LSBM201: Ethical Issues in Facial Recognition Technology Report

This individual report examines the ethical issues surrounding facial recognition technology (FRT), exploring its uses, controversies, and ethical frameworks within the UK context. The report begins with an introduction to FRT, its applications in various sectors, and the controversies associated with its ...Read More

Individual report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Facial Recognition Technology and its uses................................................................................3
Controversy associated with the use of Facial Recognition Technology....................................4
Principles of ethics.......................................................................................................................5
Ethics of facial recognition technology.......................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Ethical issues is a situation where moral conflicts arises. It occurs when a decision creates
conflicts with the moral principles and it involves both individuals and businesses. Introduction
of the latest technology helps businesses in enhancing their business operation and achieving
business goals. The advancement in technology is does not elicit but raises ethical and moral
issues. The information technology, biotechnology and nuclear technology are the major
innovation raising these issues. This report explores technological advancement and the
increasing use of facial recognition technology (FRT) in the field of biometric technology. It is
structured to provide a thorough perspective of facial recognition technology including its
current and potential uses and the emerging controversies associated with the use of the
technology both for and against. Also, analysing the ethics of the facial recognition technology
on the basis of principle of utilitarianism, deontology and Rawls Theory of justice. Based on all
this, conclusion is drawn about the ethicality of facial recognition technology in UK.
MAIN BODY
Facial Recognition Technology and its uses
Facial recognition is a software application which is having the capability to identify and
verify the person by analysing the facial patterns of the person. This software analyses the facial
features and match it with the database and identify who you are (Akhtar and Rattani, 2017). In
private sector, it is widely used in advertisement and marketing purposes with individual
customers profiled and identified to predict their preferences based on their facial expression
(Kranzberg, 2019). The recent evolution of artificial intelligence has opened new possibilities in
public sector also which includes law and border management. Currently it is been used in a
variety of different ways. Some of its application is stated below.
Device security: Many apps and devices are using facial recognition for the purpose of
protecting data (Basak, Jia and Lei, 2018). As even a secure password cannot guarantee security
of account and information because hackers are more skilled and they have many ways to hack
the information so people have turned to facial recognition. This application requires user face to
unlock the device or access the private data.
Identifying genetic disorders: These applications are also used in healthcare centres as
well. There are healthcare apps like Face2Gene that uses facial recognition to identify and detect

a genetic disorder (Naik, et.al, 2019). Apps analyse and compare the faces of those that contain
disorder.
Airline Use: Even airlines are using facial technology to identify passengers. Airlines
such as Delta and JetBlue have already implemented this system.
Trial evidence: with the increasing use and reliability of Facial Recognition Technology,
it is now used as an evidence in the court.
Used by police for security purpose: In UK, police has been using this technology in
CCTV cameras as a security measure since 2016 (Zulfiqar, et.al, 2019). It has been used to scan
faces in the crowd against the police database which contains the information about the most
wanted or missing person.
Controversy associated with the use of Facial Recognition Technology
With the increase in accuracy has prompted private businesses and public authorities to
start using this technology across various domain around the world (Wang, 2018). This in turn
has sparked debate on its impact on the fundamental rights. There is campaign in UK where
campaigners says that facial recognition breaches their human rights and privacy. Also, claims
that the use of technology will deter people from expressing their views or go public for protests
(Ringrose, 2019). The technology cannot be fully relied and is less accurate when it comes to
recognising black people and women. One of the biggest threat associated with the use of facial
recognition technology is that its use for identity theft which is the violation of GDPR.
Campaigners including Liberty UK, have stressed that mass surveillance of people in public
violates three articles of Human Rights Convention (Feng and Xie, 2019). The major concern is
the use of technology for law enforcement which increases the concern for misleading someone
with another which eventually leads to wrongful conviction. This can be damaging to the society
for abusing like continuous surveillance of the public (Piper, 2019). Also, the trials done by
South Wales Police had an error rate of 90%. Another downside of it is storage of data and the
risk associated with it (Hung, et.al, 2016). Apart from all the negative aspect the positive side of
its says that it is very useful in implementing safety and security. It will be very useful for
government agencies to uncover criminals. In order to get benefit from the positive sides of
facial recognition it is essential for society to work through the challenges that comes with it.
The most importantly it should solve the problem of privacy to take public in confidence. So,
these are the few controversies that are currently faced by UK.

