Critical Analysis of Environmental Health Risks and Hazards

This report provides a critical analysis of environmental health risks, focusing on various hazards and disasters. It explores the impact of environmental factors such as pollution and natural events, including cyclones and earthquakes in Australia. The report examines principles and management strategies to mitigate environmental risks, highlighting relevant legal frameworks and regulations. It discusses communicable and non-communicable diseases, emphasizing the health challenges associated with mass gatherings and the importance of hygiene and environmental control. The analysis includes specific examples of environmental disasters and their impact, as well as the principles of environmental health and regulatory measures in place to protect public health. The report also touches upon building codes, taxing powers, and government interventions to improve environmental health, making it a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Critically analyse the
environmental health risks

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
An environmental hazard is a substance that have potential to threaten the surrounding
natural environment including pollution and natural disasters such as storms and earthquakes. In
this hazard includes occupational health hazards such as biological, chemical, physical,
biomechanical or psychosocial in nature (Frieden, 2013). It also includes traditional hazards of
poor sanitation water, food and land. The current report provides the detail knowledge and
understanding about environmental health principles and management strategies to overcome
the impact of environmental risk and hazard. Relevant legal framework like domestic law and
local law for an Australian mass gathering has been also discussed in this report.
MAIN BODY
Regular are, all things considered, impacted the quality of society. In case condition is all
around regulated and safe by then there will be less chances of occasion of these diseases.
Individuals are required to live in a safe and secured way in the earth with the objective that they
can reduce its damaging impact (Hadad and et.al., 2013). One may state that condition expect a
fundamental part remembering the true objective to keep up the prosperity and success of people.
There are various people living in urban areas than in nation. The internal region is arranged in
more prepared urban regions , there have ghetto structures and old systems. There have high air
tainting and non appearance of good open space.
People of lower money related status and minority masses will most likely live in urban
domains and more inclined to get restorative scope. Thus, this masses faces checks to mind and
gets low quality care.
Characteristic prosperity insinuates the control of those parts in the condition that may have
monstrous effect on open physical, mental and social flourishing. Disastrous occasions open
people to chance by exasperating or undermining to annoy their speedy condition, intense
organization o environmental prosperity after a destructive occasion.
A natural disaster is the major adverse event which occurs due to the natural process of earth
such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and other geologic
processes. However, environment health hazard includes such factors and situation that can
causes injury, disease and death (Kane and Kane, 2013). While natural disaster occurs then it
hugely impact upon large numbers of population within the country. Natural disaster can spoil
natural property as well as individual properly. In the Australia, in the 1974 Cyclone Tracy is

the greatest hurricane to ever hit Australia and wreaked destroy across finished Darwin on
christmas Eve 1974.By the next morning on Christmas Day, by far most of the town's tenants
were absolutely down and out and Darwin was cut off from the world without any strategies for
correspondence.
It wasn't until later toward the night that Canberra and whatever is left of the country pondered
the tropical twister that took 71 lives.
Another case occurred concerning Newcastle Earthquake 1989 in which On 28th December
1989 at 10:27am an earth shake assessing 5.6 on the Richter scale hit the waterfront city of
Newcastle. The death toll was 13 people and another 160 were hurt amidst the billions of dollars
of mischief that was caused. The shake could be felt in neighboring regions and tremors were felt
as far away as Albury.
Disastrously, a noteworthy number of the town's chronicled structures were hurt and
likewise 35,000 homes. The seismic tremor got respect for the building measures the city, a
similar number of lives were lost on account of unsteady structures which couldn't withstand the
tremors.
As per the research it has been also found that in the Australia disasters are a regular part of
life for communities across the globe. In the Australia there is a long history of natural disasters
from catastropic bushfires to flooding rains. A disaster occurs while a natural hazard overwhelms
a social systems capability to cope and respond. In the June 1852, queensland flood were one of
the most devastating in terms of damage to infrastructure and cost. In this disaster, 89 deaths
have occurred in the Australia and entire settlement of 250 people destroyed.On the other hand
on dec 2010 to Jan 2011 Brisbane and SE QLD disaster is another one of the major disaster
under which 35 confirmed death have occurred. In this case, more than 200000 people affected
state wide.
As per the above case it has been seen that these is the natural environmental health hazard
which happened due to the natural disaster. In order to overcome these kinds of natural disaster
in the environmental health, following are some principles which should follow to overcome-

