Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Technology Management: A Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of entrepreneurship, innovation, and technology management. It begins by defining entrepreneurship and innovation, highlighting their interconnectedness and importance in business. The report delves into the evolution of innovation, discussing various models such as incremental, radical, and disruptive innovation, and the open innovation model. It explores the crucial steps involved in fostering business innovation, including market research, customer engagement, and intellectual property protection. The second part of the report focuses on entrepreneurship, examining the motivations behind entrepreneurs, using Mark Zuckerberg as a case study. It analyzes his journey, highlighting the factors that drove his success with Facebook. The report concludes by emphasizing the significance of innovation culture and skilled workforce in achieving entrepreneurial goals and sustained business growth. The report uses references from different books and journals to support the arguments.

Entrepreneurship,
Innovation and
Technology Management

INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship can be simply defined as the conception of creating and managing some
newer business by an individual so as to earn profits. But during this time, so many risks comes
while carrying out these activities. These risky things should be handled by an entrepreneur in
very appropriate manner in order to attain their business goals. In this context, the new term
known as innovation come into existence since while developing newer businesses. This is
nothing but the generation of several new concepts which emerges at similar time frame. People
use to take use of contemporary techniques and tools in order to accomplish their aims and
objectives on regular basis. It is needs to manage properly (Cetindamar, Phaal and Probert,
2016). Thus, it can be said that the three constructs named as entrepreneurship, innovation and
management of technology are closely linked with one another. Such conceptions requires to be
consider by a person who want to make or generate newer businesses. The present report is
highlighting such aspects. It is explaining about concepts of innovation & its evolution. In
addition to this, conceptions associated with entrepreneur is also presented here.
PART A
Description about innovation and its evolution
According to the (Drucker, 2012), innovation commonly refers to the modifications in the
existing processes in order to make it more effective as well as creative. In terms of business, this
is mostly used by different types of ventures so as to form innovative products and services. In
brief, it can affirm that innovation is a changing procedure or building more effective ideals,
products and processes that can helps in creating and rendering new execution of ideas and
dynamic products along with developing new services in effective manner. In this context,
unique ideas are being implemented by some entrepreneurs which aids in fashioning dynamical
merchandises and making improvement in current services. A new product that need
reorientation of company production and goals that can lead to form external companies devoted
to the certain system of production or if formed within, to be rejected through companies. Hence,
innovation would be viewed as a catalyst for the evolution and growth as well as success of
specific enterprise. This in turn supports in adapting proper strategies so as to manage each and
every commercial actions in the market place. This has been seen that most person are confused
by the term titled as innovation and invention and treat it in such a manner that these are identical
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in nature. But it is to be noted that, both concepts are actually contrasting. Invention simply
defined as the formation of a merchandise or introduction of a procedure for the very first time.
On the contrary, innovation happens when there is need of making improvement in some
existing productions, processes or services. There are various approaches and methods of
innovation that can be adopted by an organisation who is seeking the opportunities of expansion
such as incremental innovation, radical innovation, disruptive innovation etc. which are being
adopted as per the requirement and demand of organisation in more efficient and effective
manner.
As per the view point of (Dahlander and Gann, 2011), being innovative does not show
that invention is going on. Innovation means altering ideas related to models of business. This is
used for adapting as well as acting in accordance to the business environment in order to supply
good quality of goods or services to expected customers. Therefore, it is vital to built successful
innovation as an essential part of every organisation; regarding this unique business strategies
should be developed in correct manner. Thus, creation of innovative culture ought to be made in
companies as this will assist in gaining success and attaining growth in future and present as
well. Some the steps that needs to be followed regarding business innovation are stated as
follows :
In first step, a survey should be conducted in order to get familiar about the recent trends
in marketplace & environment, needs or desires of expected customer and rivals. This will
assist in knowing about what is happening in corporate world and what requires to be created so
as to seek attention of numerous of users.
