Analysis of Theories and Models in Destination Management

This report provides an in-depth analysis of destination management theories and models, exploring their relationship to tourist decision-making and behavior. It examines various theories of motivation, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Cohen's theory, Plog's typology, and the cognitive evaluation theory, highlighting how these models influence travelers' choices and preferences. The report further investigates the impact of tourist behavior and motivation on tourism development, referencing the Butler model and Plog model to understand the stages of tourism development and categorize tourists based on their preferences and behaviors. The study also delves into the relationship between traditional theories and modern approaches to destination management. It concludes by summarizing the key findings and implications for effective destination management strategies. The report emphasizes the importance of understanding tourist motivation and behavior for successful tourism planning and development, offering insights into how destinations can attract and cater to diverse tourist segments.

Evaluating the
theories and models
of destination
management.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1 Relationship between theories of motivation and tourist decision making.................................1
2. how tourists’ behaviour and motivation influence tourism development...............................3
3.) Relationship between traditional theories and modern approaches to destination
management ...............................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
There are many reasons for which the people prefer to travel. There are variety of reason
such as to escape, leisure, education, health etc. The experience gained by visitors at
particularity destination has great impact on visitors. The various theories and model of
destination help organisation to make suitable decisions and formulate effective
strategies .Travel behaviour refers to the way visitor behave after and before travelling. Tis
theories can help organisation in making various decision related to product planning and
development. It can assist firm in attracting more numbers of travellers.
The study have focus on identifying the relationship between theories of motivation and
tourist decision making. It also has emphasized on analysing the tourist behaviour and
determine the way motivation influence tourism development. The report intends to
determine travel behaviour and more specifically the travel motivation of travellers.
1 Relationship between theories of motivation and tourist decision making
The focus of travel motivation is to explore the fundamental patterns of travel motivation
that is indicated by factor analysis. There are various theories of motivation. Tourist motivation
is the main element in developing understanding about tourist decision making behaviour.
Travel motivation plays significant role in predicting travel pattern. Tourist motivation is defined
as the global integrated network of biological and cultural factors which provides values and
direction to travel choice of visitor and have great influence on their behaviour. On the other
hand various other factors such as facilities, services, pleasure, cultural interest has great impact
on decision of travellers related to selecting destination. The visitors or travellers choice or
decision related to travelling at particular destination are much influenced by society and other
internal factors. The internal factors include individual desire and need of travelling. Various
theories can be used to analyse tourist behaviour. The theories of motivation include mallow
theory of motivation, Cohen theory, logs typology, cognitive evaluation model.
Marlow theory of motivation-It states that there are two types of motivation these are tension
reducing and arousal; seeking motives. According to masc low people have specific needs and
they are motivated by their desire to salsify those demands and requirement. The mallow has
said that needs can be divided and arranged in heir achy. He has divided and arranged various
needs on the basis of priority. Marlow has placed physiological need at bottom of heir achy that
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are then followed by safety needs, belongingness love, self esteem needs and he has placed self
actualisation at top priority. According to mallow lower level needs satisfied first before higher
level wants become significant. Travel motivation indicates individual needs and wants that can
be considered as critical in relation to purchase decision. The Marlow theory of motivation helps
organisation to identify various needs of visitors that motivates visitors. It will asst tour operator
in enhancing their knowledge about various experiences gained by travellers. This concept will
aid tour operator in formulating defective marketing strategy, selecting advertisement media,
market segmentation and various decision related to product positioning (Dwyer, Čorak and
Tomljenović, 2017.)
Cohen theory-The Cohen theory emphasizes on the fact that all visitors are seeking some
elements of novelty and Strangeness. They must also require retaining something familiar. This
concept has focus on combining the demand hotfoot novelty with familiarity that can be used to
derisive typology. According To Cohen tourist can be divided on the basis of sociological
principles into various segments such as organised mass tourist, individual mass visitor, explorer
and drifter. He roped that these groups can be distinguished along the line of contact with the
organisation, with mass tourist is defined as institutionalised and more individualistic tourist is
termed as non institutionalised. Cohen has identified that there re seven elementals that
motivates travellers to visit particular destination. These are travel as response to fulfilling
desire, destination attraction, fancy to travel, motivational typologies, motivation and tourist
experience.
Plogs Typology theory-The Plog has identified 7 categories of tourist. These categories have
been termed as Interactional typologies. This typology include explorer, elite, offbeat, usual,
incipient mass, mass and charter. This approach is based on seeking tourist view about their real
and general lifestyles and value system. This approach can be used by Firm for examining tourist
motivation as well as analysing visitors attitude and perception related to specific destination.