Principles of ethics
To know whether the use of Facial recognition technology is ethical or not, three
important principles are used here. A detailed description is given below.
Principle of Utilitarianism: It is an ethical principle that places focus on right and
wrong outcomes. It moves beyond the interest of one self and takes care of others (Mill, 2016). It
states that most ethical outcome comes from ethical choice that will produce the greatest good. It
is the common approach for moral reasoning and used in business (Patrick and Werkhoven,
2017). It has been criticized for not adequately protecting the individual rights.
Principle of deontology: This theory states that people are morally obligated to act in
accordance with the certain set of principles regardless of outcome (Baron, 2017). This theory is
based on the view that human beings are having the unique capacity for rationality and the moral
worth of action is determined by the human will. It states that some acts needed to be morally
obligatory irrespective of its consequences on human welfare. Nothing is good without good will
and it the will which act in accord with the moral laws (Jackson and Smith, 2016). This theory is
easy to apply as it just requires people to follow the rules. It fits well with the natural intuition
irrespective of ethical or unethical. This theory avoids subjective and uncertainty because it only
requires to follow rules.
Despite its strength, this rigid system makes many people finding it unacceptable as it is driven
by code of ethics. So, these rules makes this theory easy to apply but also disregarding its
consequences from our action while determining what is right and what is wrong.
Rawls Theory of Justice: The theory of justice was given by John Rawls. This theory is
focussed towards liberalism and forms the basis on which law enforcement and criminal system
should strive for (Buchanan, 2017). This theory states that principle of justice can be founded in
social contract. But Rawls identifies that social contract does not allow fairness and equality to
exist among its members. Ultimately, Rawls argues that the primary concern of justice is fairness
and has proposed two principles which are: First, every person needs to have equal rights with
basic liberty compatibility with similar liberty for others (Scanlon, 2020). Second is everyone
should share in the wealth of the society and receive benefits from such wealth.
So, all the three theories have different basis for evaluating ethicality of the situation or
action. Utilitarianism justifies based what is right for large number of people. Rawls also does

the same thing by asking what a rational citizen want for themselves. Deontology theory is based
on rule to distinguish between what is right and wrong.
Ethics of facial recognition technology
Technology that is required to be implemented should be morally and ethically fit. To
understand the applicability of these theories, a specific example is taken within the UK which
will help in getting a clear picture. A detailed analysis is given below.
 From utilitarianism point of view, it can be said that the advantages of the
implementation of facial recognition is more significant than the risk and drawbacks of it
(Nagin, 2019). Even though, people are providing their biometric data, they are
ultimately disclosing their personal characteristics just for the betterment and security of
the nation (Tavani, 2016). The government of UK is using facial technology to better
identify the threats, solving criminal cases and ultimately serving the entire nation and its
citizens. Government is currently looking at the whole nation and identifying the needs
based on which decisions are taken irrespective of its various drawbacks and risks
associated with it (Forcehimes and Semrau, 2019). Thus, utilitarianism falls in favour of
facial recognition and makes it ethical.
 The deontological perspective demonstrates how the implementation and usage of facial
recognition technology to gather data for governmental use is moral and ethical. The use
of this technology is ultimately for the support and betterment of the society (Chandler,
2019). With the increasing use of this technology will help in enhancing and supporting
the people and helps in ensuring their safety (Goodman, 2016). The use of this
technology will have some negative impact on the society like gathering all the important
information of the each and every individual and storing in a system which is
interconnected to other system. This results in hacking of the complete system if any
single account is hacked. It also puts in danger the privacy of the people (Boylan, 2017).
The intention of the UK government is genuine to enhance and improve the lives of the
individuals which makes it ethically acceptable for the use of facial recognition
technology regardless of the consequences.
 Based on Rawls theory of justice, the usage of facial recognition technology is not
justified. That is, the intention to increase safety by collecting biometric data is not right
because freedom of people and privacy is violated (Gališanka, 2019). For example the

