Report: Air Pollution Risk in Developing Nations Over 10 Years

This report provides an executive summary, introduction, literature review, conclusion, and recommendations concerning air pollution's impact on health in developing nations over the last ten years. The introduction highlights air pollution as a major environmental risk and outlines the research's purpose, emphasizing its impact on health and development. The literature review synthesizes information from secondary sources, such as books, journals, and the internet, to analyze air pollution's effects, differentiating between indoor and outdoor pollution. The report discusses the main causes of air pollution including industrial activities and fossil fuel combustion and their effects on human health. The conclusion emphasizes the need for monitoring and reducing air pollution to meet health standards. The report recommends that local authorities assess and monitor air quality and reduce pollutant concentrations. The report emphasizes the need for cleaner transport, industry, power generation, and better municipal waste administration. The findings highlight the severity of air pollution and the importance of implementing effective strategies to mitigate its negative impacts on public health and the environment.

Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Air pollution is harmful for the health of people and it causes more diseases to human
heath. This report is taken in to consideration on Air pollution become an environmental risk to
health in developing nations over last ten years. In last years, there are large number of people
which dead from the air pollution and that can be indoor and outdoor. In this report, introduction
has been given related to air pollution and the main reason behind conducting this report. In this
part main issue has been explained in a proper manner that highlight the pollution and its causes.
The literature review part is most important and information has been collected by using the
secondary sources like books, journals, internet sources and many others. It provides the relevant
information and data for getting the positive outcomes. In this part discussed about the air
pollution that develops environmental issues and causes the health related problems to people in
last five years. The conclusion part of report provide overall discussion that summarize the main
point which has been discussed in detailed manner.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
Main Issue...................................................................................................................................1
Purpose and Significance of research.........................................................................................1
BODY..............................................................................................................................................2
Air pollution become an environmental risk to health in developing nations over last ten years
.....................................................................................................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

TOPIC - Air pollution become an environmental risk to health in developing nations over
last ten years.
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution occur when excessive or harmful substances get involve within air such as
gases, particles as well as biological molecules within Earth's atmosphere. Excess air pollution
result in causes diseases, allergies and also death of human beings. Not only people it is also
harmful for animals, food crops and also may damage natural or built environment. In addition to
this, significance behind conducting this research is to analyse reason behind air pollution as well
as its impact on surroundings. It has been discussed that air pollution result in several diseases to
living beings and also damaging food crops (Abrams and et. al., 2012).
Main Issue
Basically, air pollution has become one of the major risk which impact on development
of nation in last duration. Thus, it is essential to take major steps for minimising air pollution and
its negative impact on surroundings. So that, everyone will live health and safe life which result
in their growth as well as development.
Purpose and Significance of research
Major role played by human being within this overall activity of air pollution and it is
increasing as number of industries are getting enhance. Because for production purpose there is
requirement of machinery which result in air pollution and some other harmful impact on
surroundings. This respective research will going to discuss, way to minimise air pollution and
its negative impact on environment. In addition to this, it will discuss way to improve health of
human beings in surroundings (Fajersztajn and et. al., 2013).
Basically, report will show the impact of air pollution on health of an individual, as this is
increasing continuously and this can be cause of increase in number of deaths in all over the
world due to inhaling the polluted air. Along with this, it is also said that researchers and readers
knowledge will increase in much effective and efficient manner in regards to the chosen topic.
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BODY
Air pollution become an environmental risk to health in developing nations over last ten years
As per opinion of Munazah Nazeer (2019), Air pollution is mixture of the man- made
and natural substances in air we breathe. It is mainly separated in to different categories such as
indoor and outdoor air pollution. The outdoor air pollution consists exposures that can be taken
place outside of built environment. On the other hand, Indoor air pollution consists exposure to
carbon oxides particulates and some of the other pollutants carries through the indoor dust or air.
Under this, air pollution release pollutants in to air that detrimental to the human health and
planet as whole. It is main threat for environment and also impact on the human, forests, animals
etc. In addition to this, it presents toxic chemicals in air that causes health risk. It means presence
of the compounds in air that minimize quality of air and impact life of the people (Haines and et.
al., 2012).
