Environmental Science Report: Life Cycle and Energy Efficiency

This report is a comprehensive analysis of sustainable systems, focusing on two key areas: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy efficiency. The first part of the report conducts an LCA of two alternative products, yogurt and soda, using the ISO-recommended methodology. The study examines the environmental impacts of each product throughout its life cycle, from production to disposal, and identifies hot spots. The analysis reveals that yogurt is the more sustainable choice due to its lower environmental impact. The second part of the report analyzes the energy efficiency of an iron box, including a cost-benefit analysis over a three-year period. The report concludes that the iron box is relatively energy-efficient and financially sustainable. The report also emphasizes the importance of environmentally friendly energy sources and the need for regulated manufacturing processes to maintain environmental sustainability. The report uses the Harvard WesternSydU referencing style.

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SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
Name of student:
Name of institution:
Date:

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Executive Summary
Sustainability is important in helping to understand the life cycle of a system. Understanding the
life cycle of a product or company enables the relevant persons to make proper and right
decisions. Sustainability of a product or system ensures that the ecosystem is maintained. In
other words, sustainability prevents or reduces the activities that interferes with the ecosystem.
Some of the notable activities that interferes with the ecosystem include: Depletion of fossil
fuels, scarcity of water, global warming and the loss of biodiversity (Meyers, 2012).
A proper way of ensuring that the systems, products and companies are sustainable is by
conducting a life cycle assessment commonly known as the LCA. A life cycle assessment is a
technique of determining the environmental impacts of a product, a system, a company or a
service during its entire life i.e. from the production, usage and disposal. Therefore, the purpose
of a life cycle assessment is to find out the extent of environmental impact of a system (De, et al.,
2013).
A life cycle assessment of two alternative products was conducted. The two alternative products
are yoghurt and soda. The two products are both sued as drinks at home, in offices, at the hotels
and many other places. The two products were chosen because they are widely used and nearly
on a daily basis (Xiliang, et al., 2010).
Based on the impact analysis and the hot spots identification, it was discovered that the best
option would be to use yogurt as for drinking. Yogurt should be used as a drinking fluid both as a
part of the meals and for refreshment. Yogurt is the best option because it does not produce
harmful gases into the atmosphere. The manufacturing process of Yogurt does not lead to the

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destruction of green environment. The manufacturing process of yogurt does not cause the loss
of biodiversity (Dosmukhamedov, 2014).
Introduction
Life cycle assessment is a way of determining and examining the inputs and outputs of the
energy and materials and the environmental effects that are associated to the use of a product,
company or service during its life cycle. A life cycle of a product, company or service is the
entire period under which the product or service is in use. In other terms, a life cycle assessment
is conducted to assess the impacts of a product or company during its entire life (Eleazer, et al.,
2012).
Service wanted
The service wanted is a drinking fluid. The drinking fluid can be used as a refreshment or as part
of the meal.
Two alternatives
The two alternatives are: Soda and Yogurt.
Reason for Choosing the Problem
A drinking fluid is used by everyone all over the world. However, soda and yogurt are universal.
The procedure and ingredients used to prepare them is common across the world. Now, since the
two products are being widely consumed across the world, it is necessary that they are all
sustainable throughout their life cycle. Therefore, by choosing the problem, it will help in
solving important environmental management questions that are still unanswered (Meyers,
2012).

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Conducting Life Cycle Analysis
International organization for standardization (ISO) has a conventional way of conducting a life
cycle assessment (LCA). The conventional and approved way of conducting a life cycle
assessment has four main components. The four main components are: Defining the goal and the
scope of the life cycle assessment, defining the inventory of the life cycle assessment, analysing
the impact of the life cycle and finally, improving the analysis of the life cycle based on the
outcome of the impact analysis (Fan, et al., 2011).
Defining the goal and the scope of the LCA involves identification of the purpose and the
products that are expected as well as identifying the boundaries and the important assumptions
based upon the definition of the goal. Defining the inventory of the life cycle assessment is all
about providing the quantities and the raw materials as well as the environmental releases with
the inventory and the inputs and outputs (Frano, 2009).
Analysing the impact of the life cycle involves an assessment of the impacts of the life cycle on
the environment as well as on the health of human beings. Improving the analysis of the life
cycle based on the outcome of the impact analysis are the investigations to identify the possible
ways to reduce energy, material, inputs and outputs as well as the environmental impacts at each
stage of the life cycle. The flow chart below illustrates the life cycle assessment (LCA) that is
recommended by the ISO (Eleazer, et al., 2012).