Principles of the environment's health
To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and
operations.
 To work our plants and workplaces and handle our unrefined materials and things in a
way that secures the earth and the prosperity and quality of our delegates and individuals
when all is said in done.
 To make prosperity, prosperity and natural considerations a need in our organizing and
our headway of new things and methodology.
 To admonish quickly fitting specialists, laborers, customers and general society of
information on basic industry-related security, prosperity and biological dangers, and to
endorse protective measures.
 To manage customers, transporters and others in the shielded use, transportation and
exchange of our unrefined materials, things and waste materials.
 To fiscally make and convey trademark resources and to screen those advantages by
using imperativeness profitably.
 To grow data by driving or supporting examination on the prosperity, prosperity and
environmental ampleness of our rough material, things, systems and waste materials.
 To set out to diminish general transmission and waste age.
 To work with others to decide issues made by managing and exchange of unsafe
substances from our assignments (Karjalainen, Blencowe and Lillsunde, 2012.).
 To take an enthusiasm with government and others in making tried and true laws,
bearings and measures to shield the gathering, workplace and condition.
 To propel these guidelines and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to
other individuals who make, handle, use, transport or dispose of practically identical
unrefined materials oil based wares and wastes.
As per the above discussion it has been analysed tht there are various kinds of principles that
should follow by the country in order to overcome environmental hazard and risk. In the case of
Australia, following are some regulation that have made in order to environmental health-
 Environmental regulation-IN order to provide protection to the society against the
environmental health issue, a web of federal and state laws regulates the emission of

toxic substance or pollutant that degrade the environment. With help of these measure,
environmental health safety and security can deliver to the country. These measures have
main aim is to enhance the built environment by reducing pollutants and ensuring the
quality of air and water. Government law, for example, requires US associations to set up
a characteristic impact decree before beginning an important action affecting the idea of
the earth (Martin, Lippitt and Prothero, 2013). The Environmental Protection Agency is
locked in to set up air and water quality rules. This was the framework, for example,
through which the Environmental Protection Agency precluded the use from securing
lead in auto fills, provoking changes in children's prosperity. State and neighborhood
governments frequently have their own specific managerial organizations for controlling
the advanced entry of destructive substances, and laws concerning storm water
organization, boondocks and stream valley confirmation, and septic structures.
 Building and housing codes- This is the housing code that affect environment. As per the
research it has been found that 90% of American spend their time in indoor. The major
purpose of development of these codes is to provide the safety and security to the people
in the country. Most of the localities adopts codes based on models developed by national
organisation such as the international code council.
 Taxing power- Disregarding the way that tainting control, zoning, and development
measures apply organize control over the arrangement of structures and gatherings, the
law moreover impacts the amassed condition business focus through loading and
spending. The obligation code impacts the built condition through cost help, tax
collection rates, and the ability to see and take title to surrendered property. The
lawmaking body can give force inspirations to help improvement of direct cabin and
dares to overhaul existing structures or surrendered present day goals (McCarthy and
Rose, 2010). The governing body can similarly weaken exercises that spoil the created
condition by debilitating them. For example, government can improve air quality by
troubling fuel and ozone-depleting chemicals to decrease their use and more definitely
reflect their cost to society.
Mass gathering are the event attended by a sufficient number of people to strain the
planning and response resources of the host community, state, nation and region where it is being
held. In a simple word it can be said that while many people come together in a particular