In second phase, an enterprise ought to consult with their workers and consumers in order
to start the procedures of improvement regrading merchandises and services in both ways
externally as well as internally. As a result, company is able to begin its work as per the request
of civilians which will help in improving the overall level of customer satisfaction.
In next stage, they have to focus on seeking advice. For doing the same, entrepreneur can
take assistance of advisors, scholars, successful entrepreneurs, etc. This as a result aids in
developing such kinds of products that comprises of less risks and faults. In addition to that,
Intellectual Property (IP) protection should also considered at the time of commercialising
specific business related thoughts and ideas. These things are associated with offering security to
innovative goods or services after its creation so that no other person could appeal for its
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ownership. Government play an important role here by imposing certain rules and regulations in
this context. Patent, copy right, trade mark, etc. are some of the eminent tools which could be
utilised by each and every ventures existing in UK in order to defend their new creation and
innovation. None of the individual can apply similar business opinions in their own company. If
some one are found to be performing these types of unfair actions, then they are treated as guilty
in front of law or governing body. After that specific punishment or compensated amount may be
asked or ordered to such persons. Thus, entrepreneurs can easily safeguard their commercial
ideas from the same.
In fourth stage, firm should be open for adopting fresh persuasion or ideas and changes
have to be carried on as per that on continuous basis. Afterwards, development of appropriate
plan of action has to be done by taking use of proper strategies. In this context, responsive plans
should be made . These things have to be promoted by every company since from the similar,
seeds associated with culture of innovation may be sown in effective as well as efficient style.
Last but not the least step is to recruit skilled and talented workers who would be capable of
executing these conceptions. At the same time, training and development sessions ought be
framed by managers of ventures so as to provide training work – forces. This as a fruitful
outcome aids in inspiring as well as empowering entire manpower regarding being innovative.
According to the (Edquist, 2010), evolution of innovation is nothing but the development
of specific ideas and thinking in order to create something unique and creative. This has been
recognised that understanding of the conception regarding procedure of innovation at the
organisation -level has evolved throughout modern time period from simpler linear & sequential
frame works to progressively complexed models. This comprises of a divers ranges of internal as
well as exterior share holders and processes. Different philosopher has given variant models in
context to evolution of innovation. One of the key theory named as “Open Innovation model”
was given by . This is observed as a paradigm shifting wherein research and development unit is
playing a significant role. Members present in R&D department are obligated to do proper
investigation and produce leveraging discoveries. This in turn resulted in the generation of large
number of innovative products which is totally different and fresh one. If ventures take use of
this kind of innovation then they will easily aid in gaining competitive advantages. The
formulation of new products or services helps in attracting large number of civilians towards
similar commodities and they would show more interest in purchasing recently manufactured
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goods. Hence, degree of sales may increases drastically and high sum of profitability would be
generated by specific corporation. In another aspects, it is also providing benefits to local as well
as national market as they are involving numerous of external firms in the process of marketing.
By this way, any corporation could make strong position in world by applying modern
technologies which has been risen with the assistance of open innovation. The main three
processes that are included in this kind innovation which is making it different and unique are
stated below :
The outside - in process : It is connected with the extension and enhancement of own
knowledge base of an organisation. This is done with the assistance of collaboration of different
elements such as consumers, suppliers and exterior source of cognition.
The inside - out process : This is referring to secure advantages or revenue which is
attained thorough commercialising (Chesbrough, 2010). In this context, innovational thoughts
and opinions is used to bring into market location in faster ways in comparison to the intrinsic
development. Herein various types of activities are enforced such as gaining license of IP,
formulating more than one technical prospects or multiplying technology, spin-offs and joint
ventures,.
The coupled process : It commonly used to combine the co-creations made by the
business partners with the help of confederations, co - operations, and correlative & reciprocal
joint ventures from the outside-in process in order to acquire outer knowledges and the inside -
out process so as to bring forward newer thoughts or ideas in the marketplace.
