbonate which produces abnormal values of pH leading to acidosis.
Offering bicarbonate regulation mechanism will be the key focus of the body. Changes in the
functioning of the kidney in regulation have led to affected regulation of acid-base balance in
the body.
Cause of elevated ADH and glucose levels
ADH levels are caused by low blood serum concentration of particles in blood by
central diabetes pitting ADH deficiency. High levels of ADH levels from the patient are
caused by the disruption of the normal functioning of the kidney and other cell regulating the
body such as the hampered pituitary gland affecting regulation. Changes of blood glucose
levels are signified by the hampered functioning of the body regulation mechanism leading to
disruption of insulin production in the body leading to elevated blood sugar levels (Isakov et
al., 2011).
Correlation of end-stage renal disease and low vitamins ( D, K,E, and A), renin
and aldosterone levels
The patient state has had a significant effect on the functioning of the kidney as
depicted by end renal sate. Rennin production is secreted from the juxtaglomerular kidney
cells which initiate changes in the renal perfusion pressure which has been hampered had the
regulation mechanism has been affected. Aldosterone levels are affected by the kidney
malfunction leading to electrolyte imbalance. Renal vitamins contain the harboring of virus
vitamins, due to the estate of the disease the storage capacity has been significantly affected
thus leading to low vitamins level (Liyanage et al., 2015).
Hormonal rise on low calcium
Low levels of calcium are responded by a parathyroid gland which secretes parathyroid
hormone. It is a regulator of blood calcium levels and thus is secreted by the response of
calcium levels with an effect of increased levels of calcium in the blood.

4
Physiology of physical findings
The physiological findings of the patient state are defined by the affected state of
kidney functioning and altered state of liver functioning causing an imbalance in the body.
The changes in the body's electrolyte coupled with diabetes are exacerbated with various
organ defections as they are not working optimally thus display such characteristics. The
affected kidney function of removing various by-products in the body has been hampered
thus causing toxicity levels in the body to rise to make the body to display these typical
features.
Cause of abnormal stool and urine sample
The abnormal urine sample reflects build up of excess toxins and its build up in the
blood system due to the lowered function of the kidney hence excess toxins in the body
signifying poor urine removal. Stool movement on the patient body is affected due to
immobility challenges and bowel incontinence. Thus abnormal stool depicts a poor flow of
stool due to the state of the patient through body weakness and other issues (Fox et al., 2012).
Role of glistein
Glisten works on the pancreatic b cells by activating the production of insulin in the
body. The drug mechanism is to stimulate the B cells in the pancreatic islets which synthesize
and secrete insulin realized to the blood for the regulation mechanism (Komatsu et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Thus the patient condition displaying end-stage kidney disease coupled with
pericarditis reflects the immense state of health the patient is. This is signified by decline
state of vital signs which urgent attention so as to prevent organ malfunction. The typical
abnormalities occurring on the urine, stool, blood gases, blood pressure, and CBC state
depicts a serious state of the condition.

5
References
Abdel-Kader, K., Unruh, M. L., & Weisbord, S. D. (2009). Symptom burden, depression, and
quality of life in chronic and end-stage kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 4(6), 1057-1064.
Chang, F. K., Lee, Y. C., & Chiu, C. H. (2012). Hyponatremia in patients with symptomatic
pericardial effusion. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 75(10), 509-512.
Fox, C. S., Matsushita, K., Woodward, M., Bilo, H. J., Chalmers, J., Heerspink, H. J. L., ... &
Tonelli, M. (2012). Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-
stage renal disease in individuals with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis. The
Lancet, 380(9854), 1662-1673.
Isakova, T., Xie, H., Yang, W., Xie, D., Anderson, A. H., Scialla, J., ... & Schwartz, S.
(2011). Fibroblast growth factor 23 and risks of mortality and end-stage renal disease in
patients with chronic kidney disease. Jama, 305(23), 2432-2439.
Kidney Disease (2018). Accessed on 22/03/2019. Retrieved from
https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/kidney-disease.
Komatsu, M., Takei, M., Ishii, H., & Sato, Y. (2013). Glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion: A
newer perspective. Journal of diabetes investigation, 4(6), 511-516.
Liyanage, T., Ninomiya, T., Jha, V., Neal, B., Patrice, H. M., Okpechi, I., ... & Rodgers, A.
(2015). Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic
review. The Lancet, 385(9981), 1975-1982.