location for a specific place then it is known s the mass gathering. While at any place and in any
event people gather and collect in large numbers then there may chances to communicable
disease.
A communicable diases is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of
ways that contact with blood and bodily fluids, breathing in airborne virus etc. Due to the
physical contact with infected person like touch, sex, fecal and oral transmission, these kind of
disease spread within the people. While mass gathering occurs then there is high level of chances
of communicable diseases. There are various kins of communicable disease such as Flue, CRE,
Ebola, Hantavirus, Measles, MRSA, Pertussis, Rabies, Zika etc. Following are some measures to
control the communicable health disease-
 Hand Hygiene- This is one of the most significant prevention for protecting individual
from the communicable disease. Individual should adopt the practice to hand hygienic
and clean. With help of this practice, individual can easily escape from the communicable
diseases in the mass gathering. Every individual should adopt this habit and practice to
overcome heath regarding hazard and risk. By doing this practice, anyone can easily
overcome the environmental risk hazard and make their heath effective and efficient.
 Handle and dispose of sharps safely- This is another one of the significant practice to
overcome the communicable disease the mass gathering in the Australia country. With
help of this practice, individual can easily escape from the communicable disease in the
mass gathering.
 Maintain clean and clinical environment-With help of this practice, chances of the
communicable diseases in the mass gathering can easily overcome. This is very signifiant
method to control the diseases from country.
In the every country, there are some principles and legislation develops for provide protection
and security to the citizen. Environmental health is very significant consideration for the
government and it should focus on several principles and legislation that can help to citizen at
the time of natural and environmental disaster (Bluff and Clayton, 2012).
As per the above discussion it has been analysed that there are communicable disease that occur
in the mass gathering in the country. On the other hand another diseases is non communicable
disease that is also known as the chronic illness that are not transfer from one individual to
another.

At the worldwide level, non-transferable malady assessed 80% of four fundamental writes that is
cardiovascular infections, malignancy, endless respiratory illnesses and diabetes. NCDs are the
main source of death universally (McCarthy and Rose, 2010). According to the overview, it has
been discovered that in the year 2012, there are 68% demise happened which has expanded from
60% out of 2000. In this perspective, chance variables are individual's way of life, natural effects
and foundation. Every one of these components increment the odds of tumor of certain NCDs. It
has been additionally evaluated by the exploration that consistently, 5 million individuals pass on
because of utilization of tobacco.
Fundamental hazard factor related with non-communicable disease
In setting of non-transferable infection, chance factor incorporates individual's way of life,
foundation and condition. Moreover, age, sex, presentation to air contamination and conduct, for
example, smoking and undesirable eating regimen may prompt hypertension and weight. This
may expand the danger of non-transferable malady.
Modifiable social hazard factor-In this, chance factor incorporates physical idleness, unfortunate
eating routine and utilization of tobacco and additionally high use of liquor. According to the
review, it has been discovered that because of utilization of tobacco, around 6 million passing
has been happened each year in the UK (Martin, Lippitt and Prothero, 2013). Furthermore, the
greater part of 3.3 million yearly passings happen on account of utilization of liquor.
Metabolic physical hazard factor-In this hazard factor, real four key metabolic and physiological
changes are incorporated that, that is, hypertension, overweight/heftiness, hyperglycaemia and
hyperlipidemia.
According to the above talk, it has been found out that there is high effect of non-transmittable
malady on the wellbeing of people in the public arena. With a specific end goal to defeat these
maladies, people should give due thought on their wellbeing and abatement undesirable eating
methodologies, utilization of tobacco, drinking liquor, and so forth (Karjalainen, Blencowe and
Lillsunde, 2012).
According to the study, it has been discovered that nations having lower salary by and
large have bring down ability for anticipation and control of non-transferable sicknesses. Then
again, high pay nations are about 4 times more inclined to have non transmittable illnesses

secured by medical coverage at that point low wage nations. Keeping in mind the end goal to
beat the effect of non-transferable ailment, World Health Organization (WHO) assumes an
essential part. What's more, different methodologies have been produced among which some are
expressed as underneath
Tobacco free activities -The tobacco control group works in three zones, for example, tobacco
control financial matters, national ability building and reconnaissance and data framework for
tobacco control. Group ought to give data about the unsafe effect of tobacco utilization in broad
daylight.
Heath advancement- Health advancement group ought to give the learning about wellbeing
assurance and anticipation from NCD. Oral wellbeing and school wellbeing are two key work
programs for the group.
Preparing for NCD anticipation program-This is the best measure through which group can
give preparing so as to secure non transmittable maladies.
Approaches to managing environmental health risk
As per the above discussion it has been analysed that there are several kinds of environmental
risk within the country and it is very important for government in the Australia to manage and
overcome these hazard and risk from country. Following are some systematic techniques and
approaches to overcome risk and hazard -
 Check the drinking water quality- This is one of the major method for prevent and
manage the environmental risk and hazard in effective and efficient manner. Individual
should always manage the check the quality of water which they drink.
 Monitor for environmental disease- In this approach, corporation should always adopt
such effective methods and practices through which it can easily monitor and control
each activities in the company (Kane and Kane, 2013). This helps in overcome chances to
overcome impact of
 Prevent lead poisoning- With help of this method, environmental health risk can
overcome by the individual in effective and efficient manner.
 Identify control option- This is another one of the most significant strategy and method
to control and prevent the risk and hazard from the country. In this aspect, corporation
should follow such effective strategy and control option through which disaster and mass
gathering incidents can control in effective and efficient manner.

