Environmental Impact of Tourism in Pakistan: Gilgit & Abbottabad

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impact of tourism in Pakistan, focusing on case studies from Gilgit Baltistan and Abbottabad. The study explores various factors contributing to environmental degradation, including the increased construction of hotels, water contamination, noise pollution, hunting practices, and waste production. The methodology involves qualitative analysis through interviews with local people, visitors, and government officials, with data analyzed using thematic analysis. The results reveal significant negative impacts, such as deforestation, water pollution, and the extinction of rare species. The report highlights the need for sustainable tourism practices and government intervention to mitigate the adverse effects of tourism on Pakistan's environment, particularly in the context of its growing tourism sector. The study emphasizes the importance of balancing economic benefits with environmental sustainability, offering insights into the challenges and potential solutions for responsible tourism development.

Environmental Impact of Tourism
A case study of Pakistan

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Tourism Factors contributing to Environmental degradation...............................................5
3.0 Case Study of Pakistan...................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Tourism in Gilgit Baltistan:............................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Tourism in Abbottabad:.................................................................................................................... 6
4.0 Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Sample Size.......................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Data Analysis....................................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 Results.................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Tourism increased the construction of hotels............................................................................. 7
5.2 Contamination of Water.................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Noise Pollution.................................................................................................................................... 8
5.4 Hunting – as an intent for choosing Pakistan as a hunting destination..............................8
5.5 Waste production................................................................................................................................ 8
6.0 Discussion:............................................................................................................................................ 8
7.0 Conclusion:........................................................................................................................................ 10
References................................................................................................................................................ 11

Abstract
Tourism industry contributes considerably to the economic development of a country
(Kapur, 2011). The importance of tourism has also been increased due to media exposure.
Further, tourism has also contributed for heritage development, socio-economic
advancement and economic stability of nation (Kamran & Omran, 2018). Though there
are many benefits of tourism in overall progress of the country, there are many negative
impacts too. The negative impact of tourism is seen in advanced stages, hence the
country needs to amend and implement polices in the initial stages of tourism
development (Ghobadi & Verdian, 2016). This research paper has focused on
environmental impact of tourism development in Pakistan. Pakistan has a giant potential
in terms of tourism due to it’s the beauty of the northern areas including the Korakurram
range where the K2 resides. Each year more than 5 Million visitors come to experience
the beautiful sceneries and the rich culture. The arrival of such a huge number of visitors
has put adverse effect on the environment (Israr et al., 2009). The connection between
tourism and environment is though complicated but the analysis of the impact is
important since Pakistan is in initial phase of tourism development. The paper has focus
on two study areas – Gilgit Baltistan and Abbottabad with qualitative analysis under
which the local people, visitors and government officials were taken as the sample.
Thematic analysis of the data has helped produce analysis of the results. The research
proves that the tourism has contaminated the water resources, deforestation due to
construction of hotels in the region, noise pollution, waste production and extinction of
the rare species in Gilgit Baltistan and Pakistan.

1.0 Introduction
Tourism sector is one of the most economically productive sectors contributing to the
growth of national GDP of a country. While on one hand the impact of tourism is many
folds, right there on the other hand, there are many consequences of tourism too. The
consequences of tourism is divided into three frames; economical, social and
environmental (Kamran, 2018). Out of all the sectors, the most adversely affected is the
environment. Environment is the conditions and circumstances in which humans; plants
and animals live (Eminer, 2014). In the tourism industry, careful planning and execution
is needed in order to make sure that the environment is not affected. The environmental
impact of tourism is observed differently in urban and rural areas (Kamran, 2018). Rural
areas are full of greenery, natural habitation and natural beauty – saved from external
forces since centuries. Hence, rural areas are the most effected by tourism as it affects the
distinctiveness of the location (Ghobadi, 2016). The effect is not limited to the natural
habitat but to the extinction of fauna and flora too (Belsoy et al., 2012). In urban areas,
the tourism impacts the production of excessive CO2 and greenhouse effect.
Most of the previous researches have focused on the economical impact of tourism as
researchers believed tourism to be an economy drifting factor, ignoring the adverse
environmental impact that it brings along. On economical impact, there are more benefits
of tourism as compared to the disadvantages as tourism can increase the spending power
of the foreigners into the local lands (Yehia, 2019). Tourism has been increasing on
hourly basis globally. Looking at the previous statistics show that between 1940-1970,
the number of international tourists globally was around 25 million that has increase to
1.5 Billion visitors in 2019 (Statista Research Department, 2020). Though nations have
been taking the full advantage of tourism to increase the national GDP and country’s
brand image but less importance to the environmental impact that it is producing. A
country cannot achieve sustainability until it fulfills the criteria of economic as well as
environmental sustainability (Shah, 2008).
Countries mainly relying on tourism are those whose industrial development is not
enough to take up the burden of the country’s running cost (Sioltsidis, 1996). Countries
such as Malaysia and Maldives are few examples where there is not much industrial
development and the sole core of development lies on the shoulder of tourism. However,
both of these countries has achieved environmental sustainability by implementing
National laws related to achieving eco-tourism practices (Kiper, 2013).
2.0 Tourism Factors contributing to Environmental degradation
The environmental impact of tourism is many folds including overuse of the natural
resources. The sole core of the adverse impact of tourism lies on the shoulders of the
government whose unplanned strategies lead to the adverse environmental impact of
tourism (Khan et al., 2020).
Discussing the impact of tourism on environment is vast study and can be broadly
categorized. The first one being the impact on global and local level. The global impact