Air pollution is serious environmental issues that confronting civilization. It is mainly
cause through human activities for an instance construction, industrial work, smelting, mining
and many others. Air pollution is related to wide range of the adverse health related outcomes in
people such as asthma, cancers, infant and some of the other diseases. The air pollution is one of
the big environmental risk and significant source of the climate- warming pollution. It is
considered as world's largest environmental health issue. In addition to this, air pollution in
developing countries has received the minimum attention other environmental problems like
water pollution and the deforestation (Gong and et. al., 2012). Every year, 7 million of people
dead and it causes exacerbated diseases. In the developing nations, three billion of people across
globe rely on biomass. Due to the cooking and lack of indoor vacillation, poor children and
women face some of the series heath issue. In year 2012, around 4.3 million deaths were imputed
to revealing to IAP (Indoor Air Pollution). Main source of the energy for 60 to 90% of the
households in to developing countries almost 3.5 billion people. Young children and women are
at more risk due to gender responsibilities of households such as cooking and also spending the
more time in indoors. It pose the serious health issue because of the chronic and acute exposure
to the particulates, fluoride etc. Use of the coal and solid fuels causes the respiratory and some of
the other illness. Health effect of the environmental risk is more among the poor population in to
developing countries. The poor people have least clean water sources and directly exposed to the
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environmental risks like vector- borne diseases and also indoor air pollution from use of the solid
fuel.
On the basis of Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2019), Air pollution has range of the
negative effects consisting health of human, food crops, damage ecosystem etc. World Health
Organisation (WHO) highlights the air pollution as main environment risk to health of the
human. It has been estimated that cause of the seven million premature death each year in which
2.6 million from the households and 4.3 million from the outdoor pollution. On the other hand, in
developing countries, air pollution has emerged as result of the industrial activities and enhance
quantity of the emission sources like inappropriate vehicles. From past years, level of the air
pollution in developing countries has enhanced and reached at the harmful level. In addition to
this, outdoor air pollution has enhanced 8% in last five years with developing countries (Laborde
and et. al., 2014). According to the new data, more than 3000 cities are compiled through World
Health Organisation. On other hand, air pollution is mainly linked with the climate change and
driver of the climate change is the fossil fuel combustion that is main contributor to the air
pollution.
According to viewpoint of Zhuanlan Sun (2018), Air pollution has the main impact on
children. In all over the world, up to 14% of the children aged 5 to 18 years have health problem
of asthma concerned to factors consisting air pollution. Each year 543000 children die from the
respiratory disease from air pollution issue. In the adults and children, short- term and long- term
exposure close the air pollution that can lead to minimize lung function, aggravated asthma and
the respiratory infections. The emerging evidence suggest the air pollution that many impact
neurological development and diabetes in children. To considering precise death and disability
in children that reduce growth rate (Laumbach and Kipen, 2012). In relation to this, Air pollution
is concerned to the childhood cancer. The pregnant women are to be expose air pollution that can
effect the fetal brain growth. The air pollution is linked to the cognitive impairment in adults and
children both.
Including this, not only in Australia but in all over the world, air pollution is said to be something
i.e. major environmental risk to health. Away from this, it is said that considering or reducing air
pollution levels, nations like Australia would directly reduce number of diseases from heart
diseases, stroke, both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, lung cancer and including asthma as
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well (Mabahwi, Leh and Omar, 2015). Basically, there are ample number of reasons and these
are :
 Considering the World Health Organisation's Air Quality Guidelines, global update
which was introduced within the assessment of health has impacted upon air pollution
and thresholds for health-harmful pollution levels (Mabahwi, Leh and Omar, 2014).
 In the year of 2016, around most of population in all over the world (91%), which is
living in different areas has not met with guidelines level of World Health Organisation's
air quality. Basically, this has raised ample number of issues for the people that are living
(Myers and et. al., 2013).