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REFERENCES
Books & journal
Chesbrough, H., 2010. Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers. Long range
planning. 43(2). pp.354-363.
Dahlander, L. and Gann, D. M., 2010. How open is innovation?. Research policy. 39(6). pp.699-
709.
Drucker, P., 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge.
Edquist, C., 2010. Systems of innovation perspectives and challenges. African Journal of
Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 2(3). pp.14-45.
Gassmann, O., Enkel, E. and Chesbrough, H., 2010. The future of open innovation. R&d
Management. 40(3). pp.213-221.
Goldberg, D. E., 2013. The design of innovation: Lessons from and for competent genetic
algorithms (Vol. 7). Springer Science & Business Media.
Huizingh, E. K., 2011. Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Technovation.
31(1). pp.2-9.
Kline, S. J. and Rosenberg, N., 2010. An overview of innovation. In Studies On Science And The
Innovation Process: Selected Works of Nathan Rosenberg (pp. 173-203).
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PART B
An entrepreneurship is an agent who acts as an industrialists and undertakes the risks
which are a part of establishing an industry for commercial purpose, they has an peculiar
foresight to recognize the potential demands for products and services. Entrepreneurship came
inception because of innovative ideas, that can accomplish the needs for goods with a respect
transactional power.
What motivates him
Mark Zuckerberg is a famous entrepreneur which is selected here since he has developed
one of the vast social media application known as “Facebook”. Zuckerberg was born in the City
of New York. He has found to be attended Phillips Exeter Academy which was located in New
Hampshire. This has been recognised from an investigation that his father is working as a dentist.
At the same time, his mother is performing job of psychiatrist. His passion is treated as his main
motivation which is inspired in designing a successful social media site. He used to teach himself
about how to program computers (Ackermann, 2012). He along with his fellow Adam D'Angelo
who was a hacker-programmer was founded in showing more interest towards Microsoft & AOL
at the time period of his study when they were attending high school. This has been observed that
webpage created by him is having more than billions of users. In other words, it can be said that
almost every person in all over world is having an account on Facebook. This shows its
popularity in existing globe. Marks has stated that after few years of starting Facebook, some
lathe companies offered huge amount in order to purchase the services and products. The
purpose of motivation and meaning for individual beyond making money and surviving is to
create sense for the applied activities. The person has affirmed that major focus should be target
and change which one want to make in society and market in order to assist impacting positively
in the working organisation. Mark Zuckerberg always believed and worked over their dreams
believing the fact that he can make the alternation of organisation. His risk taking abilities,
determinate personality and coherent mission strategy has helped the organisation in each and
every day.
Where and how do new opportunity ideas come from ?
The new ideas and opportunities comes from the mind of various entrepreneurs who are
trying to introduce something new and are performing this regard in order to attain their
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predetermined ideas and objectives. An individual used to examine each and every aspect existed
in the market place. They try to understand the need of common people and afterwards they
thought to design an innovative process or services so as life of civilians become more easier. By
this way, large number of people get attracted after development of that specific thing since that
will be unique in nature (Blackburn, Hart and Wainwright, 2013). For instance, idea of making
such an attractive social media application (Facebook) has come in the perception of Zuckerberg.
He had thought that designing of such a digital technology would connect all persons together
and it is the need or demand of each individual living in society as that they wish to be connected
with their relatives, friends circle and other members. This matter become so easier by the
introduction of Facebook since citizens could now send messages to each of the person who
belongs to their families, friends and class mates, does not matter what is the distance from their
homes.
How do they get identified/recognized and exploited ?
Ideas are being determined by doing deep researches and investigation. People engaged
in the procedure of entrepreneurship usually used to do such types of chores. They evaluate basic
demands of civilians surviving in their nation as well as who are present in entire earth. In
context to spread or exploit the thoughts which are designed by them after doing this activity ,
they take assistance of proper strategies and schemes. In addition to this, raw constituents
associated with the similar is being collected so as to manufacture merchandises or services in
accordance to their cognition.
