Epidemiology Report: Planning and Evaluating Illness Prevention
VerifiedAdded on 2022/09/06
|13
|3457
|19
Report
AI Summary
This report delves into the field of epidemiology, defining its role in understanding the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases within populations. It highlights the historical context of epidemiology, tracing its origins and the evolution of its purpose, including its significance in informing health problem control and preventing diseases. The report discusses various types of epidemiological studies, such as cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, and intervention studies, along with the data used in these studies, including mortality rates, disease registers, health service records, and morbidity surveys. Furthermore, the report outlines different prevention strategies for illnesses, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention methods, and their respective applications. The document emphasizes how epidemiological data assists in improving outbreak detection and timely responses, making it a vital tool for public health initiatives. The report concludes by summarizing the benefits of epidemiological studies in recognizing diseases in their initial stages and in improving health outcomes.
Medical
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Medical 1
Executive summary
The epidemiology studies how often disease takes place in a different group of people along
with the reasons. The epidemiological data has been used to plan and appraise different
strategies to prevent illness. It works as a controller to the management of patients in whom
the disease has already advanced. The epidemiology is considered a vital part of the basic
description. It has attained special tools of data collection and interpretation along with the
required jargon for the technical terms. This report is having the aims to define the benefits of
epidemiological data. The prevention strategies of illness have been also discussed in the end.
In the end, it can be concluded that epidemiological study recognizes diseases in the initial
stage’s prior onset of signs and symptoms. The data attained assists in improving outbreak
detection with a timely response.
Executive summary
The epidemiology studies how often disease takes place in a different group of people along
with the reasons. The epidemiological data has been used to plan and appraise different
strategies to prevent illness. It works as a controller to the management of patients in whom
the disease has already advanced. The epidemiology is considered a vital part of the basic
description. It has attained special tools of data collection and interpretation along with the
required jargon for the technical terms. This report is having the aims to define the benefits of
epidemiological data. The prevention strategies of illness have been also discussed in the end.
In the end, it can be concluded that epidemiological study recognizes diseases in the initial
stage’s prior onset of signs and symptoms. The data attained assists in improving outbreak
detection with a timely response.
Medical 2
Contents
Executive summary....................................................................................................................1
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Benefits of epidemiological data................................................................................................4
Prevention strategies of illness...................................................................................................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................9
Contents
Executive summary....................................................................................................................1
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Benefits of epidemiological data................................................................................................4
Prevention strategies of illness...................................................................................................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................9
Medical 3
Introduction
A. History of epidemiology
1. Description of epidemiology
Epidemiology is a division of medical science which deals with the occurrence,
distribution, and control of diseases in the population. They are the total factors governing the
incidence or absenteeism of disease. Epidemiology is the learning of reasons, patterns, and
effects of the health and disease conditions in populations. Epidemiology is the foundation of
public health and assists policy verdicts and evidence-based factors by recognizing risk
aspects for diseases and results in marking precautionary medicine. Epidemiologists assist
with the study, design, gathering and statistical analysis of data along with clarification and
distribution of the results.
2. Origination of word ‘epidemiology’
The word ‘epidemiology’ derives from the Greek words epi which means on or upon,
sense people, demos and logos or the study of. The words linked to epidemiology are
sanitation, hygiene, and hygienics (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2020).
B. Purpose of epidemiological data
1. Inform decision concerning control of health problems
Epidemiology has a significant role in advancing methodology to be cast-off in
clinical investigation, public health lessons and basic study in biological sciences. The first
epidemiologist was the Greek physician Hippocrates, who is also known as ‘father of
medicine’ (Munzel, et al. 2017). Hippocrates pursued a lucidity to the sickness along with
evaluating the relations between the incidence of disease and ecological effects. According to
Hippocrates, illness of the human body is instigated by a disparity of 4 humours like water,
air, fire and earth ‘atoms’ (The Guardian, 2019). The treatment of the sickness was possible
through removing or adding humour in the query to poise the body. Such a belief causes the
execution of bloodletting and fasting in medicine.
