Biology Unit 1: Essentials of a Diet - Homework Assignment Solution

This homework assignment delves into the fundamental aspects of a diet from a biological perspective. It starts with basic descriptions of the gastrointestinal tract and the digestive system, covering the functions of various organs like the stomach, liver, and pancreas. The assignment explores histological concepts, the alimentary canal, and the roles of epithelium and digestive glands. It also investigates the nerves in the gut, the oral cavity, and the different types of teeth. Moreover, it addresses topics such as gum inflammation, taste buds, salivary glands, and the vagus nerve. The assignment further examines peristalsis, the cardiac sphincter, and the process of food digestion in the stomach and intestines, including the role of pancreatic juice, segmentation, and the large intestine. The assignment includes questions on liver function tests, emulsification of fats, exocrine and endocrine functions, zymogen granules, and the influence of hormones. The solution provided offers detailed answers to all the questions, referencing relevant books and journals.

Unit 1 – Essentials Of A Diet

1. Describe in a few words what this picture is showing.
This picture states about the gastrointestinal tract in animals which could help them in
having process for no way things in their bodies and that could sometime causes bad
impact.
2. Describe in a few words what this picture is showing.
This picture states about the two way process in animals for digestive system in animals
and that could keep good or bad impact over their bodies.
3. Describe in a few words what this picture is showing.
This state about that one way process in which animals that can get sometime more
effected and that could cause the gastrointestinal tract.
4. Describe the location of the: Stomach Liver Pancreas Start of small intestine, Start
of large intestine.
This located at behind stomach which is being attached with small intestine
(Mirmozaffarim, 2020). Among all the function the pancreas aids in digestion which
produced the digestive enzymes and secreting them into the duodenum.
5. What is meant by ‘histology’?
This studies which forms structures under the microscope and also called microscopic
anatomy. Along with this also involved the structures about the observed with the naked
eye.
6. ‘Alimentary canal’ refers to what?
This is refers to the muscular tube, which extends to the mouth to anus.
7. Describe the epithelium and where it is located?
This is types of tissues which are widespread throughout the body. While this forms
covering all faces surface. Hollow organs and line body cavities (Valiente-Soriano and
et.al., 2020). The primary function of simple squamous epithelia is to
facilitate diffusion of gases and small molecules.
8. Give examples of intrinsic digestive glands.
Structure and various function of human digestive system. Glands contributing more
about the digestive juices into salivary glands.
9. What is the role of malt in the digestive tract?

Malt initiates immune response for particular which encountered along all mucosal
surface. While this might be important for having better bodies effective and sampling
occurs and also keeping immune responses which are initiated.
10. The nerves in the git tract. Briefly state what interesting facts have been found?
This can be led for average person which can produced two pints of saliva every day, the
second part of small intestine is known as jejunum, the muscles also acts as
esophagus like having grant wave (Upadhaya, Pulakkat and Patravale, 2020).
11. Think about the words ‘circular’ and ‘longitudinal’.
‘Circular’ and ‘longitudinal’ it is type of wave which particle displacement and parallel to
the direction of the wave propagation. While this can be also identified about the region
for compression and rarefaction.
12. What simple squamous epithelium refers to.
This refers to the simple squamous epithelium tissues or pavement epithelium. Moreover,
tissues that could have particular composed on single layer of epithelium cells. While this
cells found surface in body and make the proper working system in body.
13. What areolar connective tissue refers to.
This holdout organs in attaches and places epithelial tissues which are underlying tissues
(Leong and et.al., 2020). Almost all the cells that are obtain with nutrients and also
release their waste into areolar connective tissues.
14. What are the major locations of smooth muscle in the human body?
Smooth muscles are found in the hallow organs which include the intestines, bladder and
stomach. This helps for passageways such vessels and in tracts of respiratory etc.

15. What is the gut’s nervous system called?
This is part of nervous system and might be include the neural circuits which control over
the motor function, mucosal transport, secretion and local blood flow.
16. What the oral cavity is sometimes referred to as?
The oral cavity refers to the buccal cavity (Uzunoğlu and et.al., 2021). Which is mainly at
the upper side of checks and lips, the upper and lower gums as well as small area behind
the wisdom teeth.
17. The primary set of teeth also have another name. Find out what it is?
Most of the kids have first teeth by their three years old. These can be called primary
teeth, milk teeth, baby teeth and might be having 20 teeth.
18. Match the types of teeth with the correct diagram?
Canines are the next teeth that develop in your mouth. You have four of them and they
are your sharpest teeth, used for tearing apart food. Premolars - premolars are used for
tearing and crushing food.
19. What is the term given to gum inflammation
Periodontal diseases is also known as gum inflammation and it is set of the inflammatory
condition which affecting the tissues that are surrounding to teeth. Symptoms that can be
red, swollen and also have many complication such as gum abscess and tooth loss.
20. What interesting facts can you find out about taste buds
There are many facts such as tongue tasticl, can't see taste buds, have taste buds in other
places besides your tongue and tongue has between 2,000 and 4,000 taste buds
21. Any other facts about salivary glands and/or saliva?
Many facts about the salivary glands such as having six salivary glands, without saliva
the wellbeing cannot have taste, saliva acts warning about the vomit, saliva have 99%
water and that could keep better impact over the bodies (Nayyar, 2021).

