Environmental Management for Sustainable Development: A Report

This report delves into the complexities of environmental management for sustainable development, examining the impact of population growth and demographic changes on a global scale. It utilizes data from the INED simulator to project future population trends and analyze the effects of policies such as China's one-child policy, as well as the two-child policy in India, and their influence on fertility rates. The report further explores the shifts in population age structures, mortality rates, and the implications of these changes on human health and development. It contrasts Malthusian and Boserupian perspectives on population and resource management, addressing environmental concerns like climate change and resource depletion. The analysis incorporates insights from various studies, including the impact of social indicators and education on fertility decline, and provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted relationship between population dynamics and environmental sustainability.

Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
1
Environmental management for sustainable development
Name:
Institution:

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Question 1
According to the INED simulator (UN simulation), the year at which the total population will be
10 billion is 2057 (37 years from now). This year, life expectancy is projected to be 78.0, and
there will be two children per woman. The sex ratio of boys to girls is anticipated to be 51.2%
and 48.8%, respectively. Using the same simulator (free simulation), life expectancy at 72.6, and
birth rate to 2.1, the global population is projected to be at peak in the year 2078 (59 years from
now) with a population of 9,314,221,400.
According to the INED simulator, the current United States of America population stands at 329
million. At this present population profile, life expectancy is 78.9, and the number of children
per woman is two. According to the shape of the population diagram, the populace is expected
to grow further. The population of the US will continue to grow, driven by a high level of
immigration (Whelpton, Campbell & Patterson, 2015). Comparing to the world population, life
expectancy increased by 0.9 but also the number of children per woman reduced with a very
slight margin. Therefore, the average life expectancy of a person born in the United States is
78.9 years. As it is common in most nations in the realm, US men have a lower life expectancy
than men (Gallego, 2010).
Question 2
In 1979, a controversial one-child rule was initiated in China to curb and reduce the escalating
populace (Jian, 2013). Of the past, the government had motivated huge households to upsurge
the workforce required to support the nation’s economic development (Cheng & Duan, 2016).
However, starting the early 1970s, with the development rates averaging five kids per woman,
the regime feared that the populace would eventually become unsustainable. According to the

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INED simulator, the one-child policy could have met its target, as the population keeps
decreasing at an unprecedented rate.
Currently, the family planning regulations in China are limited to two kids following an easing of
the nation “one-child policy" in 2016. The new rule permitting Chinese families to give birth to
two children was initiated to assist in addressing the aging concern in the republic (Feng, Gu &
Cai, 2016).
Looking keenly at the population of Japan, which currently stands at approximately 120 million,
applying the one-child policy, INED simulator shows it could be useful in controlling the fertility
rate. While using the same model, the population of India, which currently stands at 1.3 billion,
would progressively increase for the next decade and a half and then tremendously decrease
onwards (Madan & Breuning, 2014). The rules are executed by preventing individuals with more
than two kids from working in the government. Assam is the most recent India policy to be
initiated in 2017. From 2014, 11 Indian states supported the two-child policy in hopes of
minimizing the number of kids per household (Kugler & Kumar, 2017).
According to the INED, the one-child policy could be not effective in Singapore as the programs
show the population decreases steadily from approximately 5.8 million (Nasir & Turner,
2014). Singapore, just like China, had a vast fertility and birth rate. The variation in the birth
rates was more dramatic as it was caused by rising Singapore growth, meaning that more females
put more emphasize on the career than having a family (Nasir & Turner, 2014). The above
suggests that the birth rate went down due to aspects not related directly to the policy. Therefore,
it can be noted that the One-Child Policy was the main factor behind China's changing fertility
rate.