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Weights of Each Alternative
The following are the materials for making a 500ml soda and a 500ml yogurt.
Soda:
Water -- 1900ml
Alcohol -- 40ml
Lime juice -- 190ml
Vanilla extract -- 2.6ml
Orange oil -- 0.125ml
Lemon oil -- 0.125ml
Nutmeg oil -- 0.05ml
Coriander oil -- 0.002ml
Neroli oil -- 0.05ml
Cinnamon oil -- 0.05ml
Caffeine -- 0.6g
Citric or phosphoric acid -- 14g
Impact analysisAssessing the impacts on human health
and the environment associated with
energy
Raw material inputs and environmental
releases quantified by the inventory
Life-cycle inventoryQuantifying the energy and raw material
inputs
Environmental releases associated with
each stage of production
Goal definition and scopingIdentifying the LCA's purpose and the
expected products of the study.
Determining the and assumptions based
upon the goal definition.

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Sugar (granulated) -- 2,400g
Sugar (caramelized) -- 400g
Soda (soft drink) Yogurt
½ to ¾ cup of water 500ml of milk
1 cup of granulated sugar 3 tablespoons of starter good bacteria)
½ cup of frozen raspberries Fridge
½ vanilla bean (splinted and sliced) A jar
1 tablespoon chopped candied ginger Microwave
450 grams of carbon dioxide Source of Power/Energy
Source of energy/power
Material Flow

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Analysis of the Impacts

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Hot spots
The hot spots for the alternative products can be identified based on the outcome of the impact
analysis on GaBi. For example, the impact analysis of the life cycle of a soda reveals a lot. The
manufacturing requires numerous raw materials some of which are toxic. The manufacturing
process of a soda requires the use of 94% carbon dioxide (Mizgirev, 2015).
The process of manufacturing a soda may lead to the release of carbon dioxide into the
environment. Therefore, continuous manufacturing of soda may lead to the excessive release of
carbon into the atmosphere. The excessive release of carbon into the atmosphere may cause a lot
of harm to the ecosystem. Some of the notable damages of the excessive release of carbon into
the atmosphere include: Depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, climatic change and
destruction of the life of plants and animals (Madgin, 2010).

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The manufacturing process of yogurt has a number of effects to the environment as well. The
manufacturing process of a yogurt heavily depends on the use of electricity or rather the source
of power or energy. Therefore, the source of power must be monitored closely to avoid
devastating effects to the environment. The sources of energy must be environmentally friendly.
Some of the environmentally friendly sources of energy include: The wind energy, biogas and
the solar energy. Moreover, the sources mentioned are less costly and hence sustainable
(Dehnen, 2011).
Remedial measures
The manufacturing of soda must be controlled so that the sustainability of the environment can
be maintained. The quantity of soda that are being manufactured should be regulated so that
excess carbon is not released into the environment. Moreover, excessive consumption of the soft
drinks might have harmful effects on the health of human (Diadchenko & Kovalenko, 2008).
The manufacturing process of a yogurt heavily depends on the use of electricity or rather the
source of power or energy. Therefore, the source of power must be monitored closely to avoid
devastating effects to the environment. The sources of energy must be environmentally friendly.
Some of the environmentally friendly sources of energy include: The wind energy, biogas and
the solar energy. Moreover, the sources mentioned are less costly and hence sustainable
(Dosmukhamedov, 2014).
Selecting the best alternative
Based on the impact analysis and the hot spots, it is clear that the best option would be to use
yogurt as for drinking. Yogurt should be used as a drinking fluid both as a part of the meals and
for refreshment. Yogurt is the best option because it does not produce harmful gases into the

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atmosphere. The manufacturing process of Yogurt does not lead to the destruction of green
environment. The manufacturing process of yogurt does not cause the loss of biodiversity
(Diadchenko & Kovalenko, 2008).