The tourist typology states that travellers can be categories on the basis of their travelling
Experience. The various categories of visitors are adventurous, worriers, dreamers, economisers
and indulgences theory states that typo[geology constitute a very significant tool that is used by
visitors for making various decision related to travelling. Tourism planning assist visitor in
recognising need of travelling, spatial effect and benefit of travelling. It encourages them to
select particular destination (Armenski,Dwyer, and Pavluković, 2017)
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Cognitive evaluation theory-The theory has identified that there are three external factors that
has great influence on decision making process by visitors. It states that understanding consumer
decision making process can assist organisation is formulating effective marketing strategies.
This theory consider consumer as rational decision maker. This model is based on assumption
that decisions are followed a sequence that is being drawn from attitude, intention and behaviour
(Bruwer and Joy, 2017)In simple words this model assumes that decision making process is
influenced by various factors such as individual behaviour, intention and attitude. The study
defines the causal relationship between theory of motivation and tourist decision making by
means of variance analysis. This techniques help in determining the outcome of dependents
variables which is relevant to independent variables. This approach include argument related to
various levels of complexities that can be captured by focusing on process of tourist decision
mischief-making theory has been criticised due to the ability of choice model that captures the
process aspect of decision making. This theory has demonstrated that travel decision making
process takes place independently on the basis of other consumption decisions. It has been
identified that various factors such as economic condition, income level of individual, family
influence destination activities, leisure activities plays significant role in attracting visitors. This
states that visitors has to pass through various stages in order to develop motivation in them.
These stages include relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self stem, development and fulfilment.
According to cognitive theory need can be categorised into two groups. It states that need can be
self centred or directed by other. When it Wiis directed by other it is known as motivation. On
the other hand stimulation can be term as self motivation and it can be self directed. When the
self motivated they them self decides destination for travelling. The various factors such as
safety, security, cost of travelling et are considered by visitor while making choice related to
travelling(Ender, Webber and Zeeman, 2017)
Travel motivation theory-This motivation this theory states that motivation is influenced by two
factors these are pull and pull forces. These two factors indicates that people travel because they
are pushed by their own internal forces and pulled by external forces of destination attributes.
Proposed hypothetical model- This approach has proved that destination experience and
attraction has indirect influence on tourist behaviour. There is causal relationship between
motivation, destination, satisfaction and return intention. For example:
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H1 push factor states positive influence and
have
direct impact on tourists’ destination satisfaction.
H 2 : Pull factor is hypothesized to positively and directly
have
effect on tourists’ destination satisfaction.
H 3 : Destination satisfaction indicates
Positive impact and directly have effect tourists’ return intention to
destination.
H 4 : Push factor is hypothesized to positively and
Directly affect tourists’ return intention to particular destination.
H 5 : Pull factor have positive and direct
effect on tourists’ return intention to destination.
H 6 : Push factor is hypothesized to indirectly impact
tourists’ return intention to particular location through gaining destination
satisfaction.
H 7 : Pull factor has indirect impact on
tourists’ return intention to place through destination
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Satisfaction.
2. how tourists’ behaviour and motivation influence tourism development.
For every nation the tourist behaviour and motivation can be influence on the tourist
development. To better understand behaviour and motivation of tourist butler and plog model
will help in better manner. The plog model will be helpful to identified the behaviour of the
tourist and the Butrtler model will help to motivate the tourist and which can also influence non
the tourism development.
Buttler model help to tourist development as they updating of the tourist minds and their
perception towards the place or any resort is change due to their expectation and other
requirement. Mas every stage they focus on different things as a result tourism development also
influence with such behaviour. The model break down tourist development in following stages
such as:
Discovery Stage: as these stage the tourist will give the benefit tom the economic condition of
the nations. But the small number of tourist have been influence on other behaviour by
describing their journey specifies place. As the motivation level of the tourist will be up.
Growth and Development Stage: At these strengthen tourism development at the growth and
level because tourist have been try for their expectations and they will give better response
to the particular place. As a result at these stage the behaviour of the trout will be not
influence and they also feel motivation with cheer better experiences in particle destination
(Sharpley, 2015).
Success Stage: if the number of people will be visit more and then it is the better outcome and
the successes for tourism developmental definite easily with the better response of tourist
and other benefits from thither development.
Problem – Stagnation Stage: these the problem creating stage for the tourism development as
the tourist became bored with the particular place and with old development strategies of the
tourism departmental of that nations.
