Critical Analysis of Community Capitals Framework in Events

This paper presents a literature review examining the influence of events and festivals on community capital, drawing upon various authors' opinions and research. It explains seven different kinds of community capitals as proposed by Kline and Oliver (2015) in the Community Capitals Framework (CCF). The review covers key components of the event industry, including event management companies, venues, organizations, suppliers, regulatory bodies, and industry associations. Different types of events are discussed, such as special events, hallmark events, and mega-events, highlighting their characteristics and impacts. Furthermore, the paper explores key components of successful festivals, including market knowledge, community relations, pricing strategies, housing, transportation, food and beverage, and technology integration. It also examines various types of festivals, such as religious festivals, carnivals, arts festivals, and those centered around changing seasons and agriculture. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Community Capital Framework, its difference from other impact measures, and a case study illustrating its practical application.

Running head: FESTIVAL AND EVENT
Contemporary Issues in Event Management
8/27/2018

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 1
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review...................................................................................................................2
Events and Festivals...............................................................................................................2
Key Components of event industry........................................................................................3
Types of Events......................................................................................................................6
Special Events....................................................................................................................6
Hallmark Events.................................................................................................................7
Mega Events.......................................................................................................................7
Key Components of Successful Festival................................................................................8
Know the market................................................................................................................8
Community Relations.........................................................................................................8
Over Deliver.......................................................................................................................8
Price....................................................................................................................................9
Housing and Transportation...............................................................................................9
Food & Beverage...............................................................................................................9
Technology.........................................................................................................................9
Build a model.....................................................................................................................9
Types of Festivals................................................................................................................10
Religious festivals............................................................................................................10
Carnivals..........................................................................................................................10
Arts Festivals....................................................................................................................11
Changing Seasons............................................................................................................11
Food and agriculture........................................................................................................11
Community Capital Framework...........................................................................................12
How CCF Framework is Different from Other - Impact Measures.....................................15
Case Study............................................................................................................................17
Conclusion................................................................................................................................21
References................................................................................................................................23

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 2
Introduction
This paper is being presented in order to examine the influence of events and festivals on the
community capital. To give the base to the overall discussion reviews and opinions of
different authors will be presented. Besides this, seven different kinds of community capitals
will be explained.
According to Quinn (2009), the study of events and festivals is nowadays an essential and
productive part of tourism research analysis. Events and Festivals have succeeded in recent
years and interest in accepting their importance in the academy of tourism has increased
consequently. Even the hastiest scan of foremost journals of tourism validates that literature
on the events and festivals is today one of the most productive of any tourism research area
and there is a growing collection of articles, theoretical manuals and applied manuals
accessible.
Literature Review
Events and Festivals
According to UI, Day & (2013), Events and Festivals are vital resources of the tourism
sector. To visit the events and festivals, traveler visits a tourism destination and host
community. Tourism performs an essential role in inspiring a domestic economy at host
communities. In addition, to the role of tourism, various scholars of tourism sector have taken
interest to the impact of tourism on the economy because tourism can be a way to regenerate
economically a depressed county or area. According to Yeoman, Robertson & McMahon
(2014), in regards to the tourism economic impact, some academics have begun to consider
the cultural and social influences of tourism on the destination. This is because the local
society’s leaders and researchers have understood that the important objective of the

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 3
development of tourism is not just enhancing the living standard of the host society but also
enhancing the quality of life of the residents (Moufakkir & Pernecky, 2014). QOL i.e. Quality
of life is a comprehensive concept to evaluate the objective of the resident and personal
welling. Quality of life offers an investigative outline for examining the connection between a
host community and its businesses. Consequently, Quality of life could be an effective tool to
measure the influence of tourism on the life of residents. To host the events and festivals at
local societies is a typical development strategy of tourism. They entice tourists into the
destination, generate job opportunities related to tourism, and distribute economic benefits all
over the destination of tourism. Moreover, local events and festivals offer entertaining
opportunities and enjoyable visitor experiences for domestic residents, influence quality of
life of the local residents. However, very little information is available regarding the impact
of local events and festivals on the quality of life of the residents. The absence of the
knowledge of the local events and festivals might obstruct the marketers of the tourism and
the community leaders to apply them in a planned manner to enhance the quality of life of the
residents (UI, Day & Cai, 2013).
Key Components of event industry
Few components perform an essential role in the makeup of the event industry. These
components comprise companies of event management, event venues, and event
organizations, suppliers of the event industry, external regulatory bodies, and industry
associations. Event organizations are those organizations that perform the task of hosting the
events. While few might be event-specific bodies like the organizers of Australian Open
tennis tournament, others are special teams in the big companies (Etiosa, 2012).
Companies of Event management are formed of a group of individuals or professionals
whose responsibility is to arrange events based on contract for their clients. These dedicated

