Engineering Science: Cruise Ship Design, Materials and Mechanics

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and mechanical principles involved in cruise ship design. It begins by outlining the basic components and materials required for ship construction, including steels, aluminum, and plastics, with a focus on their mechanical properties such as tensile strength and yield strength. The report discusses the application of Archimedes' principle in determining the buoyancy and load-bearing capacity of the ship, emphasizing the relationship between the weight of the ship and the volume of water displaced. It also compares the breaking points of different materials, advocating for the use of steel due to its superior stiffness and breaking point compared to iron. Furthermore, the report explores D’Alembert’s principle for estimating the energy requirements of the ship and discusses the importance of thermal efficiency in engine design. The report concludes with a discussion of how temperature variations affect solid materials and their properties, reinforcing the importance of material selection in ensuring the long-term stability and performance of the ship. Desklib offers a range of similar solved assignments and past papers for students.

Running Head: ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Name of Student
Name of University
Author’s Note

1ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Introduction:
The basic components that are required to build a ship is same for all kinds of ships. The
materials that are required to build a ship are steels, aluminum, plastic, iron core and may more
based on the type and size of the ship. In this particular task the mechanical materials needed to
build one Cruise ship is provided along with an approximate design of the ship. All the
mechanical stress, strain, breaking stress of the materials are calculated using scientific methods
that will allow long term stability of the ship. The final chosen materials for building the ship is
decided based on the calculations and the results obtained in previous articles where similar
kinds of ships were manufactured.
Ship design plan:
The ability of metal and non-metal materials that are used in building ships. There are
numerous materials that are used in building ship, including ferrous metals as well as non-ferrous
metals, GRP (Grass Reinforced Plastics/fiber glass), wood and plastics. Steel is the material that
is widely used in projects of shipbuilding. Steel has very goodmetallurgical properties which
helps it to overcome fatigue and brittle fracture. The tensile strength of the very low carbon steel
is approximately 400 to 490 MN/m^2 and possess total yield strength of approximately 235
MN/m^2 (Cullen 2018). It elongates around 15 to 20%. Steel has the ability to be treated with
heat. Alloy elements can be used to change various characteristics of steel. Carbon can be used in
order to increase hardness as well as strength, it also reduced ductility(Desai, Prajapati and Patel
2016). Manganese increases the tensile strength, notch toughness and ductility. Silicon is used in
order to increasetensile strength and hardness, it makes welding very easy. Sulphur makes

2ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
welding easy and reduces the complexity in weald ability. Phosphorous improves the level of
ductility and toughness. Typical design plan of a cruise ship is shown below.
Figure: Typical cruise ship design plan
Archimedes’ principle in contextual engineering applications:
By the Archimedes principle as given by the Greek mathematician Archimedes, any
object if submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) faces an upward force known as the buoyant force.
The buoyant force is proportional to the weight of the body as the amount of fluid displaced by
the body is proportional to the weight of the body. If the body is completely immersed in the
fluid then the volume of the fluid displaced is equal to volume of the body (considering the body
is solid and the fluid is chemically non-reactive with the body). Hence, if the particular cruise
ship is launched then the water level at which it will swim depends on when the weight of ship is
equal to the weight of displaced water by it. Hence, the area covered by the ship must be large
enough to swim the cruise ship in an acceptable level in water. Generally, the ship area is made
larger than the acceptable limit as the ship can even swim in fully loaded condition.

3ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Archimedes principles used on testing of ships:
The buoyancy principle of Archimedes states about the buoyant force. Buoyant force is
the force that keeps the ships floating. The floating of ship depends on the amount of water that it
displaces. If the amount of water displaced by the ship is equal or more than its own weight, the
ship would float but if the ship displaces less amount of water compared to its own weight, it has
more chances to sink. An example of this situation is that, the water displaced by a coin is
weighted less than its own weight, as a result it sinks. The overall capacity of a cruise ship is
dependent on its double occupancy which is two guests per cabin. The capacity of the cabin
depends on the type of the storeroom, line and ship and the category of storeroom that the ship
has. A standard ship cabin actually supports two to three guests but in some cases it varies. Some
ships may be bigger or smaller than theexpected size. Some surveys that have been carried out
on cruise ships include some features like the ships would sail at different capacities depending
on their season and intermarry (Dawson, Johnston and Stewart 2014). An average ocean liner
cruise ship has the capability to contain approximately 3000 guests and the big river cruise ships
can contain approximately 150 guests. The maximumpassenger capacity of a cruise ship has
been recorded as 5412 and if all the berths are occupies, it would support 6318 passengers.
The financial situation of the country or the shipbuilder organization is reflected in the maximum
capacity of the ship. A financially well-developed organization like Seaquest will have a large
cruise ship that will contain all upper and lower berths, double and single sofa beds in the ship
cabins, large corridors those can collect huge crowd from popular ports.

4ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Comparing the breaking point of materials and choose the most suitable materials:
Elasticity of an object is the ability of an object to come back to its original size when a
force is applied to it and its shape has been changed. This can be expressed by using the ratio of
stress that has been applied per Square Pascal’s or inch to the strain. Iron can be defined as a
basic element but is available at various grades, steel is available in numerous allowed
chemistries. At a particular room temperature, the elastic modules of various siren grades ranges
from 10 to 24 x 10^6 psi whereas the modulus of various steel alloys range from 28 to 30 x 10^6
psi. In case the Young modulus of a metal is greater, it is stiffer (Stoop et al. 2015). This proves
that iron is more elastic than steel. Still is stiffer compared to Iron. The breaking point of iron is
more than compared to steel. Hence using steel is a better option while building a ship.
D’Alembert’s principle for estimating the amount of energy needed by the ship:
Estimating the power consumed by a ship is one of the most important steps that has to
be carried out before starting the project. The power consumed by a ship which is needed to be
estimated, calculated according to the optimization of the requirements of the ship. Power used
up by a ship is the major deciding factor for numerous other factors involved in the industry both
environment as well as market. According to D’Alembert’s principle a ship that has more power
requirements would consume more amount of fuel (Frank 2015). This would result in the
increased of fuel consumption. By the recent standards, the original efficiency of a particular
ship is indicated by itsEnergy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). EEDI is inversely proportional to
the efficiency of the ship. When the EEDI of the ship is proportional to the power used by the
ship, designers are suggested to decrease the requirements of power in order to run the ship by

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whichever way possible. As a result, the EEDI reduces and also decreases the carbon footprint of
that particular ship.
Elastic, electrical and magnetic hysteresis in different materials
Hysteresis can be defined as a lag in the response that is exhibited by a particular body in
reacting to the changes in the force. The stress strain curve of a rubber when extended is different
to when it is in contracted form. As a result the stress strain curve of a rubber or any other
material does not match when it is restored. There are some changes that stays back.
Thermal hysteresis can be occurred when values of a particular property of body depends
on the temperature of the body as well as the fact that weather the temperature of the body is
changing.
In case a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in a particular direction, the material
would not relax back to a zero magnetization when a particular amount of imposed magnetizing
field is removed it should be turned to zero by a particular field which is in opposite direction.
The changes in thermal efficiency of a heat transfer process might affect the
behavioral characteristics of a mechanical system

6ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
Thermal efficiency can be defined as the engines as well as devices that are utilized in
order to convert energy in a form of heat into work. Thermal efficiency is an efficiency of a
particular cycle from a point of view of thermodynamics. Hence, if the thermal efficiency is
increased then the output power from the engine also increases and hence in the ship engine will
be able to create more force in the movement through water with same amount of energy input.
These may cause problem while changing direction of the ship as in the shallow water like near
to the ports, the ship may impact with port barriers. Conversely, if the thermal efficiency of the
ship engine is decreased then accelerating the ship in opposite of wind direction becomes
difficult or other problems may be created. Hence, it is necessary to adjust the thermal efficiency
of the ship engine such that a moderate performance can be obtained. Typically, in a cruise ship
medium speed four stroke engines are used which has the thermal efficiency ranges from 73 to
81 percent.
Task 1
Archimedes principle for determining maximum load bearing capacity of ship:
Ships and boats are proper examples showing how science is useful for solving simple
problems. Archimedes proposed a principle that is now known as “Archimedes principle” which
states that the when any object is resting on or in water, it experiences an upward force known as
buoyant force that is equal to same weight of the water. This amount of water is pushed up by the
object. As a result, the body floats. According to the principle, if the body’s weight is equal to or
less than the amount of water displaced by it, the body would float, but if the weight of the body
is more than the amount of water is displaced, then the body would sink (Zheng et al. 2016). This
proves that the buoyant force of a body helps it to sink or float.

7ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
This is the reason why the weight of the ship is generally known as displacement of the ship. If
the ocean is considered as a bowl filled with water, then the weight of ship will be the volume of
water spilled over the edge of the ship at the time of its launch. The renowned ship USS
Enterprise when launches spills 75000 tons of water in unloaded condition and 90000 tons of
water at full loaded condition. Now, in sea a ship will sit upon the water at a relatively higher
position than it is in the river due to that the freshwater of river is less dense than the salt water
of the sea.
Various changes within a solid material when exposed to temperature variations:
All the matters undergo physical as well as chemical changes when they are exposed in
different temperature or pressure. The materials face these changes based on their materialistic
properties. Physical changes when the state of the matter changes but there is no change in
chemical properties. The chemical change is the vice-versa of the previous one. The changes
depend on the temperate or pressure exerted on them. The various effect of changes in matter
include particle arrangement, distance among the particles and change in energy of the particles.
Some more changes include melting, evaporating, boiling, freezing and many more.
Various temperature changes that takes place on a body are heat, cold, and some more.
When a body is exposed to heat, the body expands to an extent and when the body is exposed to
cold temperature, the body contracts. A solid matter is composed of tiny balls, these balls are
located in a particular place and stay in a compact form. When they are exposed to heat, the
particulars get out of their original places and them more around freely all over the space
contained by the object. This make them take more space because every particle moves
according to their wish. As a result, it makes the object to expand and take more space than

8ENGINEERING SCIENCE PART 1
necessary. Opposite to this situation, when the object is exposed to a cold environment, the
particles that are moving freely in the object, are bought to contract and come together in a
compact place. This makes the object to take less space than required. In case of ships, they are
constructed with the help of various objects and metals and non-metals. The different
components of ship reacts differently to temperature. Components made of iron and steel reach
indifferently to heat and cold. Iron expands as well as contract to more extent compared to steel.
As a result the ship faces problem when various components act in different way. During
extreme heat, the components made of iron expand more and the components made of steel don
not expand much, so the infrastructure of the ship is affected a bit. During the starting periods,
the ship does not face much problem by as time passes by, the design of the ship is affected to a
great extent.
Conclusion:
Hence, in this particular task the typical materials and manufacturing process of building
a cruise ship has been addressed properly. Moreover, a concept design of the cruise ship is
shown and the calculations of the structures of the ship with the breaking strength of materials
that are needed to be used to make the ship sustainable for long time is addressed. D’Alembert’s
principle is applied to determine the energy requirement to balance the ship and Archimedes
principle is applied to determine the minimum buoyancy force that will meet the maximum load
bearing capacity of the ship are applied. Previously constructed similar kinds of ships from
different previous articles are taken as a reference to provide the specification and material
requirement for building the Cruise ship.

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References:
Dawson, J., Johnston, M.E. and Stewart, E.J., 2014. Governance of Arctic expedition cruise
ships in a time of rapid environmental and economic change. Ocean & Coastal Management, 89,
pp.88-99.
Desai, T.N., Prajapati, S.R. and Patel, H.R., 2016. Application of Value Engineering to Rework
Reduction in Ship Building Project. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 40, p. 02008). EDP
Sciences.
Frank, S., 2015. d’Alembert’s direct and inertial forces acting on populations: The Price equation
and the fundamental theorem of natural selection. Entropy, 17(10), pp.7087-7100.
Stoop, N., Lagrange, R., Terwagne, D., Reis, P.M. and Dunkel, J., 2015. Curvature-induced
symmetry breaking determines elastic surface patterns. Nature materials, 14(3), p.337.
Zheng, Y., Lu, H., Yin, W., Tao, D., Shi, L. and Tian, Y., 2016. Elegant shadow making tiny
force visible for water-walking arthropods and updated Archimedes’ principle. Langmuir,
32(41), pp.10522-10528.