Decline or Rejuvenation: it is the decline stage for the tourism development because the tourist
don't want visit the place as they had already been visited or the place has been common
destination for tourist.
Plog Model
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Plog classifies tourists into three categories which describe the actual situation of the
tourist and the development stage of the tourist will influence to the tourist m development.
Allocentric (The Wanderers): In these categories they have been discus about their experience
at the new place. These type of people love to enjoy in new culture and other nation customs.
They need each and everything in better manner. As they are the person who need quality food,
better services from hotel and good response from the citizenship would rather have the freedom
to explore an area, make their own arrangements and choose a variety of activities and tourist
attractions. For allocentreic people they more concern about their health and other problems
while travailing in new place. So the behaviour of such people are more decent and specific on
certain things they are not casual.
Psycho-centric (The Repeater): these type of the tourist are the not adventurous and they as
not enjoying at the new place. They are kind of reserve people therein behaviour towards on
certain thing at the new place will be not good. As they needed cool and clam place an special
type of tours need some space (Briassoulis and Van der Straaten, 2013). Such tourists prefer to
drive to destinations, stay in typical accommodations, and eat at family-type restaurants which
can be given same experience.
Mid-centric (Combination): these type of tourist are the combination of the above two
categorise. As they need more better place or sometime they need only same place for travelling.
These type of people can adjust their journey if any uncertainty arise in front of them. They try
to bring new things and never bored with particular place.
The relation between buttler and plog theory bring the tourism development more vibrant. As the
butller model will help to motivate the tourist and plog model will help to judge the behaviour of
tourists.
For examples the motivation of tourist depend on the size and scope of the places and the finance
will be easily manage according to their need and requirement should be fulfilled.
As the tourist have should get each and everything on one place so that time will consume less.
3.) Relationship between traditional theories and modern approaches to destination management
Destination management is ongoing process where many organisations such as tourism ,
industry government and community leader come together in order to come up with different
strategies that can help in the management of destination (Gómez, 2012. ). Destination
management framework includes 5 key approaches that is :
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Research and analysis
Consultative planning
product development
marketing and
evaluation
Tourism sector to make sure that this approaches are met use various traditional theories
some of which are mentioned below .
Maslow hierarchy of need
The theory is often portrayed in the shape of pyramid. It worked on the principle self
actualization and self transcendence. According to this theory a human can only feel motivated if
its basic need are met. The need identified by maslow are
Psychological need
Safety needs
Love needs
esteem needs
self actualisation
All this needs moved in hierarchy if the need of the lowest level is met than person can move
upward. This theory can be quite useful in consultative planning the further plan of firm can be
drawn by analysing the basic need of destination and its people.
On the basis of this traditional theory modern theory of tourism has been develop that has
identified the need of traveller.
 Relaxation
 stimulation
 Social needs
 Self esteem
 self realization
Host countries make sure that this need are made so that they can attract more
travellers.
Cohen typology of tourist
Cohen has categorized tourism in four part:
 Organisational mass tourist
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 the explorer
 individual mass tourist
 the drifter
According to this the tourist are divided into four parts. On the basis of this distinguish .
The tour packages activities and facilities provided to them are decided. For e,g. The organised
mass tourist may include points lime planned stops, local guide, fixed itineraries etc. In this
focus is given on familiarity instead of novelty. In individual mass tourist, Some powers are
given time the traveller himself. The person itself is responsible for its itinerary and time
allocation. The explorer are the one who plan their own trips and pay more focus ion
undeveloped tourist place. They prefer to be mixed with locals and learn their culture. The drifter
plan their trip alone and put more focus on the culture of host countries they prefer to live with
local.
On the basis of this distinguish marketing and product development can be helped know
the type of traveller will help host country in leading them in right direction. If its Organisational
mass tourist than marketing strategies can be made according to them they can be provided with
guide who can take them to local market etc.
Plog's Theory
Plog divide tourist into two categories on the basis of their curiosity to visit new place
their perception and their personality.
 Allocentric type Psycho centric type
Allocentric type : This type of people live for fun. They love adventures and seek for adventures
places. They are self confident in nature and love to meet new people to explore their culture.
These people make their own arrangement after selecting specific area (Chon, 2015).
Psycho centric: These people are completely opposite of above. They are conservative and keep
going single place to avoid troubles and difficulties. They are worried about security and safety
of place more than activity.
Analysing these people will help firm in creatinine activities which can attract more people to
them and make place secure in order to bring psycho centric people.