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 4
businesses frequently organize various events regularly and maintain long-term relationships
with their suppliers and clients (Etiosa, 2012)
Suppliers of the event industry are considered as the network of an essential portion of the
industry whereby knowledge and proficiency encounter to arrange high-quality and
professional events. This constituent of the industry has now become very essential due to the
quick growth, complexity, and expansion. Suppliers’ surface in the areas related to the event,
like audio-visual production, staging, catering, sound production, entertainment, and lighting,
or in associated areas, like, security, accounting services, transport, legal services, and
communications (Etiosa, 2012).
Event venues are the important elements of the industry deprived of which not a single event
can be hosted. Venue management is the essential portion of the complete process of event
management because it aids as a share of the marketing of servicing or venue of the clients of
the event. Certain specific venues of the event exist and generate extra revenue by letting
their amenities to functions and business events reaching from universities, galleries,
museums, and theatres. However, the frequently recognized event venues are exhibition
centers, stadiums, hotels, theme parks, resorts, fitness and sports centers, heritage sites,
markets and shopping centers (Etiosa, 2012).
Industry association arose because of the development and creation of the industry; it has
become famous to possess professional relations in charge of liaison, communications, and
networking in the industry, accreditation and training programs, lobbying, and codes of moral
practice, on behalf of their associates. Various associations have been raised to the test of
taking care of numerous industry sectors as it is varied. While few of these associations are
global with subdivisions in diverse nations, others are area or nation based. Examples of few

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 5
of the association majorly related with the managers and planners of the event are the
following:
The ISES (International Special Events Society) is known as the association whose task is to
endorse, advance, and educate the industry about special events and its system of specialists
along with linked industries. In addition, to this, they struggle to maintain the honesty of the
profession of the special events to the common public by their "Principles of Professional
Conduct and Ethics". Moreover, they obtain and distribute valuable information of the
business; nurture an essence of collaboration among its associates and other professionals of
the special events, and develop high standards of practices of the business (Etiosa, 2012).
The IAEE (International Association of Events and Exhibition) is called as an association that
was planned in 1928 as the Exposition Manager’s National Association to signify the
comforts of profession show and exposition managers. This Association is nowadays the
foremost association for the worldwide industry of exhibition. Currently, IAEE signifies over
8,500 individuals who introduce and sustenance exhibitions in the whole world. The job of
this association is to endorse the exclusive worth of the exhibitions and various events that
carry sellers and buyers together like proprietary corporate exhibitions, conferences with the
component of the exhibition, and road shows. IAEE is the main reserve for those who design,
create, and service the whole industry. IAEE kilns partnerships with the organizations in the
industry that either exclusively values members or reinforce the industry (Etiosa, 2012).
External controlling bodies are legislative and constitutional bodies whose responsibilities or
accountabilities are to supervise and manage the manner and implementation of events and in
various instances, these bodies has a nearby assembly with the industry. These bodies have
leaped up due to the regulated and multifaceted environment in which modern events exist. In
a few cases, various domestic assemblies now need a growth application for the performance

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 6
of outside events which might shelter guidelines governing, for instance, noise restriction,
traffic plans, etc. (Etiosa, 2012)
Types of Events
An event could be explained as a community assembly with the aim of entertainment,
reunion, education, celebration, or marketing. According to the book of Getz i.e., Event
Tourism and Event Management, events are provisional existences, either scheduled or
unintended, and they typically have a limited length which is generally secure or exposed for
scheduled events. In addition, they could be categorized in a diverse manner based on their
content, size, and form. Examples of the different types are hallmark events, exhibition and
fairs, special events, shows and expositions, mega-events, meetings, and festivals, and other
educational and business events, art events, sports events (Getz, 2005).
Special Events
According to Goldblatt, (2010), Special events are one of the divisions of event tourism that
have been explained as the presentation, special rituals, celebrations or performances that are
appropriately scheduled and accepted as the special occasions or achieve specific social,
corporate, or cultural objectives and goals. These special events are present in different
variety from national celebrations, vital public occasions, exclusive national performances,
main sporting fixtures, business functions, trade elevations, and product introductions.
Besides this explanation by Allen, O`Toole, Harris & McDonnell, (2011), it has been
contended that it is difficult to provide a real description to the ‘special event’ due to its huge
nature then it can be finely distinct by its context. Getz has provided two definitions: one is
from the point of view of the event organizer, and the other is from the point of view of the
guest or customers. Initially, he describes a special event as a one-time occurring event outer
of the usual activities or program of the supporting or establishing body. Secondly, to the