of tourism is not immediately felt and is felt after the destruction has crossed its limits as
in the case of green house effect (Khan et al., 2020). With the increased number of
tourists visiting a country, the natural resources starts depleting, that are even left scarce
for the local people to consume (Khan et al., 2020). The immense overuse of resources
such as fuel for transportation, water and food for consumption and waste production are
some of the major impacts that a country can feel (UNEP, 2015). Tourism also leave the
local environment disrupted as unethical tourism practices can lead to fishing of
endangered species and hunting of natural fauna (Israr et al., 2009). Most of the countries
such as Africa depend on its natural fauna as a source of attraction for visitors and a
threat to the fauna can finally decrease tourism practices too (Signé, 2018).
Another major cause is the overuse of resources such as water (Kamran, 2018).
Developed countries such as America and Australia have huge golf grounds and
swimming pools in the hotels as a source of attraction. Excessive overuse of water in
these places can lead to scarcity of water for the local people usage too.
Tourism can also put direct as well as indirect impacts on the environment. Direct
impacts include air pollution due to transportation of people. Excessive tourism can also
result in putting huge waste production in the country (Dluzewska, 2008). Indirect impact
includes unplanned building construction (Dluzewska, 2008). Places that see booming
tourism industry results in the local people motivated to build hotels for accommodating
the tourists. Most of the times, this construction is unplanned and with no governmental
permission or following of the governmental regulations. This can result in soil erosion
and overuse of wood and water in construction activities, which can affect the local
supply of the material (Fuwape, 2003). Tourism increases the pressure of excessive use
of these resources, leaving them scarce for the local population too. According to a
report, tourism is one of the major factors contributing to the production of CO2 where
more than 8% of global greenhouse effect emission (Lenzen et al., 2018).
3.0 Case Study of Pakistan
Pakistan is one of the most beautiful countries in the world with raw beauty that has not
been touched or visited much. Pakistan also has rich heritage and is a country with all the
four seasons. The country has snowy mountains, Himalayas range for mountaineer
expeditors, Karachi known as the city of lights for tourists enjoying the night life, Lahore
known as the cultural city for food lovers, deserts in Baluchistan, untouched beauty of
Gilgit and mini Switzerland known as Swat valley. Pakistan remains a higher interest in
tourism destination for natural beauty and cultural lovers. From the mountain ranges in
Himalayas to skiing in the Swat valleys, Pakistan is one of best places for such activities.
Tourism has been ignored since decades in Pakistan (Kamran, 2018). However, with the
passage of time, the current government has developed and worked extensively in the
tourism department of the country, promoting it and improving
At the present, Pakistan is not one of the favorite destinations despite providing some
great destinations. However, global tourism organization ranked Pakistan at a very low