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TALC Model
Tourism life cycle model treat destination as product and has produce its own life
cyGómez, A., 2012. cle.
There are different phases of this model:
Exploration: Introduce new product, only small no. of tourist.
Involvement: Tourism season begin, number of visitor increase, impact can be seen.
Development: Public policy etc.
Consolidation: Increase in no. of visitors services products, role of local operates.
Stagnation: Critical point need to make important decision.
Decline or? : Results did number of visitor fall, market etc. (Awan, 2014.)
This is great method for proper evaluation of activities that is implemented during
destination management.
This theory's are still relevant in identifying the need of customer as we have already
discussed how traditional theory of Maslow has been converted to meet the need of today
trend along with it plog and TALC theory can still be useful in understanding the types of
travellers so that the host nation can arrange various activity to keep their interest.
Modern theory
Sustainable tourism has emerged as on of the leading modern theory that has
change the face of tourism it has been quite useful in saving the countries who are going
through the crisis of tourism decline because of the various reason. Sustainable tourism has
been discussed in detail below:
Sustainable tourism: It can be described as tourism that not only pay attention to current but
also the future impact it has own the economic, social and environment while addressing the
need of not only of visitors but also of industry and environment of host country.
With development of tourism activity the threat on the environment was increasing.
There were emergence of serious issues like damage of ecosystem, pressure on natural resources
and many more environmental threat to tourism. Other than this the economic downturn has also
been one of the reason that has impacted the tourism and is one of the major reason for the
decline in this industry.
To promote tourism and to decrease the negative effect sustainable development has been
promoted. It reduces the negative impact on environment and work for the overall socio
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economic benefit of tourism. This concept was developed by WTO and is promoted in almost all
countries. Every country is aware of the growing economic benefits that come with tourism. One
of such plan is Agenda 21 for travel and tourism industry it was action planned launched by
tourism development so that proper development of this can be promoted. Ecotourism is another
such activity that is launched by WTO its still very little part of whole tourism sector but many
are gaining importance with time.
Another such strategy to promote tourism is pro poor technology. Eco tourism and other
tourism activity focuses on the socio economic benefits do nothing for alleviation of poverty. Its
benefits are mentioned below
Enhance the economic benefit: It provides training to poor people and expand employment
opportunity and business opportunity so that they can use it maximumly.
Deals with social environmental impact such as pollution generation. Excess resources etc.
Policy reform: By enhancing the role of poor in planning some barriers could be removed so that
it can provide better chance for private and poor sector.
Interrelation of modern theory with traditional theory
This typology or approaches can be used in proper sustainable development. This models
are very helpful in planning the tourism plan. Maslow hierarchy of need can be used in
identifying the need of clients and make a destination plan which not only satisfied their needs
but also does not cause much harm or pressure on environment.
TALC model produce various stages of tourism. Where its clear that there is heavy load at the
time of seasonal peak to reduce this ecotourism can be promoted which is not bound by any
particular season and can attract people at any time this will help in reducing the pressure on host
country and will also promote sustainable development. At non season time also people can earn
through this method.
Plog theory describe two type of people one who love excitement and other who seek comfort
while planning sustainable development its necessary to pay importance to both this. The
ecotourism can held attraction to these both people furthermore activities like rock climbing,
mountain cycling can attract people who want excitement without damaging the environment.
The Philippines can be the perfect example of this theory the country is known for its glorious
archipelago with wide beaches and enticing culture that is definitely eye pleasing, even though
the place is beautiful the number of tourist are still low (Meer and West, 2015) addition to this
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the political instability and natural disaster has become one of the leading reason for the decline
of tourism. To develop tourism country has adopted sustainable development. The government
of nation are facilitating their local community so that proper development can occur along with
the use of traditional theory special activities have been organised in country (Horner and
Swarbrooke, 2016). After their recent typhoon incident the nation is promoting eco tourism
along with different activity so that they can attract trailers toward them.
CONCLUSION
The various theories have been explained by study. It can be concluded that various theories can
assist organisation in making various effective strategies. Understanding about tourist behaviour
can help firm in formulating effective marketing strategies. It has been concluded from report
that tourist behaviour and motivation plays significant role in development of tourism sector.The
report has successfully demonstrated the relationship between various traditional and mordern
approaches of destination management.
The various the motivational approaches are being suggested by project which can be
used by organisation for attracting more number of visitors. The various theories and techniques
have been recommended by research in order to assist business unit in anlysing pre and post
travelling behaviour of traveller.
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