Who is involved in these processes ?
Process included in developing a specific thought or innovative idea includes different
people like entrepreneur itself, suppliers of raw materials , investigation team, risk handling
associates and many more which is treated as eminent one for carrying out the task of
entrepreneurship. For example, while fashioning or creating Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg has
played role of key entrepreneur. On the other hand, it has been observed that they have created
the similar by taking assistance of their room mates, class fellows, etc. main person involved in
the related work are Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes.
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4. What processes are involved in entrepreneurship, opportunity identification, recognition, and
exploitation?
An entrepreneurship first seeking for its opportunities as what they can enhance in
current needs are future requirements because as much as they get the possibilities the business
will go on hike, they initial recognize the availabilities of funds, competition, threats what they
could have in future. They can better exploit with accessible resources at most to gain
profitability. There are several process which are involved in entrepreneurship, that are as
follows : -
Discovery : Entrepreneurship is nothing else but a generate through idea, entrepreneurs
identifies the and evaluates about business opportunities, how well it can go for a business.
Obviously, it is a difficult task to find out the possibilities for a business, though they needs
inputs that can complete the requirements like customers, employees, channel partners,
machinery and other resources (Bridge and O'Neill, 2012). As almost 30 years ago, there was
not a place where information can be found under one umbrella with quick affect, except library
but then Google originated, and after that people seeks for a platform where they can talk meet
their loved ones at that moment social media websites generated and Facebook is one of that
platform that is a result of innovation and brainstorming, Mark Zuckerberg found a concept that
establishes so many activities that are established for a huge pool of opportunities outside.
Developing a Business Plan : After possibilities are identified, an entrepreneur needs to
develop a business plan, that is essential to grow a venture with prosperity to set a benchmark,
new venture has a few major components that it has to attain such as mission, objectives, vision,
goals and capital to invest in that. Facebook has reached on perch by fulfil its criteria and setting
up new benchmarks.
Resourcing : An entrepreneur looking to gather its resources in the form of investors for
finance and human resources who works as hands, to maintain the flow of work, and machinery
and so on. In Facebook there are several stakeholders are investing in venture, human resources
as developers, designers, debuggers, etc. and computerized systems.
Managing the company : After raising the funds, employees are hired then next step is
deploy business operations to achieve certain goals. In initial state it is mandatory to decide
about management structure as it lead all the decision, and find out required hierarchy to solve
the actual problem solutions, if they arise in future.

Harvesting : Harvesting is the final state of business where after establishing a business,
new goals are going to fit, for growth and development, and measure actual growth against the
planned growth and then take some decisions to stability and expansion of business operations.
Facebook is growing day by day, as first its launched a social platform, messenger, video calling
feature, current location update and many more.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Ackermann, S.J. ed., 2012. Are small firms important? Their role and impact. Springer Science
& Business Media.
Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T., 2013. Small business performance: business,
strategy and owner-manager characteristics. Journal of small business and enterprise
development. 20(1). pp.8-27.
Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012. Understanding enterprise: entrepreneurship and small
business. Palgrave Macmillan.
Bruton, G.D., Ahlstrom, D. and Li, H.L., 2010. Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where
are we now and where do we need to move in the future?. Entrepreneurship theory and
practice. 34(3). pp.421-440.
Burns, P., 2010. Entrepreneurship and Small Business: Start-up. Growth and Maturity. Palgrave
Macmillan.
Chittithaworn, C., and et. al., 2011. Factors affecting business success of small & medium
enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand. Asian Social Science. 7(5). p.180.
Cowling, M., Liu, W. and Ledger, A., 2012. Small business financing in the UK before and
during the current financial crisis. International Small Business Journal. 30(7). pp.778-
800.
Dennis Jr, W.J., 2011. Entrepreneurship, small business and public policy levers. Journal of
Small Business Management. 49(1). pp.92-106.
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