2. Saving money by prevention of diseases
Introduction
A. History of epidemiology
1. Description of epidemiology
Epidemiology is a division of medical science which deals with the occurrence,
distribution, and control of diseases in the population. They are the total factors governing the
incidence or absenteeism of disease. Epidemiology is the learning of reasons, patterns, and
effects of the health and disease conditions in populations. Epidemiology is the foundation of
public health and assists policy verdicts and evidence-based factors by recognizing risk
aspects for diseases and results in marking precautionary medicine. Epidemiologists assist
with the study, design, gathering and statistical analysis of data along with clarification and
distribution of the results.
2. Origination of word ‘epidemiology’
The word ‘epidemiology’ derives from the Greek words epi which means on or upon,
sense people, demos and logos or the study of. The words linked to epidemiology are
sanitation, hygiene, and hygienics (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2020).
B. Purpose of epidemiological data
1. Inform decision concerning control of health problems
Epidemiology has a significant role in advancing methodology to be cast-off in
clinical investigation, public health lessons and basic study in biological sciences. The first
epidemiologist was the Greek physician Hippocrates, who is also known as ‘father of
medicine’ (Munzel, et al. 2017). Hippocrates pursued a lucidity to the sickness along with
evaluating the relations between the incidence of disease and ecological effects. According to
Hippocrates, illness of the human body is instigated by a disparity of 4 humours like water,
air, fire and earth ‘atoms’ (The Guardian, 2019). The treatment of the sickness was possible
through removing or adding humour in the query to poise the body. Such a belief causes the
execution of bloodletting and fasting in medicine.
2. Saving money by prevention of diseases
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Medical 4
Epidemiology is the learning of how common diseases arise in a varied group of
persons and why. Epidemiological material is utilized to plan and assess policies to avert
disease and as an attendant to the management of patients in whom the disease is previously
prevented (Yamana, et al. 2017). The epidemiology of an illness is a vital part of the basic
depiction and relative to public health problems.
C. Recent application of epidemiological data
Thesis statement
Epidemiology has unique practices of data assortment and clarification. A foremost
feature of epidemiology is the dimension of disease consequences in link to the population at
risk. The population who are at the risk are people, sick or healthy are reckoned as the cases
if they had the disease being reviewed. For instance, a common physician assesses how
common patient consults about deafness (Merchan, et al. 2017). On the other side population
at risk include those persons on the list who might see concerning a hearing problem. The
patients who are still on the list and has moved to another area would not refer to that doctor.
Hence, such patients will not belong to the population at risk.
Benefits of epidemiological data
A. For epidemiologists
1. Improved precision of estimates
Epidemiology provides powerful tools to epidemiologists to measure the risk factors
and humanitarian interferences distressing population health in the crisis. Therefore,
epidemiologists gather data on past medical history, symptoms, exam findings, laboratory
testing and current treatments which have been attained by trainees and training staff
(Jefferies, et al. 2018).
2. Ability to conduct meaningful analysis in subgroups of patients
The subgroup analysis should be conscientious in design, reporting, and interpretation
in spite of the practical potentials. Several methodological criteria are applied.
Epidemiology plays a significant role in relief operations. The meaningful analysis in
subgroups of patients performs subgroup analysis (Khan, Baig & Mehboob, 2017). The
Epidemiology is the learning of how common diseases arise in a varied group of
persons and why. Epidemiological material is utilized to plan and assess policies to avert
disease and as an attendant to the management of patients in whom the disease is previously
prevented (Yamana, et al. 2017). The epidemiology of an illness is a vital part of the basic
depiction and relative to public health problems.
C. Recent application of epidemiological data
Thesis statement
Epidemiology has unique practices of data assortment and clarification. A foremost
feature of epidemiology is the dimension of disease consequences in link to the population at
risk. The population who are at the risk are people, sick or healthy are reckoned as the cases
if they had the disease being reviewed. For instance, a common physician assesses how
common patient consults about deafness (Merchan, et al. 2017). On the other side population
at risk include those persons on the list who might see concerning a hearing problem. The
patients who are still on the list and has moved to another area would not refer to that doctor.
Hence, such patients will not belong to the population at risk.
Benefits of epidemiological data
A. For epidemiologists
1. Improved precision of estimates
Epidemiology provides powerful tools to epidemiologists to measure the risk factors
and humanitarian interferences distressing population health in the crisis. Therefore,
epidemiologists gather data on past medical history, symptoms, exam findings, laboratory
testing and current treatments which have been attained by trainees and training staff
(Jefferies, et al. 2018).
