Rhetorical Analysis: Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Evidence, and Fallacies

This assignment explores the fundamental concepts of rhetoric and argumentation. It begins by defining and providing examples of ethos, pathos, and logos, the three modes of persuasion. The assignment then delves into different types of evidence, including observation, intuition, and introspection, providing illustrative examples for each. Next, it constructs a brief argument using the Toulmin model, labeling each element of the argument such as claim, grounds, warrant, backing, qualifiers, and rebuttal. Finally, the assignment defines and illustrates three common logical fallacies: argument from ignorance, appeal to pity, and appeal to authority. The document aims to enhance critical thinking and analytical skills by providing a clear understanding of argumentative structures and common flaws in reasoning.

Assignment Description
** Just one thing that I want to make sure is Please do not copy any
sentence from online. I will submit it through online, and proof already gave
me a warning about it.
** Please make sentences as simple as you can. **
***There are no minimum word counts for each part, so make two full
pages. ***
(Answer : total 500 words)
Thank you.
1. Describe and give examples of ethos, pathos and logos.
1) Ethos: a certain attitude and idea which is associated with a particular
society or a culture. They are beliefs that are set by a particular group about
social behaviour and perception.
Examples: The ethos of the political party is firm enough to be threatened by
new developments.
2) Pathos: a term in literature that is described as the power to perform or
describe in a way to influence certain feelings in a stronger manner. It is
mostly connected to pity and sympathy.
Examples: The pathos of dictators is strong enough influence public on their
notes.
3) Logos: it is the convincing quality of a speaker with the help of logic and
reason. Like pathos, logos do not use emotion, but credibility of arguments.
Examples: The influential speaker is good with his logos and attracts so
much public to his shows.
2. Describe three different kinds of evidence someone could use to support a
claim and give an example of each. (Read the files 01-05)
1) Observation
It is the most basic kind of evidence used by human fraternity which relies on
empirical evidence. It is based on the way a human perceives through the
senses.
EXAMPLE- The objects we touch are an example of observation.
2) Intuition
The following evidence is a form of common sense and consists of common
knowledge and intuitive things can be taken for justification and proof.
EXAMPLE- I feel there is somebody upstairs in the room.
3) Introspection

A type of evidence perceived from the psychological experiences of a man
and is not directly dependent on sensory actions.
EXAMPLE- The man standing on the road seems to be a highly
knowledgeable person.
3. Create a brief argument using all the Toulmin argument elements and
label each element in your argument.
“SUSAN WAS BORN IN CALIFORNIA SO SUSAN MUST BE AN AMERICAN
SUBJECT”
1) Claim: with the evidence of Susan being born in California, it is
the claim given as that Susan is an American.
2) Grounds: ground is that Susan is born in California and this is the
evidence used to claim on a sentence.
3) Warrant: it is the implied kind of state added with the sentence
as it says; any person born in California will be an American subject.
4) Backing: backing refers to the backhand support of an ethical,
scientific or a more knowledgeable insight behind the warrant.
Here, “California is a part of American territory”
5) Qualifiers: the stating of the conclusion on a probable situation is
known to be qualifier situation.
6) Rebuttal: If one says that Susan’s parents are from American
background and hence, Susan is to be an American too. It is the
exceptional reasoning to be brought in an argument.
4. Choose any three fallacies; define and give an example of each.
(Read the file name: “fallacies”)

1) ARGUMMENT FROM IGNORANCE: the following fallacy comes under the
head of fallacy of relevance. The fallacy tends to occur when there is
an absence of proof for some statement, it assures the non existence
of a fact and with absence of a disproof, and it is assumed that the fact
is existent.
Example: there is no proof about the intelligent life on any other planet.
Hence, there is no intelligent life on planets.
2) APPEAL TO PITY: this is also heads under the fallacy of relevance and is
known as argument ad misericordiam. The occurrence of fallacy
happens when one is asked to agree with the other party on the basis
of pity or pitiable conditions.
Example: on conviction of this man, four hungry children will be fed. Thus,
for the interest of four children, pardon the man.
3) APPEAL TO AUTHORITY: Argument ad verecundiam is used to describe
the following fallacy which occurs when the authority cited falls short
of the credibility. The errors usually arise when alone cites such person
who has no experience from the field.
Example: the advertisements of food industry are at times run by cricketer
personalities; hence the authority cited has no credibility because of any
knowledge in the food they are trying to advertise.