Epidemiological Triad Report - Public Health, University of XYZ

This report delves into the Epidemiological Triad, a fundamental concept in public health, focusing on the interplay of the host, agent, and environment in the context of non-infectious diseases, specifically tobacco use. The report explores the role of peer pressure, advertising, and clean indoor air policies as environmental factors, alongside the carcinogenic agent in cigarettes. It also considers host factors such as resilience, income, and genetic susceptibility. Furthermore, the report examines primary prevention strategies like education on the dangers of smoking, and secondary and tertiary prevention methods, including nicotine replacement therapy, as well as the prevalence, mortality, and current status of tobacco use in the United States. The report highlights the significant impact of smoking on public health, including smoking-related diseases.

Running Head: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
Epidemiological Triad
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
Epidemiological triad for non-infectious disease
Primary prevention
Primary prevention purposes on stoppage of injury or disease before it occurs. This
can be done by avoiding being exposed to problems that can lead to infections or damage and
changing unsafe behaviours. For example, those who smoke cigarettes can be educated on
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HOST
Resilience, income,
genetic susceptibility
AGENT
Carcinogen in cigarette
ENVIRONMENT
Peer pressure, advertising, and
clean indoor air policy
VECTORS
Vendors, distributors,
and manufacturers

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
the effects of cigarette usage and the diseases that they cause on human health like lung
cancer and mouth cancer (Islami, Torre & Jemal, 2015).
Secondary and tertiary prevention
Both secondary and tertiary prevention aims at reducing the effect of an injury or
disease that has already happened. The detection and treatment of disease do this. Both
tertiary and secondary techniques use psychological and medical assistance to the smoker and
nicotine replacement. Islami, Torre & Jemal, (2015) suggested that a combination of these
methods increases efficiency to fifty percentages. The methods that are recommended by
world health organization include nicotine replacement therapy combined with medical
advice.
Risk factors
 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 cancer
 diabetes
 tuberculosis
Prevalence rate
Men are most prone to the taking of tobacco than women
 The rate of tobacco use globally seems to decrease, but in united states, it increases
Mortality rate
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
According to Ferretti (2019), tobacco leads to more than 7 million deaths per year
globally. On ordinary people who smoke die ten years earlier than non-smokers. Cigar
smoking in the United States of America leads to more than four hundred and eighty
thousand deaths.
Type of prevalence rate
The prevalence is the periodic prevalence
Current Status of United States
Smoking of cigarettes has resulted to smoking related diseases in many people in the
United States of America. Today people who smoke cigarettes are more in the state than
many passed decades (Ferretti, 2019).
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
Reference
Ferretti, F. (2019). Understanding Tobacco Use in Different Countries. In Neuroscience of
Nicotine (pp. 1-8). Academic Press.
Islami, F., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2015). Global trends of lung cancer mortality and
smoking prevalence. Translational lung cancer research, 4(4), 327.
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