Phenomenology and Ethnography: Strengths, Challenges, and Methods

This report provides a detailed comparative analysis of phenomenology and ethnography, two key qualitative research methods. It begins by defining both approaches and highlighting their aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of human experiences and social interactions. The report then explores the strengths, challenges, assumptions, and limitations of each method, offering critical evaluations of their respective methodologies. For phenomenology, the report discusses the use of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), emphasizing its focus on individual experiences. For ethnography, the report examines Conversation Analysis (CA), its application in social organization and interaction, and its use of transcriptions and recordings. The role of the researcher and the relationship between the researcher and the researched are also discussed. Finally, the report outlines research questions, essential components, and alternative methodologies, providing a comprehensive overview of both qualitative research approaches and their applications within social sciences.

A study on
Phenomenology
and Ethnography

Phenomenology and Ethnography
 It is a qualitative study. The aim of this study is to develop a complete
clear, accurate and description on articulate understanding of a human
experience.
 The ethnography is also a qualitative study. The term ethnography
extends the perspective of phenomenological study on daily life of social
interaction. It is developed by Garfinkel (1967). It is a systematic study on
culture of people (Allen & Hockey, 2015).

Strengths, challenges, assumptions
limitations of Phenomenology
 It is a study which gives a complete and brief elaboration on human life
experiences.
 The finding of this study has been allowed to emerge except imposing by an
researcher.
 In this method careful applications has been applied. Thus this method keep
elaboration of an experimental data (Eberle, 2014) .
 This is method which accomplished by extreme treatment as in step by step.
 It is also a method which delete from, add to, change, or distort anything and
present the data in meaning of transcripts participant.

Strengths, challenges, assumptions
limitations of Phenomenology
 It is a method which depends on some skills, like articulate skills of the observations. The
observation gives the information. The generalisation and logistic issues are related with this
skills.
 The meaning and languages has been shown some difficulties. These are existential-
phenomenological philosophy and the inquiry of phenomenology (Honer & Hitzler, 2015).
 The main challenges of this study is to investigate on special stance and application during the
selection of participant method and approach. Moreover this assembling the components of
interview on a report.
 It is noticeable that it is a method which miss information among large periods and also develop
a time course of an experience.

Strengths, challenges, assumptions
limitations of Ethnography
 The ethnography is a study which gives complexity behaviour of a
group of study.
 It is study which reveal the interrelationships between
several group of interactions. Also gives the context of
some behaviors.
 The ethnography is only a method which reveal the qualities of
group experiences.
 It is also helps in the prediction on types of follow-up in
research.

Strengths, challenges, assumptions
limitations of Ethnography
 The ethnography is time consuming method. Thus this
kind of study has only been done by the well trained
researcher.
 It takes too much time to show trust and build honest
discourse.
 The main challenges of this method is short term studies.
 Bias part can affect both the design of the study and data
collection and interpretation.
 The large or huge data cannot proceed effectively.

The role of the researcher and the nature of the
relationship between the researcher and the
researched.
 The main role of the researchers is to observe or interact to the
participants of the study in the real-life environment.
 It is popular in the area of anthropology and also has a wide range in the
field of social science.
 This kind of study has been applied on the interviews, participant
observation and surveys.
 The relationship between researcher researched has been strongly
emphasized. It has been seen that the encounter of researcher–researched
is not generally sole in respect of the researcher, because the participants
have own protocol to reach their target ((Jackson et al., 2015)

The role of the researcher and the nature of the
relationship between the researcher and the
researched.
 In ethnographic study there are some complex attention has been made for the
role of researcher in research and observation.
 A contextual and potentially of different perspective studies has been made
between the researcher and researched.
 The researcher or the investigator is not disinterested on the other side
interaction with participant on research. Thus this can be affected on the
qualitative data.
 To the help the small group of researchers the qualitative research has been
conducted. Especially in coding of data. It reduces the bias of the researcher.
Moreover it is also notice that the relationship has been established among the
outset of such discrepancies to handle (Pfadenhauer & Grenz, 2015).

Research question
 To concentrate about the phenomenon on review by the discovery
and the interpretation of the researcher.
 To concentrate among the description of people’s and to give their
routine and daily lives. Moreover to explore the number of views of
people at same time.
 Demonstrated the opportunities which has been given by life‐world of
analytical ethnography and gives a detailed analysis of the life‐world.
 Dissatisfactions on the quantitative enquiry with health and
medicine.

Essential components on Phenomenology
and Ethnography design
 Paradigm, which is the general sense of knowledge gives through the
systematic enquiry.
 Knowledge, which is the Systematic investigation to extends and develop
the common-sense and issue. Thus this is the understand through the
reflexive examination.
 Essence, this is a approach which develop and complete an articulate
description, accuracy and the understanding of human experience or
moment (Vom Lehn & Hitzler, 2015).
 Symbolic interaction is also an important essential of these study method.

Methodology on Phenomenology
 In data science IPA (Interpretive phenomenological Analysis) has been
considered on the experiences of how the participants are make some
sense in their daily life experiences.
 In IPA method explore some personal perception for each individual of
the study. Moreover it takes in to account of some state to produce
some record of event (Pietkiewicz & Smith, 2014).
 This is a method which is cannot determine directly or completely.
 IPA is a strong idiographic approach or method which is concentrated
on the detail analysis of a case (Smith, Flowers & Osborn, 2013).

Methodology on Ethnography
 The CA (conversation analysis) has been conducted to grow out of
ethnomethodology.
 It is approach which elaborate the conversation of social organisation or 'talk-in-
interaction'. Moreover it is a study of transcriptions and recording of tape from
other recordings.
 It is a systematic deployment and interactional methods where the devices and
'apparatus‘ are applied for the solution of social and organisational interaction
problem (Heritage, 2017).
 In this procedure data has been observed in the characteristics double-faced.
 In CA researcher apply audio- or video recordings by naturally and non-
experimentally (Gardner, 2013).