Epilepsy: An In-Depth Analysis of Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

This report provides a comprehensive overview of epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It begins with an introduction to the condition, explaining the underlying electrical disturbances in the brain that cause seizures. The report then details the various symptoms of epilepsy, including different types of seizures such as generalized and partial seizures, and the associated physical manifestations. It explores the causes of epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain injuries, and infections. The report also presents prevalence data from the US and globally. Furthermore, it discusses the common treatments for epilepsy, including anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and their mechanisms of action. Finally, the report categorizes and explains the different types of epileptic seizures, differentiating between idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic seizures, as well as partial and generalized seizures with their subtypes. The report is supported by references to credible sources like the CDC and WHO.

Epilepsy

introduction
Individuals with epilepsy history persistent
seizures, since a unexpected upwelling of
electrical action in the mind leads a short-
term disturbance in the communication
systems among brain cells. epilepsy is the
mutual neurological disorder characterized
by repeated seizures (The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2018).

symptoms
Seizures
A shaking along without fever
Little incantations of shutdown, or disorganized recall
Recurrent collapsing incantations, throughout which
the control on bowel or bladder is missing, followed by
exciting tiredness
Unresponsiveness to orders or questions
The individual unexpectedly drops for no strong cause
Unexpected bouts of flashing without seeming stimuli
Rapid sessions of mastication, deprived of any seeming
reason (Hamid, Ettinger, & Mula, 2011).

Sources: Very well health, 2018)

causes
Epilepsy issues outcomes when the nervous system is
interrupted because of defective electrical action.
Some individuals have congenital genetic aspects
that cause epilepsy additional probable to occur
Other aspects that escalate the chances of epilepsy
comprise bean strain, brain situations,
counting tumours or stroke, communicable diseases
for example AIDS and virus- associated encephalitis,
prenatal damage, or brain injury that happens before
birth, growing disorders, for
example, neurofibromatosis or autism or (Hesdorffer
et al., 2012).

Prevalence
In 2015, issues of epilepsy exaggerated 1.2
per cent of the people in US, or nearly 3.4
million individuals, counting around three
million youth and around 470,000 kids
(Banerjee, Filippi, & Hauser, 2009).
The World Health Organization (WHO)
reported that the issues of epilepsy impacts
nearly 50 million individuals world widely
(Téllez-Zenteno, & Hernández-Ronquillo,
2012).

Epilepsy treatments
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)
The kind of seizure the disease person is having choose
which type of medication the doctors prescribe.
Individuals with epilepsy do notcompletely respond in
the similar way to medications, nonetheless AEDs seem
to assist regulate seizures in nearly 70 per cent of
scenarios
Drugs usually used to deal with epilepsy include:
Sodium valproate
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam (Friedman, & Devinsky, 2015)

epileptic seizure’s Types
three tests the physician may use when dealing
with a diseased person with seizures of epilepsy
Idiopathic: no seeming cause is there.
Cryptogenic: The physician assumes there is
maximum probably a reason, but cannot identify
it.
Symptomatic: The physician distinguishes what
the source is.
Total three explanations are there of epileptic
seizures; provisional on the area of the brain the
action is started (Engel, 2013).

Cont…
Partial type of seizure
A partial or fractional seizure defined the epileptic action
occurs in just portion of the diseased person’s head.
partial seizure are of two types;
Simple partial seizure - the epileptic diseased person is
aware throughout the seizure. In maximum cases, the
diseased person is also conscious of their environments,
even if he or she in progress of epileptic seizer (Engel,
2013).
Complex partial type of seizure - the diseased person’s
awareness is reduced. The individual might usually not
recall the seizure, and in case they do, his or her recall
might be unclear (Engel, 2013).

Cont..
Generalized seizure
A generalized type of seizure happens when both the splits
of the human brain experience epileptic action. The diseased
person’s awareness is missing though the epileptic
confiscation is in development (Noachtar, & Peters, 2009).
Tonic-clonic seizures: Possibly the finest known kind of
widespread seizure. They experience a damage of
awareness, body difficulty, and trembling.
Absence type of seizures: these include small gaps in
awareness where the person appears to be gaping off in the
space. This seizures frequently reply well to disease
management. Other siezers are Tonic seizures, Atonic
seizures, and Clonic seizures (Noachtar, & Peters, 2009).

References
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Epilepsy. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/index.html
Hamid, H., Ettinger, A. B., & Mula, M. (2011). Anxiety symptoms in epilepsy: salient
issues for future research. Epilepsy & behavior, 22(1), 63-68.
Very well health (2018). Symptoms of epilepsy. Retrieved from:
https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-epilepsy-1204509
Hesdorffer, D. C., Ishihara, L., Mynepalli, L., Webb, D. J., Weil, J., & Hauser, W. A.
(2012). Epilepsy, suicidality, and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional
association. Annals of neurology, 72(2), 184-191.
Banerjee, P. N., Filippi, D., & Hauser, W. A. (2009). The descriptive epidemiology of
epilepsy—a review. Epilepsy research, 85(1), 31-45.
Téllez-Zenteno, J. F., & Hernández-Ronquillo, L. (2012). A review of the
epidemiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy research and treatment, 2012.
Friedman, D., & Devinsky, O. (2015). Cannabinoids in the treatment of
epilepsy. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(11), 1048-1058.
Engel, J. (2013). Seizures and epilepsy (Vol. 83) (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press. Noachtar, S., & Peters, A. S. (2009). Semiology of epileptic
seizures: a critical review. Epilepsy & Behavior, 15(1), 2-9.