2. Ability to conduct meaningful analysis in subgroups of patients
The subgroup analysis should be conscientious in design, reporting, and interpretation
in spite of the practical potentials. Several methodological criteria are applied.
Epidemiology plays a significant role in relief operations. The meaningful analysis in
subgroups of patients performs subgroup analysis (Khan, Baig & Mehboob, 2017). The
Medical 5
participants' data is comprised of meta-analysis and is split into subgroups as per the
characteristics of patients.
B. Types of epidemiological
1. Cross-sectional studies: In the cross-sectional studies, acquaintance and disease status of
the population are determined at specified points. The cross-sectional study undertakes a
descriptive and analytical study. The cross-sectional survey can be virtuously vivid and is
used to evaluate specific diseases in the definite population. For instance, an arbitrary sample
of schools across London can be utilized to evaluate the pervasiveness of asthma among 12-
15 years old (Van Amelsvoort, Jansen & Kant, 2017). The cross-sectional surveys can be
utilized to consider the link between the putative risk factor and a vigorous consequence. The
cross-sectional surveys are restricted in the form of the ability to draw valid conclusions.
2. Case-control studies: Case-control studies are intended to assist in determining the link of
exposure with the consequences. The case-control studies can be defined merely by
identifying cases and controls. Thereafter looking back in time to acquire which topics were
studied by each group and then associating the frequency of case group to the switch group
(Geulayov, et al. 2018). The case-control study is considered to be reflective as it initiates
with the consequence and then tracks back to examine exposures. It helps the investigator
generally in utilizing previously gathered data and in making case-control studies reflective.
3. Cohort studies: Cohort studies are a variation of medical research utilized to assess the
causes of disease along with establishing associations between risk factors and health
outcomes. This way, cohort studies can be prospective and retrospective. The prospective
studies are tending to be deliberated in advance and conducted over a future period of time.
On the other hand, retrospective studies undertake already existing data and try to recognize
the risk factors for specific circumstances (Till, et al. 2017). The interpretations are tending to
be inadequate because researchers cannot go back and collect misplaced data. Such long-term
studies are also sometimes known as longitudinal studies. These are even helpful in
recognizing social factors that influence health.
4. Intervention studies: The interventional studies are generally perspective and are precisely
custom-made to assess the direct influences of treatment and precautionary measures on
disease. Each study design undertaken in this study has precise consequence dealings that
participants' data is comprised of meta-analysis and is split into subgroups as per the
characteristics of patients.
B. Types of epidemiological
1. Cross-sectional studies: In the cross-sectional studies, acquaintance and disease status of
the population are determined at specified points. The cross-sectional study undertakes a
descriptive and analytical study. The cross-sectional survey can be virtuously vivid and is
used to evaluate specific diseases in the definite population. For instance, an arbitrary sample
of schools across London can be utilized to evaluate the pervasiveness of asthma among 12-
15 years old (Van Amelsvoort, Jansen & Kant, 2017). The cross-sectional surveys can be
utilized to consider the link between the putative risk factor and a vigorous consequence. The
cross-sectional surveys are restricted in the form of the ability to draw valid conclusions.
2. Case-control studies: Case-control studies are intended to assist in determining the link of
exposure with the consequences. The case-control studies can be defined merely by
identifying cases and controls. Thereafter looking back in time to acquire which topics were
studied by each group and then associating the frequency of case group to the switch group
(Geulayov, et al. 2018). The case-control study is considered to be reflective as it initiates
with the consequence and then tracks back to examine exposures. It helps the investigator
generally in utilizing previously gathered data and in making case-control studies reflective.
3. Cohort studies: Cohort studies are a variation of medical research utilized to assess the
causes of disease along with establishing associations between risk factors and health
outcomes. This way, cohort studies can be prospective and retrospective. The prospective
studies are tending to be deliberated in advance and conducted over a future period of time.
On the other hand, retrospective studies undertake already existing data and try to recognize
the risk factors for specific circumstances (Till, et al. 2017). The interpretations are tending to
be inadequate because researchers cannot go back and collect misplaced data. Such long-term
studies are also sometimes known as longitudinal studies. These are even helpful in
recognizing social factors that influence health.