22. Find out a little more about the vagus nerve (X).
This work as function about the vagus nerve stimulate about for having smooth muscle
glandular and contraction in these organs. Such as vagus serve which are increasing rates
for gastric, stimulate and emplying etc.
23. Do a little bit of further research to enable you to describe this process in words.
Peristalsis is series wave that could have muscle contraction and which can help for
moving food through the digestive tracts. This might also leads for string wave like some
motions of having smooth muscle move balls and swallowed food to the stomach.
24. What do you notice about the spelling of ‘oesophagus’
It is type of tube which conveys food from the pharynx at the back of stomach and also
help of digestion and make sure for having proper digestion in food that could keep the
proper growth and health (Robson, 2020).
25. What happens when the cardiac sphincter does not work as it should.
While in some people, cardiac function do not work properly and this can content the
stomach leaking and acids which can cause more irritation ad also causes the reflux.
26. Where is pepsin released from, in what form and why?
This helps in producing gastric chief cells and also help the main digestive system for
working with proper manner. Although, also try to keep better enzymes in digestive
system and also many other animals and human help for digest the protein foods.
27. What is the purpose of these folds and the extra layer of muscle?
The main purpose for the folds with having some extra muscle that could keep the body
fit and make sure for having better digestion with having protein food. This could also
help for keeping the muscle and many other body parts for working with effective role
and completion in growth.
28. Briefly explain what happens to food when it enters the stomach.
After food enters into stomach, the stomach muscle mix food and liquid with having
digestive juices (Asen and Fonagy, 2021). Although, stomach slowly emphasis its content
which might be known as chyme and move to small intestine.
29. How long is the small intestine?

That's like 22 notebooks lined up end to end. The small intestine breaks down the food
mixture even more so body can absorb all the vitamins, minerals, proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats.
30. What is in pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic juice are liquid sets that secreted by the pancreas and might be containing
variety of the enzymes (Asiyanbola, 2020). Although, this could also include elastase,
carbonpeptidase and amylase etc.
31. What is the acronym often used for cholecystokinin?
A polypeptide hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder with release of
bile and the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine
32. What is the purpose of segmentation?
This refers to proper group and different people group which have the various needs and
make sure for having fulfilling about their feelings. While such things that could help for
knowing about those impact over through which the segmentation usually reach out with
having figure out groups segments within market in having proper product conditions.
33. Does any digestion take place in the large intestine?
Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine which produced the no digestive enzymes.
This can be completing chemical in small intestine before having the chyme which could
reach out to the large intestine.
34. How is defaecate or defaecation spelt in American articles/books?
This could work with having final terms and make sure for keeping the proper wellbeing
condition which could be important for knowing and that might be also essential for
knowing about the various books and articles.
35. Why is there more lymphoid tissue here?
This is mainly having the organized lymphoid tissues which are thymus nodes, that could
keep the effective manner and might be having some organs that create the high abdomen
and also losing cylinder organized cells which are surrounding small and arteries
(Willinger, 2019).
36. What sort of tests are carried out to investigate liver function.

This could help for measuring total food amount of protein in the blood. While having
such things this could help the body for keeping the proper blood circulation and also
make sure for keeping the digestion working with proper capacity.
37. What does it mean to “emulsify fat and cholesterol”? Why is it important?
Emulsification do not refers to digestion, because this could be important which can
increase or make growth to surface to fat. This can make the availability by lipases which
make control over the access inside the lipid droplets.
38. What do the terms exocrine and endocrine refer to?
This could be refers to the endocrine to the secretion of substance into bloodstream
(Tustumi and et.al., 2019). This can take rights place for which the glands, of external
secretion while having endocrine and glands are internal secretion.
39. What are zymogen granules?
The specialized due to having the organelle in pancreatic acinar cells for proper digestion
storage and keep the regulated with the various other function in bodies. In some of the
classical models this could help for keeping the better attraction and try to make sue for
having the high impact over through which the digestion can take place.
40. When are these hormones raised in the blood?
This could raised due to having changes in age and that could affected to strength while
sometime this could also produced the insulin by pancreas. This could also help the sugar
go from the blood and make the better used for the energy that could keep the body
growth and make sure for having the proper blood circulation in body.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Asen, E. and Fonagy, P., 2021. Mentalization-Based Treatment with Families. Guilford
Publications.
Asiyanbola, B., 2020. A Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Gastrointestinal Tract
With Particular Application to Pancreatic Surgery. Journal of Clinical Engineering. 45(4).
pp.198-205.
Leong, N.L. and et.al., 2020. Tendon and ligament healing and current approaches to tendon and
ligament regeneration. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 38(1). pp.7-12.
Mirmozaffari, M., 2020. Presenting an expert system for early diagnosis of gastrointestinal
diseases. International Journal of Gastroenterology Sciences. 1(1). pp.21-27.
Nayyar, A., 2021. Serum and salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus: A review on the quest
for diagnostics. Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice. 4(1). pp.6-6.
Robson, T., 2020. Introduction to complementary medicine. Routledge.
Tustumi, F. and et.al., 2019. Long term follow-up results of surgical management of chronic
pancreatitis. Chirurgia. 114. pp.369-375.
Upadhaya, P.G., Pulakkat, S. and Patravale, V.B., 2020. Nose-to-brain delivery: exploring newer
domains for glioblastoma multiforme management. Drug delivery and translational
research. 10(4). pp.1044-1056.
Uzunoğlu, B. and et.al., 2021. Mucoadhesive bilayered buccal platform for antifungal drug
delivery into the oral cavity. Drug Delivery and Translational Research. 11(1). pp.318-
327.
Valiente-Soriano, F.J. and et.al., 2020. Tracing the retina to analyze the integrity and phagocytic
capacity of the retinal pigment epithelium. Scientific reports. 10(1). pp.1-18.
Willinger, T., 2019. Oxysterols in intestinal immunity and inflammation. Journal of internal
medicine. 285(4). pp.367-380.

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