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References
Dehnen, H. A., 2011. Global warming in the light of an analytic model of the earth's atmosphere.
Volume 153, p. 15.
De, P. P., Wcquier, William & Cool, W., 2013. Level Radioactive Waste Management; Spent
Fuel, Fissile Material, Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste Management - The
Belgian Program for Low and Intermediate Short Lived Waste Management: From 1985 to
License Application. Volume 01, p. 09.
Diadchenko, O. & Kovalenko, L., 2008. Estimation of Atmospheric air Pollution Extent on City
Highways by Vehicles with Account of Traffic management. Volume 01, p. 04.
Dosmukhamedov, N. K., 2014. Choice and Justification of the Initial Charge in Processing
Middlings, Recycled Materials and Slag Lead Production. Volume 67, p. 3.
Eleazer, P. R., Lisa, M. C., Maark, A. W. & Andres, F. C., 2012. Comparison of algae
cultivation methods for bioenergy production using a combined life cycle assessment and life
cycle costing approach. Volume 126, p. 9.
Fan, H., Zhaoping, Y., Hui, W. & Xiaoliang, X., 2011. Estimating willingness to pay for
environment conservation: a contingent valuation study of Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang,
China. 180(107), p. 9.
Frano, B., 2009. Transition to renewable energy systems with hydrogen as an energy carrier.
Journal of Energy, 34(10), p. 5.
Madgin, R., 2010. Reconceptualising the historic urban environment: conservation and
regeneration in Castlefield, Manchester, 1960–2009. Journal of Planning Perspectives, 25(10),
p. 20.
Meyers, R. A., 2012. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology || Solid Waste solid
waste Disposal solid waste disposal and Recycling solid waste recycling , Introduction. Volume
3, p. 1472.
Mizgirev, D. S., 2015. The concept of improving environmental engineering systems for
integrated waste management ships (IWMS). Volume 01, p. 4.
Xiliang, Z., WAng, R., Huo, M. & Eric, M., 2010. A study of the role played by renewable
energies in China's sustainable energy supply. Volume 35, p. 8.

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Part 2
Executive summary
Energy efficiency are the practices that are put in place to reduce the excessive consumption of
energy and to encourage saving of energy. Energy efficiency is all about economical use or
consumption of energy to avoid wastage. Energy efficiency can be achieved by effective
definition of the systems and processes as well as effective design of products (Watts, et al.,
2012).
The purpose of this report is to examine the energy efficiency of a product. The report will also
provide a cost benefit analysis of the product for a three years period. The product that has been
chosen for analysis is an ironing box. An ironing box is a device in all the homes and hotels.
Therefore, it is important to ensure that the device is energy efficient and cost effective in the
long run (Nillesen, et al., 2014).
An iron box is a device that is used nearly on a daily basis at homes and in offices as well as at
business places. The analysis of energy efficiency of an iron box is important in providing a
basis for making important decision about its usage. The report has proved that an iron box is
relatively energy efficient. Moreover, the cost of purchasing and maintaining an iron box is
relatively cheap. Therefore, we can conclude that an iron box is financially sustainable (Sablin,
2012).
The analysis of the important factors bout an iron box also reveals that an iron box uses
electricity. Now, since there are numerous sources of electricity, the sources of electricity must
be efficient and not capable of causing harm to the environment or the ecosystem (Oh, 2010).