4. Intervention studies: The interventional studies are generally perspective and are precisely
custom-made to assess the direct influences of treatment and precautionary measures on
disease. Each study design undertaken in this study has precise consequence dealings that
Medical 6
depend on the kind and quality of the data used (Yeargin, et al. 2019). The study design has
also latent confines that are simpler and are required to be addressed in the planning stage of
the study. Some interventions are deliberated to have no effects whereas others can have
negative effects irrespective of the good intentions of everyone comprised.
C. Data used in epidemiological studies
1. Mortality: Mortality is a degree of occurrence of death in the précised population during a
definite interval. Generally, both morbidity and mortality measures are deliberated to be the
same mathematically. The crude death rate as a measure of mortality indicates the total
number of deaths during a given time period. The Civil Registration and Vital Statistics
(CRVS) systems are used for attaining information and causes on the deaths (Yeargin, et al.
2019). Although the lack of clear community incentives for the death registration is
integrated with the challenges in the cause of death ascertainment. It has changed currently
with UNSDGs 2015-2030 with the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) has increased the
significance of the requirement of measuring mortality from a wide range of health
conditions.
2. Disease registers: Most nations have maintained inclusive disease registration systems at
both national or regional levels. The data is supreme for targeting and implementing
evidence-based control measures to protect the public’s health and safety. The challenges are
faced nowadays in identifying the relevant data for the evocative results (Ilyas, Chesney &
Patel, 2017). The tactics to data and sources of data differ as per the topic. The public health
departments are having access to the notifiable disease case data by mandatory reporting. The
prevailing data on health risk behaviors can be obtainable from secondary sources like
hospital discharge synopses.
3. Health service records: Epidemiological data is dominant in targeting and executing
control measures to defend the public’s health and safety. The data is more significant during
the epidemiological investigation to recognize the reasons behind the urgent public health
which necessitates immediate intervention (August & Trostle, 2018). The things to be
considered while maintaining health service records are investigation objectives and scope,
the existence of requisite data, integration of different sources, the viability of primary data
collection and resources. The health service records are maintained through data collection,
analysis and understanding, and execution of control measures. The records are maintained
through a large team.
depend on the kind and quality of the data used (Yeargin, et al. 2019). The study design has
also latent confines that are simpler and are required to be addressed in the planning stage of
the study. Some interventions are deliberated to have no effects whereas others can have
negative effects irrespective of the good intentions of everyone comprised.
C. Data used in epidemiological studies
1. Mortality: Mortality is a degree of occurrence of death in the précised population during a
definite interval. Generally, both morbidity and mortality measures are deliberated to be the
same mathematically. The crude death rate as a measure of mortality indicates the total
number of deaths during a given time period. The Civil Registration and Vital Statistics
(CRVS) systems are used for attaining information and causes on the deaths (Yeargin, et al.
2019). Although the lack of clear community incentives for the death registration is
integrated with the challenges in the cause of death ascertainment. It has changed currently
with UNSDGs 2015-2030 with the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) has increased the
significance of the requirement of measuring mortality from a wide range of health
conditions.
2. Disease registers: Most nations have maintained inclusive disease registration systems at
both national or regional levels. The data is supreme for targeting and implementing
evidence-based control measures to protect the public’s health and safety. The challenges are
faced nowadays in identifying the relevant data for the evocative results (Ilyas, Chesney &
Patel, 2017). The tactics to data and sources of data differ as per the topic. The public health
departments are having access to the notifiable disease case data by mandatory reporting. The
prevailing data on health risk behaviors can be obtainable from secondary sources like
hospital discharge synopses.
3. Health service records: Epidemiological data is dominant in targeting and executing
control measures to defend the public’s health and safety. The data is more significant during
the epidemiological investigation to recognize the reasons behind the urgent public health
which necessitates immediate intervention (August & Trostle, 2018). The things to be
considered while maintaining health service records are investigation objectives and scope,
the existence of requisite data, integration of different sources, the viability of primary data
collection and resources. The health service records are maintained through data collection,
analysis and understanding, and execution of control measures. The records are maintained
through a large team.