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Question 3
The old theories of fertility change and the elements underlying its reduction appear to be
insufficient to illustrate the fertility decline underway in several states in India. The initial proof
of reduction in India fertility was in the Kerala state. At the onset of fertility change, Kerala had
a comparatively high poverty level, lower per- capita income, and undernourishment when
matched with the national average. But, it had more top social growth indicators, specifically,
rates of women's fertility. The above had led to an alternative hypothesis that social growth can
cause fertility change. But, Andhra and Tamil Nadu recorded a swift reduction in fertility that
was not associated with critical social and economic variation in the late 1980s and 1990s. It has
been severally argued that India declining fertility is primarily due to the drop of fertility among
illiterate females (Kugler & Kumar, 2017). The above is due to the diffusion of a novel
reproductive notion of having merely a few kids but investing properly in their future.
The James’ paper shows some prospects that come up from having demographic modifications,
mainly the demographic dividend and interstate migration, to surpass the labor shortage in some
locations. In the same period, there are severe concerns in the form of improving human capital
growth, addressing the fears of skewed sex ration, and the probable increase in political and
social unrest and conflict.
Question 4
Apart from the population development, the demographic change also causes variation in
populace age configuration. The above change happens because the primary reduction in
mortality is disproportionately enjoyed by kids, which actively initiates a “baby boom”

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5
generation that exists until fertility consequently reduces. At present, the globe is in the most
considerable demographic disturbance in social accounts.
The dramatic decline in mortality, followed by a pronounced reduction in fertility, caused a
doubling in the globe populace from 1960 to 2000. A further rise of 2 to 4.5 billion is anticipated
for the present half-century, with an upsurge focused in the globe’s least developed nations. In
spite of alarmist projections, historical rises in the populace have not been economically chaotic.
Additionally, population age structure changes have opened the prospects for increased
prosperity. Demographic variations have had and will remain to have a profound impact on
human health and advancement with a certain likelihood of mediating those effects through
policy interference.
Traditionally, mortality reduction is comprehended to be reflective of linkage to medical
development, dietary advancement, and safe drinking water, public wellbeing mechanism
focused on sanitation and vector control. As the growth proceeds, the further routine impetus
from income rise, education development, fertility level decline, and an upsurge in the length of
the interbirth interval.
Regularly, the decline in fertility rate is caused by the realization of parents that they longer
require to have many kids to accomplish their desired family size. Fertility reduction is further
supported by the accessibility of contraceptives such as intrauterine devices, female sterilization,
male condoms, and oral contraceptives. About 215 million females in the developing nations
have an unaccomplished need for family planning. In turn, a lower fertility rate aids child
survival improvement. It is because of maternal health advancement as the parents can
concentrate on more resources to each kid in smaller households. Therefore, a high rate of kid
survival enforces lower fertility.

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Question 5
According to the Malthus 1798 projection, more individuals meant more labor availability,
economic development, and technological novelty. Boserupian studied the account of
subsistence farming and provided a concept that changed the Malthus concept upside down.
Instead of increasing populace density leading to the starvation and barren land, Boserup
proposed it could naturally initiate intensification; meaning the novel technologies application
and more labor to acquire huge harvests from less field. Thus, the two dynamics above were
mutually exclusive.
Per capita, population distribution size and density are likely to impact the environment.
Populace development outcomes can be environmentally negative and positive in terms of
development. Moreover, many of the most acute ecological concerns are primarily independent
of how individuals are dispersed. The above comprises the global problems of weather change
by particulate and carbon dioxide contamination and the perils to the globe posed by man's
massive inputs of oil, pesticides, and heavy metals. Also, the concerns of depletion in resources
and ecology simplification by farming rely on what way individuals there are and their structure
of consumption.
For example, currently, even as experts warn that more individuals threaten to exacerbate
poverty, hunger, and ecological concerns, many react by demonstrating that states with the
globe's highest populace density, such as the Netherlands, have some world's dominant
economies and environmental commitments. The Netherlands needs a large piece of earth assets,
typically not within its territory, to maintain itself (Gallego, 2010).
Boserupian dynamics did not overcome all of the negative population impacts Ehrlich raised.
Ehrlich included the international concerns of weather change by particulate and carbon dioxide

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pollution. Also, the author showed that the inputs of heavy metals, oils, and pesticides
contributed to global concerns. Lastly, resource depletion concerns and environmental
simplification by farming relied on the people's patterns of consumption.

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