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 7
guest, a special event is an occasion for knowledge out from the general choices range or
outside the experience of everyday life. According to another investigator named as Joe Jeff
Goldblatt, Special events is the science and art of celebrations, as they are always scheduled,
always stimulate anticipations, and always inspire by offering a celebration reason.
Hallmark Events
Considering the term i.e. hallmark, it signifies a symbol of authenticity or quality that
distinguishes goods from others or relates to a characteristic feature. These events are main
recurring events of restricted time duration, established mainly to improve responsiveness,
petition, and effectiveness of the destination of tourism in the long-term or short-term, and
the success of these types of events majorly depends on individuality, position, or timely
implication to generate interest and attract people. In other arguments, they are considered as
those events that possess the capability to drive their destination, aptitude, or association with
their hallmark (Bowdin, Allen & Harris, 2012).
Mega Events
Several investigators concerning the word mega event have provided various meaning and
definitions. According to Donald Getz, mega-events are the events that involve unexpected
high-level tourism, prestige, economic influence on the host country or society, or media
coverage. In 1987, Marris, while briefing the session of the International Association of
Tourism Experts, which was based on the mega-attractions and mega-events subject,
specified that mega-events could be defined by the cost, psychology, or volume of visitors.
Their volume must surpass 1 million visits; the minimum cost of capital must be $500
million, and their status must reflect that it is a ‘must see’ event. Various investigators
focused on the economic influence of the mega-events in their definition in place of image,
size, or cost (Frawley, 2016).

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 8
Another investigator in the tourism and event field describes it as the events that are
meaningfully directed at the worldwide market of tourism and might be appropriately defined
as ‘mega’ by the feature of their size in regards to their target market, political effects,
attendance, etc. According to Wenner & Billings, (2017), the main characteristic of the event
classification is that they are majorly yearly events and they entice tourists across the world.
Due to their worldwide nature, mega-events are normally echoed in the worldwide media.
For instance, International trade exhibitions and fairs, the Olympic Games, the FIFA World
Cup, etc.
Key Components of Successful Festival
Know the market
Various things are present in the working of the festival and if the managers or planners do
not have any knowledge about neighbors, political issues, traffic patterns, competition, law
enforcement, and an entire host of different issues, take the festival towards failure.
According to Chuck Morris, performers that are not large in the country can create in
Colorado (Live Work, 2018).
Community Relations
Every panelist at the Conference of Billboard Touring possess at least a single store of how to
make relationships with the society and leaders of the business, law enforcement, health
department, neighborhood associations, recreational officers, etc. offer some type of
advantage (Live Work, 2018).
Over Deliver
Particularly in the first year of the festival, it is essential to offer to the customers’ effective
services. The festival gets successful if it spends extra to excite the audience by investing
extra money. It motivates them to come repeatedly to attend the festival (Live Work, 2018).

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 9
Price
Price is knotted to understanding the market, but for few causes, pricing of the festival is very
sensitive than the steady price of live entertainment. The consumers actually desire to feel the
worth of their spending, as there is a supposition that whatever they will look at would be
watered down (Event Manager, 2018).
Housing and Transportation
The need for transportation and housing department must be separately maintained. If there
will be two separate departments then there is need of assigning the separate responsibilities
between those who manage housing or transportation for performers and team and those
individuals that will bring customers from different places. Housing must not be avoided.
Management of the festival should try to get the hotel bookings in the same city where it is
organized (Wilding, 2015).
Food & Beverage
Every maker knows that food and beverages are very important for the complete feel of the
festival. With the festivals such as Heritage and Austin City Limits & New Orleans Jazz, the
food works same as music to attract people (Odussey Designs, 2018).
Technology
The advanced technology of the festival is like a friend because it makes the experiences of
the audiences enjoyable.
Build a model
As per the producer of the festival panel, it is very important to create a model and once it is
created, it could be used in another festival at the different city (Live Work, 2018).