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
Medical 7
4. Morbidity surveys: The routine records are not accessible in some conditions for the health
outcome or may not be sufficiently complete or precise or usage in the epidemiological
studies. But it can be in the theory executed to the mortality rates. It is a common issue for
non-fatal conditions and predominantly chronic diseases like respiratory disease and diabetes
(Sicherer & Sampson, 2018). These mortality surveys can comprise clinical examinations,
questionnaires, and a combination of both methods. For instance, in the case of asthma, the
vital feature of the condition is flexible airflow obstruction which can be upturned by
treatment. It poses different problems with the usage of ‘diagnosed asthma’ in asthma
prevalence studies.
Prevention strategies of illness
A. Primordial prevention: Primordial prevention states to evading the advancement of risk
factors in the first phase. The inferences of primordial prevention initiate in life in the earlier
stage in the form of higher BP, glucose levels and body mass index. Further assistance for
early prevention starts from the current data on the ideal cardiovascular disease.
B. Primary prevention: The primary prevention is all about intervening before occurring
health effects by measures like varying risk behaviors, vaccinations, and prohibiting
substances identified to be linked with illness or health disorder (Saracci, 2018). The goal of
primary prevention is to avert the advancement of disease in healthy persons. For instance,
health promotion activities like inspiring less usage of sugar in order to reduce the risk as a
primary preventive measure. Some other examples of primary diseases are the usage of
fluoridated toothpaste and vaccinations for communicable diseases such as mumps, measles,
polio, and rubella.
C. Secondary prevention: The secondary prevention screens to recognize diseases in the
initial stage’s prior onset of signs and symptoms by procedures like mammography and
consistent BP (Blood Pressure) testing. The secondary preventions concentrate on early
disease recognition and prevent diseases, the rise of symptoms along with reducing
complications (Crammond & Carey, 2017). Secondary prevention even limits disabilities
before the disease becomes severe. It also comprises the detection of disease in asymptomatic
patient with diagnostic testing with the prevention of infectious diseases. For example, in the
case of dentistry and medicine comprise screening for caries, footage and periodontal
screening for periodontal diseases and screening for cervical cancer and breast.
4. Morbidity surveys: The routine records are not accessible in some conditions for the health
outcome or may not be sufficiently complete or precise or usage in the epidemiological
studies. But it can be in the theory executed to the mortality rates. It is a common issue for
non-fatal conditions and predominantly chronic diseases like respiratory disease and diabetes
(Sicherer & Sampson, 2018). These mortality surveys can comprise clinical examinations,
questionnaires, and a combination of both methods. For instance, in the case of asthma, the
vital feature of the condition is flexible airflow obstruction which can be upturned by
treatment. It poses different problems with the usage of ‘diagnosed asthma’ in asthma
prevalence studies.
Prevention strategies of illness
A. Primordial prevention: Primordial prevention states to evading the advancement of risk
factors in the first phase. The inferences of primordial prevention initiate in life in the earlier
stage in the form of higher BP, glucose levels and body mass index. Further assistance for
early prevention starts from the current data on the ideal cardiovascular disease.
B. Primary prevention: The primary prevention is all about intervening before occurring
health effects by measures like varying risk behaviors, vaccinations, and prohibiting
substances identified to be linked with illness or health disorder (Saracci, 2018). The goal of
primary prevention is to avert the advancement of disease in healthy persons. For instance,
health promotion activities like inspiring less usage of sugar in order to reduce the risk as a
primary preventive measure. Some other examples of primary diseases are the usage of
fluoridated toothpaste and vaccinations for communicable diseases such as mumps, measles,
polio, and rubella.
C. Secondary prevention: The secondary prevention screens to recognize diseases in the
initial stage’s prior onset of signs and symptoms by procedures like mammography and
consistent BP (Blood Pressure) testing. The secondary preventions concentrate on early
disease recognition and prevent diseases, the rise of symptoms along with reducing
complications (Crammond & Carey, 2017). Secondary prevention even limits disabilities
before the disease becomes severe. It also comprises the detection of disease in asymptomatic
patient with diagnostic testing with the prevention of infectious diseases. For example, in the
case of dentistry and medicine comprise screening for caries, footage and periodontal
screening for periodontal diseases and screening for cervical cancer and breast.