rank of standing at 121 rank due to political situation in the country (Ahmed, 2019).
Currently, tourism in Pakistan only contributes to 6 % of the total GDP (CPEC, 2020).
Though the statistics is much weak but still the limited tourism has put a negative impact
on the environmental conditions.
3.1 Case study of Gilgit Baltistan:
Gilgit Baltistan is one of the northern provinces of Pakistan and shares it border with
China and Afghanistan. It is one of the main tourist destinations in the country since the
region is the home of 5 famous mountains’ out of 18 mountain in the world that are
ranked on the top expedition destinations by the UIAA (Pakistan tourism development
corporation, n.d.). Also the peak K2 and Nanga Parbat resides in GB. The region also has
some of the highest glaciers in the world and dense forest opening ideas for the tourists to
hunt down the fauna (Hameed, 2017). The main targets for hunt are the black bears,
chikor, markhor and the extinct birds (Pakistan tourism development coorporation, n.d.).
3.2 Case study of Abbottabad:
The second region selected for this case study is Abbottabad, which also lies in the
northern region of the country. The city enjoys tourism as a boost in the local economy,
increase in local jobs and sale of the locally made textile to the tourists (Shujahi &
Hussain, 2016). Abbottabad has always been called the city of schools and had only 1
million local people living there (Shujahi & Hussain, 2016).
4.0 Methodology
This research will use qualitative method for analysis of the research question ‘ how does
tourism impact the environment in Pakistan?’ The study area chosen are Gilgit Baltistan
and Abbottabad – both lies in the northern region of the country. Data was collected
through interview conducted over the phone. Interview allows deeper understanding of
the issue than questionnaire (Fox, 2009) . Open-ended questions were asked in the
interview.
4.1 Sample Size
The sample size consisted of 8 participants in total i.e. 4 participants from GB and 4 from
Abbottabad. 2 government officials from each city, 2 tourists, 2 hotel managers, and 2
local residents. The selection of tourist was done by the hotel manager who was
contacted for the interview.

4.3 Data Analysis
The data analysis will be carried out through thematic analysis. Thematic analysis has
been used in the past tourism researches and has proved to give vital results (Hughes,
2008). Thematic analysis is appropriate in this case since the concept is ambiguous in the
minds of the participants as majority of them belong to less educated cities. Using the
Braun and Clarke (2006) method of thematic analysis, themes were created.
5.0 Results
5.1 Tourism increased the construction of hotels
Each of the interviewers was allowed to freely express themselves about their views if the
construction of hotels has increased in their regions after 2015. 3 out of the 4 local people
said that they have observed an increase in the number of hotels in their cities. Further, all
the four local participants also mentioned that they used to reach their destinations within
minutes that has increased to hours due to excessive vehicles on the road. They
mentioned saying that they prefer to wait for the peak hours during the day to pass by
before leaving for their destination as it could lead them stuck in the traffic. When asked
the interviewees if they have noticed an increase in the trucks carrying trees for
transportation purposes, four out of the four replied that they have observed an increase.
However, the local participant from Abbottabad also mentioned that he believes it’s
because of the construction of the hotels near the water bank.
5.2 Contamination of Water
When asked if the participants felt that the local water is contaminated or if they have
ever witnessed contamination themselves, both the government officials mentioned that
the latest water sample taken from the glacier water and the lake water of GB shows
massive amount of presence of microorganisms in it. When asked from the tourists, 50%
of them mentioned that they have not witnessed garbage bins near the tourism attraction
locations and hence, they leave the garbage at the side. However, the local hotel
managers mentioned that they are using bore well for collection of water since they know
that the local water coming from the glaciers and rivers is contaminated.
5.3 Noise Pollution
2 out of 4 tourists pointed that they had not enjoyed their trip to northern areas due to
excessive road traffic noise. Further, they mentioned that when visiting restaurants, they
had become irritated because of noise problems such as talking loudly, laughing and
shouting. Both the tourists also mentioned that they had to wait for 1-2 hours outside the
restaurant for a table to become vacant.