Including this, if it is talked about outdoor air pollution within both the cities along with
rural areas, it was estimated that around 4.2 million premature deaths has happened due to air
pollution, in the year of 2016. Along with this, approximately 91% of premature deaths among
both middle or small nations, and rest of belongs to World Health Organisations of both Western
Pacific regions and South-East Asia. Apart from this, if it is talked about policies along with
investments supporting both energy-efficient homes, cleaner transport, industry, power
generation and better municipal waste administration also need reduction considering key
sources for outdoor air pollution. Including this, if it is talked about indoor smoke which is a part
of air pollution can be considered as serious health risk for more than 3 billion humans that warm
their houses and cooks food, with the help of different elements like kerosene fuels, biomass and
coal as well ( Smith, 2013).
Away with this, if it is talked about health effects then excessive ozone layer is said to be
something, on which air could impact negatively on individuals that mainly cause trigger asthma,
breathing problems, cause of lung diseases and reduce lung function (Tyagi, Garg and Paudel,
2014).
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CONCLUSION
With the help of above mentioned report, it is being concluded that despite past
improvements within the air quality, very large parts of the population in urban areas breathe air
that does not meet Australian or any other countries standards let alone the health-based World
Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines. Along with this, it is also summarised that over the
last ten years, there has been a substantial increase in findings that particulate matter air pollution
is not only exerting a greater impact on established health endpoints, but is also associated with a
broader number of disease outcomes. On the other hand, it is also summarised that if it is
compared with most developed nations who has finished with industrialization programs for
several years, are emitting the same amount of pollution just like middle or small countries are
emitting.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In present context, there are number of recommendations that are available for the chosen
research topic and these are given underneath:
 One of the primal most recommendation is that local authorities should of a particular
borough, would require to assess and monitor air quality in every quarter and taken
appropriate actions as per the requirements.
 Another advice or recommendation is for reducing the air pollution is that, local
authorities would require to aim on a particular section and i.e. to reduce progressively
concentrations of air pollutants until they reach or follow national guidelines or the
standards as well.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Abrams, R. F. and et. al., 2012. Making healthy places: designing and building for health, well-
being, and sustainability. Island Press.
Fajersztajn, L. and et. al., 2013. Air pollution: a potentially modifiable risk factor for lung
cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 13(9). pp.674-678.
Gong, P. and et. al., 2012. Urbanisation and health in China. The Lancet. 379(9818). pp.843-852.
Haines, A. and et. al., 2012. From the Earth Summit to Rio+ 20: integration of health and
sustainable development. The Lancet. 379(9832). pp.2189-2197.
Laborde, A. and et. al., 2014. Children’s health in Latin America: the influence of environmental
exposures. Environmental health perspectives. 123(3). pp.201-209.
Laumbach, R. J. and Kipen, H. M., 2012. Respiratory health effects of air pollution: update on
biomass smoke and traffic pollution. Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.
129(1). pp.3-11.
Mabahwi, N. A., Leh, O. L. H. and Omar, D., 2015. Urban air quality and human health effects
in Selangor, Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 170. pp.282-291.
Mabahwi, N. A. B., Leh, O. L. H. and Omar, D., 2014. Human health and wellbeing: Human
health effect of air pollution. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 153. pp.221-
229.
Myers, S. S. and et. al., 2013. Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. 110(47). pp.18753-18760.
Smith, K. R., 2013. Biofuels, air pollution, and health: a global review. Springer Science &
Business Media.
Tyagi, S., Garg, N. and Paudel, R., 2014. Environmental degradation: Causes and consequences.
European Researcher. 81(8-2). p.1491.
Online
Nazeer, M., 2019. Environmental Pollution and Sustainable Development in Developing
Countries. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323251711_Environmental_Pollution_and_S
ustainable_Development_in_Developing_Countries>.
Sun, Z., 2019. Exposure to outdoor air pollution and its human health outcomes: A scoping
review. [Online]. Available through: <https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0216550>.
Ritchie, H and Roser, M ., 2019. Air Pollution. [Online]. Available through:
<https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution>.
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