Medical 8
D. Tertiary prevention: Tertiary prevention manages disease post-diagnosis in order to slow
or halt disease progression by measures like rehabilitation, chemotherapy, and screening for
problems. The aim of tertiary prevention is to minimize the adverse impact of existing
diseases through restoring function and minimizing disease-related problems. Such
preventions also aim at enhancing the quality of the people suffering from the disease
(Milstein, Palitsky, & Cuevas, 2019). When it comes to medicine and dentistry, tertiary
prevention measures comprise usage of amalgam and complex feelings for dental caries,
replacement of lost teeth with bridges, dentures, implants or insulin therapy.
Conclusion
A. Promoting public health
Promoting public health is safeguarding and enhancing the health of individuals and
communities. The epidemiology study in the concern of public health researches disease,
injury deterrence, detecting, averting and responding to the transmittable diseases.
Inclusively, public health is concerned with safeguarding the health of complete
populations. The epidemiological methods have attained the capability to evaluate risk
with a good degree of accuracy. The epidemiology also has the capability to regulate
other risk factors as well. The epidemiological study uses real data for extricating the
risks caused by polluted water from other risk factors for the consequence of illness.
B. Final statement
A well-formed epidemiological study reduces several biases by minimizing the
capability for selection bias and perplexing. But it is not suitable in some cases because of
the ethical or cost considerations. The prospective cohort studies are deliberated to be the
next great option in which exposure precedes disease consequences and attention is paid
to the selection bias. On the other side, case-control studies are not tending to be useful in
assessing microbiological guidelines because of the recall of prejudice in the assessment
of exposure. Retrospective cohort studies are not suggested when there is bias in the
assessment of disease.
D. Tertiary prevention: Tertiary prevention manages disease post-diagnosis in order to slow
or halt disease progression by measures like rehabilitation, chemotherapy, and screening for
problems. The aim of tertiary prevention is to minimize the adverse impact of existing
diseases through restoring function and minimizing disease-related problems. Such
preventions also aim at enhancing the quality of the people suffering from the disease
(Milstein, Palitsky, & Cuevas, 2019). When it comes to medicine and dentistry, tertiary
prevention measures comprise usage of amalgam and complex feelings for dental caries,
replacement of lost teeth with bridges, dentures, implants or insulin therapy.
Conclusion
A. Promoting public health
Promoting public health is safeguarding and enhancing the health of individuals and
communities. The epidemiology study in the concern of public health researches disease,
injury deterrence, detecting, averting and responding to the transmittable diseases.
Inclusively, public health is concerned with safeguarding the health of complete
populations. The epidemiological methods have attained the capability to evaluate risk
with a good degree of accuracy. The epidemiology also has the capability to regulate
other risk factors as well. The epidemiological study uses real data for extricating the
risks caused by polluted water from other risk factors for the consequence of illness.
B. Final statement
A well-formed epidemiological study reduces several biases by minimizing the
capability for selection bias and perplexing. But it is not suitable in some cases because of
the ethical or cost considerations. The prospective cohort studies are deliberated to be the
next great option in which exposure precedes disease consequences and attention is paid
to the selection bias. On the other side, case-control studies are not tending to be useful in
assessing microbiological guidelines because of the recall of prejudice in the assessment
of exposure. Retrospective cohort studies are not suggested when there is bias in the
assessment of disease.
Medical 9
References
August, E., & Trostle, J. A. (2018). Using writing assignments to promote critical thinking,
learning and professional identity: The Epidemiology Workplace Writing
Repository. Journal of Public Health, 40(3), e419-e422.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.020
(Page no. 1-2)
Crammond, B. R., & Carey, G. (2017). Policy change for the social determinants of health:
the strange irrelevance of social epidemiology. Evidence & Policy: A Journal of
Research, Debate and Practice, 13(2), 365-374.
https://scihub.tw/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/ep/
2017/00000013/00000002/art00009;jsessionid=1flck70io078g.x-ic-live-01
(Page no. 365-369)
Geulayov, G., Ferrey, A., Casey, D., Wells, C., Fuller, A., Bankhead, C., ... & Waters, K.