5.4 Hunting – as an intent for choosing Pakistan as a hunting destination
All the four tourists mentioned that one of the reasons for opting for Pakistan as a tourist
destination for them was hunting. Two of them from GB mentioned that they have
already completed their hunting expedition during their trip and were looking for
Markhor to hunt. They took part in the trophy-hunting program in the region where they
were allowed to hunt Markhor legally by paying a premium price. Luckily, they didn’t
succeed. The remaining two mentioned that they would be going for hunt soon into the
deep forests of Abbottabad.
5.5 Waste production
The government officials from both the cities mentioned that they are sending larger
number of trucks to the city every week to clean out the garbage than earlier. One of the
tourists who is returning after an year to GB observed that the garbage waste left
unattended has been increased since his last visit.
6.0 Discussion:
The main tourism in GB is from the domestic people living all over the Pakistan. GB
observed a major change in tourism between 2010-2014 (Nigar, 2018). Local and
international tourism has been seriously impacting the environment. The primary water
sources of the people of GB are from Ultar Glaciers and the local rivers (Saqib et al.,
2019). A report from the local government in Gilgit baltistan showed that water samples
collected had good amount of traces of microorganisms in it which arose due to the
tourist throwing plastic, leftover food items and other wastes into the water channels
(Saqib et al., 2019).
Since there is very limited local population in Abbottabad, this should not have
contributed to the higher C02 emission in the city since there were limited cars and
absolutely no industries. Still Abbottabad emits almost 20,000 kilotons of CO2 into the
atmosphere (Shujahi & Hussain, 2016). This is because of the excessive tourism in the
country since the local population is very limited. The city has been observing more than
800 units of traffic flow per hour (Shujahi & Hussain, 2016). This causes emission of
carbon from the long hours of waiting queue. Abbottabad has also been observing
excessive amount of littering and wastage since 2015. All because of extensive tourists in
the city that have populated the city.
The yearly garbage trips destined to the collection of garbage were limited to 1500 in
2013 but since then, the number of garbage trips has been increased to 3000 annually
(Shujahi & Hussain, 2016). Each garbage trip picks 12-14 tons of waste on each trip
(UNCAP, 2012). The increased number of garbage trips in those cities show that the
waste production has got higher than earlier – all because of tourism activities.

Since Abbottabad lies into the cold regions of the country and is an urban and developed
area unlike GB and other cities of the northern Pakistan, local and international tourists
come to Abbottabad to spend the summer vacations escaping the scorching heat of the
summers. Hence, during the months of May-July, the city has been a victim of voice
pollution too. The existence of noise above the thresholds point i.e. 80db is considered to
be noise pollution according to Health and Safety Executive (2012). In case of
Abbottabad, the noise range reaches around 85db in summers since there is excessive
flow of tourists in the area and hence it lies within the range of creating noise pollution
(Shujahi & Hussain, 2016).
Since Abbottabad is a small city extended over 2000KMs approximately, the city does
not have enough hotels to accommodate the tourists. Looking at the excessive demand in
tourism after 2015, the local people started pushing the limits of construction, which was
mainly unplanned and illegal in many parts of the city. Further, the city mainly relies on
wooden elevation and wooden construction of the houses since the city lies in a colder
region and the local people prefer wooden construction. The city observed excessive
deforestation that affected the biodiversity and also soil erosion. According to Iqbal
( 2019), Pakistan’s deforestation rate is highest in the world with an increase of 0.7%
annually in northern areas of Pakistan.
Pakistan has already been facing environmental issues since the last decade due to
industrialization and FDI. The country has been getting economically stable but on the
shoulders of environmental degradation. Pakistan is not a very resourcefull country. The
country has been facing water scarcity since the early 20th century and is said to be water
deficient by 2025 (Livemint, 2021). The local population is having no access to pure
water – almost 25% of them (Livemint, 2021). Since the country is already facing water
issues, and the additional water usage by tourism sector is putting another threat on the
country’s available resources. Excessive water is being used by the construction of the
hotels in GB and Abbottabad and the rest of the issue is created by contamination of the
glacier clean water by tourists. As proved from the above research methodology, the
government officials mentioned that the lab tests of the river and local water shows high
amount of presence of microorganism, that indicates it’s non-suitability for drinking
purpose.
Trophy hunting in GB is causing a threat to the rare species in the region. Reportedly, the
northern area of Pakistan is the home to almost extinct Markhor, marco polo and blue
sheep and Chakor (Pakistan tourism development coorporation, n.d.). The trophy hunting
program in GB allowing the tourists to officially hunt down these rare species in return
for a fee that is later used for development of the city (us Saqib et al., 2019). Hence, the
city is flourishing economically but on the cost of environmental degradation and
extinction of the current fauna.

7.0 Conclusion:
This paper has focused on the tourism indicators that are impacting the environment in
the northern areas of Pakistan – Gilgit Baltistan and Abbottabad. The local residents,
tourists and government officials have been the part of the research. The research proves
that the tourism has contaminated the water resources, deforestation due to construction
of hotels in the region, noise pollution, waste production and extinction of the rare
species. The government needs to play its part in developing such strategies that mitigate
the issues caused due to excessive tourism in the country. Though Pakistan has grown
economically due to tourism but the development has been on the cost of environmental
degradation.

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