 Develop systematic strategy-In order to overcome risk and hazard from the country
regarding health and safety of individual. This is another one of the significant method. In
this aspect, company should develop effective strategies and practices for overcome
environmental risk hazard. (Hadad and et.al., 2013.)
 Follow principles and legislation- This is one of the most significant method to control
and monitor environmental health risk within the country. In order to overcome and
control environmental risk, organisation should follow the legislation and principle which
developed by government.
International disaster Response Law
Not at all like prepared conflicts, disastrous occasions have no legitimately confining course
of action of controls to oversee the exercises of those related with help and recovery; a sneak
past that can realize inefficient transport of assistance, nonattendance of obligation among
humane on-screen characters, and general poor response to fiascoes. Merciful law applies when a
disastrous occasion strikes over the traverse of a furnished conflict; in any case, its degree
concerning magnanimous help isn't proper to other, non-battle conditions.
The major objective of the disaster law programme is to overcome the human vulnerability by
promoting legal preparedness for disasters. With help of this law and legislation, effective safety
and security can deliver to the human being within the country. In the regard of IDRL
programme it seeks to overcome human vulnerability by promoting legal preparedness for
disaster. (Frieden, 2013) Country community should adopt and apply these kinds of legislation
and program that help in overcome the uncertain environmental risk and hazard from the
country. International disaster law is the legal instrument that provides the guidance on how
disaster assistance should work. The another program and law is IFRC international disaster
response law that developed the guideline for the domestic facilitation and regulation of
international disaster relief and initial recovery assistance that is developed in the 2007. With
help of effective legislation, disaster risk can easily overcome from the society and country.
CONCLUSION
From this entire report it has been concluded that With help of this practice, chances of the
communicable diseases in the mass gathering can easily overcome. This is very signifiant
method to control the diseases from country. There are some principles and legislation develops
for provide protection and security to the citizen. Environmental health is very significant

consideration for the government and it should focus on several principles and legislation that
can help to citizen at the time of natural and environmental disaster.

REFERENCES
Journals & Books
Frieden, T. R., 2013. Government's role in protecting health and safety. New England Journal of
Medicine. 368(20). pp.1857-1859.
Hadad and et.al., 2013. Determinants of Healthcare system’s efficiency in OECD countries. The
European Journals of Health economics. 14(2). pp. 253-265.
Kane, R. A. and Kane, R. L., 2013. Long-term care: Principles, programs, and policies. Springer
Publishing Company.
Karjalainen, K., Blencowe, T. and Lillsunde, P., 2012. Substance use and social, health and
safety-related factors among fatally injured drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45,
pp.731-736.
Martin, W. F., Lippitt, J. M. and Prothero, T. G., 2013. Hazardous waste handbook for health and
safety. Butterworth-Heinemann.
McCarthy, J. and Rose, P., 2010. Values-Based Health & Social Care: Beyond Evidence-Based
Practice. SAGE.
Bluff, E. R. and Clayton, A., 2012. Work Health and Safety Law and Policy. Thomson Reuters.
Frieden, T. R., 2013. Government's role in protecting health and safety. New England Journal of
Medicine. 368(20). pp.1857-1859.
Hadad and et.al., 2013. Determinants of Healthcare system’s efficiency in OECD countries. The
European Journals of Health economics. 14(2). pp. 253-265.
Kane, R. A. and Kane, R. L., 2013. Long-term care: Principles, programs, and policies. Springer
Publishing Company.
Karjalainen, K., Blencowe, T. and Lillsunde, P., 2012. Substance use and social, health and
safety-related factors among fatally injured drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45,
pp.731-736.
Martin, W. F., Lippitt, J. M. and Prothero, T. G., 2013. Hazardous waste handbook for health and
safety. Butterworth-Heinemann.
McCarthy, J. and Rose, P., 2010. Values-Based Health & Social Care: Beyond Evidence-Based
Practice. SAGE.