(2018). Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines and hypnotics commonly used for self-
poisoning: an epidemiological study of fatal toxicity and case fatality. Journal of
psychopharmacology, 32(6), 654-662.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1177/0269881118754734
(Page no. 1-3)
Ilyas, A., Chesney, E., & Patel, R. (2017). Improving life expectancy in people with serious
mental illness: should we place more emphasis on primary prevention?. The British
Journal of Psychiatry, 211(4), 194-197.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1192/bjp.bp.117.203240
(Page no. 1-2)
Jefferies, M., Rauff, B., Rashid, H., Lam, T., & Rafiq, S. (2018). Update on global
epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies. World journal of clinical
cases, 6(13), 589.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.12998/wjcc.v6.i13.589
(Page no. 589-592)
References
August, E., & Trostle, J. A. (2018). Using writing assignments to promote critical thinking,
learning and professional identity: The Epidemiology Workplace Writing
Repository. Journal of Public Health, 40(3), e419-e422.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.020
(Page no. 1-2)
Crammond, B. R., & Carey, G. (2017). Policy change for the social determinants of health:
the strange irrelevance of social epidemiology. Evidence & Policy: A Journal of
Research, Debate and Practice, 13(2), 365-374.
https://scihub.tw/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/ep/
2017/00000013/00000002/art00009;jsessionid=1flck70io078g.x-ic-live-01
(Page no. 365-369)
Geulayov, G., Ferrey, A., Casey, D., Wells, C., Fuller, A., Bankhead, C., ... & Waters, K.
(2018). Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines and hypnotics commonly used for self-
poisoning: an epidemiological study of fatal toxicity and case fatality. Journal of
psychopharmacology, 32(6), 654-662.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1177/0269881118754734
(Page no. 1-3)
Ilyas, A., Chesney, E., & Patel, R. (2017). Improving life expectancy in people with serious
mental illness: should we place more emphasis on primary prevention?. The British
Journal of Psychiatry, 211(4), 194-197.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1192/bjp.bp.117.203240
(Page no. 1-2)
Jefferies, M., Rauff, B., Rashid, H., Lam, T., & Rafiq, S. (2018). Update on global
epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies. World journal of clinical
cases, 6(13), 589.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.12998/wjcc.v6.i13.589
(Page no. 589-592)
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Medical 10
Khan, H. A., Baig, F. K., & Mehboob, R. (2017). Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology,
prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine, 7(5), 478-482.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
(Page no. 3-10)
Milstein, G., Palitsky, R., & Cuevas, A. (2019). The religion variable in community health
promotion and illness prevention. Journal of prevention & intervention in the
community, 1-6.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1080/10852352.2019.1617519
(Page no. 1-3)
Münzel, T., Sørensen, M., Gori, T., Schmidt, F. P., Rao, X., Brook, J., ... & Rajagopalan, S.
(2017). Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part I–epidemiologic
evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of mitigation
strategies. European heart journal, 38(8), 550-556.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw269
(Page no. 1-4)
Online Etymology Dictionary, 2020. Epidemiology. Retrieved January 10, 2020 from
https://www.etymonline.com/word/epidemiology
Saracci, R. (2018). My memories of Walter Holland: leader in promoting epidemiology
collaboration in Europe. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(3), 1009-1010.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1093/ije/dyy122
(Page no. 1009-1010)
Khan, H. A., Baig, F. K., & Mehboob, R. (2017). Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology,
prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine, 7(5), 478-482.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
(Page no. 3-10)
Milstein, G., Palitsky, R., & Cuevas, A. (2019). The religion variable in community health
promotion and illness prevention. Journal of prevention & intervention in the
community, 1-6.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1080/10852352.2019.1617519
(Page no. 1-3)
Münzel, T., Sørensen, M., Gori, T., Schmidt, F. P., Rao, X., Brook, J., ... & Rajagopalan, S.