use of live facial recognition cameras by Metropolitan police of UK, with the objective to
find suspects involved in serious crimes (Reamer, 2017). But the deployment of this
technology will take under surveillance all the citizens of the country. This breaks all the
social contract given to the citizens by the government. The cameras will be paced in the
areas popular with tourists and shoppers and each of these cameras will look for faces
contained in the list created (Dworkin, 2017). It is the duty and responsibility of the
government to use the new technology for increasing safety of the people. From this
perspective it is ethical but from the people's point of view it is not ethical as this theory
runs on the basis of what rational consumer wants for themselves.
So, from the above it can be stated that based on two theories, that is, principle of utilitarianism
and the principle of deontology the implementation of facial recognition system is ethical as it is
for the betterment of the society in UK as compared to Rawls theory of justice. As this theory,
only looks after the needs and perception of the people.
CONCLUSION
From the above it can be said that the use of facial recognition technology is the most
easy and widely used biometric tool. It only concerns about the two things, that is, development
bias and facial recognition ethics. The UK government has taken care of it all. It has complied
with all the rule and regulations associated with it. It has understood the importance of
implementing this technology in their country and its benefits. Also, its potential uses had been
highlighted which is very important to convince people how it is beneficial to them and the
nation as a whole. The problem that were faced by UK with respect to facial recognition
technology has created distress in the country but the government is trying to take precautionary
actions to reduce the problems. The three theories of ethics were applied to get a clear
understanding about the situation of the UK and to come at a conclusion. Through these different
theories, the different aspects of ethics came across and by individually applying these theories
to the specific UK situation has helped in coming to the final conclusion. Thus, it can be said that
facial recognition technology is ethical in UK.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Akhtar, Z. and Rattani, A., 2017. A face in any form: new challenges and opportunities for face
recognition technology. Computer. 50(4). pp.80-90.
Baron, J., 2017. Utilitarian vs. deontological reasoning: method, results, and theory. In Moral
inferences (pp. 145-160). Psychology Press.
Basak, S., Jia, R. and Lei, C., 2018, August. Face Recognition using Fuzzy Logic. In 2018 IEEE
International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA) (pp. 1317-1322).
IEEE.
Boylan, M., 2017. Deontology. In Teaching Ethics with Three Philosophical Novels (pp. 63-74).
Springer, Cham.
Buchanan, A., 2017. A critical introduction to Rawls’ theory of justice. In Distributive
Justice (pp. 175-211). Routledge.
Chandler, R. C., 2019. Deontological Dimensions of Administrative Ethics Revisited.
In Handbook of Administrative Ethics (pp. 205-220). Routledge.
Dworkin, R., 2017. Rawls and the Law. In Rawls and Law (pp. 35-53). Routledge.
Feng, Y. and Xie, Q., 2019. Privacy Concerns, Perceived Intrusiveness, and Privacy Controls:
An Analysis of Virtual Try-On Apps. Journal of Interactive Advertising. 19(1). pp.43-
57.
Forcehimes, A. T. and Semrau, L., 2019. Thinking Through Utilitarianism: A Guide to
Contemporary Arguments. Hackett Publishing.
Gališanka, A., 2019. John Rawls: The Path to a Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
Goodman, K. W., 2016. Ethical and legal issues in decision support. In Clinical decision support
systems (pp. 131-146). Springer, Cham.
Hung, P. C., et.al, 2016, September. A study of children facial recognition for privacy in smart
tv. In International Symposium Computational Modeling of Objects Represented in
Images (pp. 229-240). Springer, Cham.
Jackson, F. and Smith, M., 2016. The implementation problem for deontology. Weighing
reasons. pp.279-291.
Kranzberg, M., 2019. Ethics in an age of pervasive technology. Routledge.
Mill, J. S., 2016. Utilitarianism. In Seven masterpieces of philosophy (pp. 337-383). Routledge.
Nagin, D. S., 2019. Utilitarianism and Policing in the United States. International Criminal
Justice Review, p.1057567719850244.
Naik, A., et.al, 2019. Criminal identification using facial recognition.
Patrick, T. and Werkhoven, S., 2017. Utilitarianism. Macat Library.
Piper, A., 2019. ABOUT FACE: The Risks and Challenges of Facial Recognition
Technology. Risk Management. 66(10). pp.18-23.
Reamer, F. G., 2017. Evolving ethical standards in the digital age. Australian Social Work. 70(2).
pp.148-159.
Ringrose, K., 2019. Law Enforcement's Pairing of Facial Recognition Technology with Body-
Worn Cameras Escalates Privacy Concerns. Va. L. Rev. Online. 105. p.57.
Scanlon, T. M., 2020. Some Main Points in Rawls’ Theory of Justice. Ethical Reflections. pp.9-
24.
Tavani, H. T., 2016. Ethics and technology. Wiley.

Wang, J., 2018. What's in Your Face? Discrimination in Facial Recognition
Technology (Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University).
Zulfiqar, M., et.al, 2019, July. Deep Face Recognition for Biometric Authentication. In 2019
International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering
(ICECCE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.