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 10
Types of Festivals
It is not the matter of concern that in which country we live, but festivals are unavoidable. A
celebration of different festivals takes place in each culture, around the globe, and for diverse
purposes. Food, music, and religion are the reason that inspires old and new festivals. Some
of the examples of popular festivals present on this planet are:
Religious festivals
Several largest festivals of the world have their foundation in religion. To honor god religious
followers have utilized a special occasion of eating and celebration. Fes of the known
religious festivals comprises Diwali, Eid al-Adha, Christmas, Passover, Hanukkah, Holi, and
Easter (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2018).
Among all these festivals, Holi in India is certainly the colorful festival. Along with this, it is
also called the festival of throwing colors and it is celebrated in the month of March every
year. Hindus and Sikhs celebrate it, with bonfires and water and colorful powder are thrown
on one another for a memorable view (Will, 2015).
Carnivals
Carnivals are festivals that might have its basis in religion, however, in present time it is less
about celebrating religion but more about hard celebration. Usually, the season of the carnival
is celebrated in the world before Lent, with the key events frequently are held in February.
Lent is known as the time when followers of the religion have to remain on fast or avoid
luxuries for around 40 days. Hence, the carnival is said to be the only occasion to get
involved in all type of food, partying, and food that they have to avoid during Lent
(Johnstone, 2016).

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 11
Carnival celebrated in the streets, with pageants filled with people, classically with the
displays full of colorful floats. The people to enjoy the Carnival use various masks, music,
balloons, and costumes.
Arts Festivals
Not only religious festivals, there is a major celebration of the culture in the whole world.
Each element of art today has its significant festival somewhere in the world (Ikoniadou,
2014). For example, Films are celebrated at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festival. Festival
of Melbourne International Comedy is celebrated for comedy, in Australia.
Changing Seasons
It is not atoll a chance or coincidence that few of the eldest festivals overlap with some
seasons. Nations in the world possess various festivals that are celebrated during the winter
season.
Food and agriculture
A party does not look like a party if it does not involve any type of drink and food. Closely
knotted with the seasons, various festivals based on food usually celebrated at the time of
harvesting, when the farmers get their crops and share plenty of food. Some of the most
famous drink and food festivals:
Oktoberfest
It is one of the famous festivals of Germany and the one, which is now being inspired to
celebrate across the world. It is said to be celebrated of the most loved drink of the
humankind i.e. beer. Every year for 16 days in the month of September, it could be observed
that the Munich Lined streets with the tables and tent of beer, serving the beer glasses and
traditional food of German such as potato pancakes, roast pork, and sausages (Ministry of
Culture and Tourism, 2018).

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 12
La Tomatina of Bunol
It is the festival for the people who love tomatoes. It is a celebration with a twist; La
Tomatina is the biggest fight of food in the world (Thomas, 2018).
Community Capital Framework
Various practitioners and researchers in their work are presently utilizing the Community
Capital Framework. According to Jacobs (2007), the community capitals framework
discloses the connections between diverse divisions of the community. Communities are
known as those systems that possess outflows and inflows, regression and progression, ups
and downs.
For instance, the time money is invested in an event and festival in the community, the
system is influenced either negatively or positively, increased pollutions, more jobs, new
housing developments, increased populations, decrease in unemployment, increased rates of
crime, and new immigrant populations are some of the issues that need to be managed. From
the perspective of economic development, arranging an event and festival in the town looks
like an effective solution, however, it should be considered that it would have an influence on
other various surfaces of the community (Jacobs, 2007).
The community capital framework is said to be an inclusive framework that was originally
established to know how the community and society works. Flora and Flora (2012), directed
a research in which it suggested that the communities that are successful in the development
and support of sustainability and entrepreneurialism carefully paid attention to the seven
diverse kinds of capital i.e., human, financial, natural, built, cultural, social, and political.

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 13
Source [(P3 Communities, 2017)]
Natural capital means the assets that are present in a location comprising amenities, natural
beauty, and resources. Natural capital may comprise farmland, features of nature or
landscape, and parks (Ripple Effects Mapping, 2011).
Social capital means the relation between organization and people or the social adhesive that
let things happen. Bonding social capital means those close bonds that shape community
structure. Bridging social capital comprises weak links that make and uphold connections
among communities and organizations (Agricultual Economics, 2015).
Political capital imitates access to the power and brokers of power, like access to the local
office of Congress member, access to state, country, local, or tribal administration
bureaucrats, or influence with a regional company (Pigg, Gasteyer, Martin & Keating, 2013).
According to Emery, Fey & Flora (2006), Cultural capital means the manner people
understand the world and how to perform in it. Cultural capital comprises the changing
aspects of whom we understand and feel relaxed with, what inheritances are appreciated,
partnership across ethnicities, generations, and races, etc. Cultural capital effects opinions are
heard and pay attention to; which opinions that have an effect on what parts; and how