(2017). Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part I–epidemiologic
evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of mitigation
strategies. European heart journal, 38(8), 550-556.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw269
(Page no. 1-4)
Online Etymology Dictionary, 2020. Epidemiology. Retrieved January 10, 2020 from
https://www.etymonline.com/word/epidemiology
Saracci, R. (2018). My memories of Walter Holland: leader in promoting epidemiology
collaboration in Europe. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(3), 1009-1010.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1093/ije/dyy122
(Page no. 1009-1010)
Medical 11
Sicherer, S. H., & Sampson, H. A. (2018). Food allergy: a review and update on
epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 41-58.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003
(Page no. 41-44)
The Guardian, 2019. Water, air, fire, earth: the original fab four. Retrieved January 10, 2020
from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jul/07/2
Till, J. E., Beck, H. L., Grogan, H. A., & Caffrey, E. A. (2017). A review of dosimetry used
in epidemiological studies considered to evaluate the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-
response model for radiation protection. International journal of radiation
biology, 93(10), 1128-1144.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1080/09553002.2017.1337280
(Page no. 2-8)
Van Amelsvoort, L. G., Jansen, N. W., & Kant, I. (2017). Addressing long-term sickness
absence: moving beyond disease, illness and work-related factors for effective
prevention. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 43(1), 1-4.
https://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3605
(Page no. 1-3)
Yamana, H., Moriwaki, M., Horiguchi, H., Kodan, M., Fushimi, K., & Yasunaga, H. (2017).
Validity of diagnoses, procedures, and laboratory data in Japanese administrative
data. Journal of epidemiology, 27(10), 476-482.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.je.2016.09.009
(Page no. 2-3)
Sicherer, S. H., & Sampson, H. A. (2018). Food allergy: a review and update on
epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 41-58.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003
(Page no. 41-44)
The Guardian, 2019. Water, air, fire, earth: the original fab four. Retrieved January 10, 2020
from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jul/07/2
Till, J. E., Beck, H. L., Grogan, H. A., & Caffrey, E. A. (2017). A review of dosimetry used
in epidemiological studies considered to evaluate the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-
response model for radiation protection. International journal of radiation
biology, 93(10), 1128-1144.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1080/09553002.2017.1337280
(Page no. 2-8)
Van Amelsvoort, L. G., Jansen, N. W., & Kant, I. (2017). Addressing long-term sickness
absence: moving beyond disease, illness and work-related factors for effective
prevention. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 43(1), 1-4.
https://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3605
(Page no. 1-3)
Yamana, H., Moriwaki, M., Horiguchi, H., Kodan, M., Fushimi, K., & Yasunaga, H. (2017).
Validity of diagnoses, procedures, and laboratory data in Japanese administrative
data. Journal of epidemiology, 27(10), 476-482.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.je.2016.09.009
(Page no. 2-3)
Medical 12
Yeargin, S. W., Dompier, T. P., Casa, D. J., Hirschhorn, R. M., & Kerr, Z. Y. (2019).
Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illnesses in National Collegiate Athletic Association
Athletes During the 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Academic Years. Journal of
athletic training, 54(1), 55-63.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.4085/1062-6050-504-17
(Page no. 1)
Yzermans, J., Baliatsas, C., van Dulmen, S., & Van Kamp, I. (2016). Assessing non-specific
symptoms in epidemiological studies: development and validation of the symptoms
and perceptions (SaP) questionnaire. International journal of hygiene and
environmental health, 219(1), 53-65.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.006
(Page no. 53-57)
Yeargin, S. W., Dompier, T. P., Casa, D. J., Hirschhorn, R. M., & Kerr, Z. Y. (2019).
Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illnesses in National Collegiate Athletic Association
Athletes During the 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Academic Years. Journal of
athletic training, 54(1), 55-63.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.4085/1062-6050-504-17
(Page no. 1)
Yzermans, J., Baliatsas, C., van Dulmen, S., & Van Kamp, I. (2016). Assessing non-specific
symptoms in epidemiological studies: development and validation of the symptoms
and perceptions (SaP) questionnaire. International journal of hygiene and
environmental health, 219(1), 53-65.
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.006
(Page no. 53-57)
1 out of 13
Related Documents
Your All-in-One AI-Powered Toolkit for Academic Success.
+13062052269
info@desklib.com
Available 24*7 on WhatsApp / Email
![[object Object]](/_next/static/media/star-bottom.7253800d.svg)
Unlock your academic potential
© 2024 | Zucol Services PVT LTD | All rights reserved.