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The cost benefit analysis of an iron box has proven that the product is cost effective for a three
years period. Therefore, we conclude that an iron box is energy efficient.
Definition of the problem (Introduction)
Some of the relevant information about an ironing box include: The consumption rate, an
alternative to an ironing box, efficiency of an ironing box, the usage of iron box and the cost of
purchasing an ironing box. The relevant information is listed below:
The energy consumption rate of an ironing box is 800W to 1000W per day.
Alternative for the electric iron box is the traditional iron box.
Efficiency of the iron box is rated between 1000 Watts to 2000 Watts per hour.
Usage of the iron box is to keep cloths and other materials neat.
The cost of purchasing an iron box is US $135.
Sources of energy
An iron box uses electricity. Sources of power for electricity include: solar energy, coal energy, wind
energy and water energy.
State selection
I have selected a state in south Australia. The state I have selected is Port Augusta. The location
of Port Augusta is 32°29′33″S 137°45′57″E.

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Organizations in Australia that promote energy efficiency
There are several organizations that promote energy efficiency in Australia. Some of the
organizations are described below.
Australia Energy Regulatory. Monitor and enforce the compliance of market participants,
energy service providers and rules.
Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Funds innovation and share knowledge accelerating
shift to reliable and affordable renewable energy.
These two bodies ensure the reduction of consumer energy bills, environmental protection,
enhance the productivity of industrial energy, they contribute to a competitive energy market and
manage the demand of energy.
Reducing energy consumption of an iron box
1. Proper maintenance of the iron box
2. Constant check- ups to ensure that the device is functioning properly
3. Always unplugging the device when it is not in use
4. Always buying a low power consuming iron box
Cost benefit analysis of an iron box
A cost benefit analysis is a technique of comparing the benefits and the cost of a product over a
given period of time in order to determine whether the product is viable. A cost benefit analysis
of an iron box was conducted to find out whether the iron box is cost efficient (P, et al., 2009).
The cost benefit analysis is presented in the table below. The analysis shows that the net outcome
is a positive amount which is an indication of a benefit over the three years.

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3 Year Cost Benefit Analysis
Cost
Purchase price $135
power consumption $1,100
cost of maintenance $350
Total $1,585
Benefits
Energy efficiency $1,233
reduction of expenses $455
Total $1,688
A three years projection
Cost $2,410.59
Benefits $2,567.24
Net Benefit $156.65
Conclusion
An iron box is a device that is used nearly on a daily basis at homes and in offices as well as at
business places. The analysis of energy efficiency of an iron box is important in providing a
basis for making important decision about its usage. The report has proven that an iron box is
relatively energy efficient. Moreover, the cost of purchasing and maintaining an iron box is
relatively cheap. Therefore, we can conclude that an iron box is financially sustainable (Oh,
2010).
The analysis of the important factors bout an iron box also reveals that an iron box uses
electricity. Now, since there are numerous sources of electricity, the sources of electricity must

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be efficient and not capable of causing harm to the environment or the ecosystem (Watts, et al.,
2012).
The cost benefit analysis of an iron box has proven that the product is cost effective for a three
years period. Therefore, we conclude that an iron box is energy efficient (Paul, et al., 2014).
References
Nillesen, Eleonora, Bulte & Erwin, 2014. Natural Resources and Violent Conflict. Annual
Review of Resource Economics, Volume 6, p. 15.

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Oh, S. K., 2010. An Assessment of Deforestation Models for Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). Volume 24, p. 24.
Paul, A., Chowdary, V. M. & Chakraborty, D., 2014. Customization of Freewares GIS software
for management of natural resources data for developmental planning. International Journal of
Open Information Technologies, Volume 2, p. 5.
P, C. M., R, P. & J-L, C., 2009. A methodology to estimate impacts of domestic policies on
deforestation: Compensated Successful Efforts for “avoided deforestation” (REDD). Volume 68,
p. 12.
Sablin, K., 2012. Russian big Business: Natural Resourrce Development and Social
responsibility Vs. Innovative Activity?. Volume 3, p. 11.
Watts, et al., 2012. A simulation environment for the investigation into loss of mains detection
methods for grid connected single phase inverters. Volume 11, p. 6.