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 14
originality, novelty, and effect arise. Cultural capital may comprise multi-lingual populations,
ethnic festivals, or a strong ethic of work.
Human capital means the ability and skills of people, along with the capability to use
external resources and knowledge bodies to recognize promising practices. Moreover, Human
capital also talks about the ability of leadership to lead in the different environment, to be
inclusive, participatory, concentrate of assets, and be proactive in determining the future of
the society or group.
Financial capital means those financial resources that are accessible to spend in the
community capacity structure, to endorse the development of businesses, to provision social
and civic entrepreneurship, and to gather wealth for the community development in future.
Several times financial capital has become the focus of efforts of the community.
Built capital means the infrastructure that ropes the community like industrial parks, sewer
and water systems, telecommunications, roads, and main streets, etc. Built capital mostly
possesses the focus of the development efforts of the community. However, initial research
designates that when contributions for roads, sewers, and water projects are provided to the
communities that have not been spent in other capitals; these types of projects incline to have
fewer chances of success.
The Community Capital Framework can recognize the comprehensive increasing influence
that a festival possesses on the community, on vendors, on residents, and on tourists (Emery
& Flora, 2006). The seven capitals can detect the immediate as well as the permanent
influence of the event. Every type of capital might have straight effects on the stakeholders of
the festival but might have indirect effects by diverse type of capital. Therefore, it is
significant to observe all the categories of the capital in an increasing manner. Events that
include, or consider, all the seven capital types must possess an opportunity of lasting

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 15
achievement because they are evaluating what they desire to manage, and handle the issues
that have been related with viable, entrepreneurial development in the communities (Flora
and Flora, 2012).
How CCF Framework is Different from Other - Impact Measures
Though numerous methods are presently utilized to know the influence of special events and
festivals, the common of these is incline to detect the economic influence of events, with the
focus on economic profits to the community (Wood, 2005). For instance, data of the visitor
expenditure have been utilized to get the revenue of the destination and to perform the
analysis of net economic benefit. Other investigators have recommended seizing intangible
benefits and costs, like social benefits (for example, event product extension, community
pride, development of community); specific economic benefits (construction spending, long-
run benefits of promotion, business development, persuaded development and augmented
values of property). Besides this, they have also recommended social costs (disturbance to the
lifestyle of the residents, crowding, crime, damage of property, traffic, noise, and damage);
and economic costs (underutilized infrastructure, business disturbances, and local exit)
(Dwyer, Mellor, Mistilis & Mules, 2000). Even though, the intangible benefits and costs have
captured less consideration from the theoretical literature as compared to economic benefits.
Getz and Frisby (1988), recognized profits to social infrastructure (development of
leadership) and the leisure measurement linked with event attendance as precise benefits of
arranging festivals. To inspire research on the festival’s social influence, Arcodia & Whitford
(2006) established a model that suggested a relationship between the social capital of the
community and festivals. They observed that the community resources, social cohesiveness,
and celebration related to the festivals can consequence in social capital by the extension of
trust, networks, information, values, norms, obligations, relationships, and engagement. They
also debated on the impact of environment and impact of political factors. In a similar

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 16
manner, Robertson, Rogers & Leask (2009), studied the literature and fortified extra
examination in the zones of festivals and strategy, social influence, network and community,
and festival directors.
Various other investigations have gone outside the arena of explaining the significance of
capturing the non-economic issues and have tried to evaluate social impact. Delamere,
Wankel & Hinch (2001), and Fredline, Jago & Deery (2003), utilized the investigations that
comprised 40 signs of social influence at events and festivals, and Rollins & Delamere (2007)
established an Attitude Scale of Festival Social Impact i.e., (FSIAS). Small, Edwards &
Sheridan (2005), drawn an SIE (Social Impact Evaluation) and established a scale i.e. SIP
(Social Impact Perception) that evaluated opinions of the members of the community after a
small festival of the community. Their scale comprised community impacts (for example,
crowded streets and footpaths, increased opportunities of the job, augmented pride, and noise
pollution); impact of leisure/recreation (for example, future utilization of facilities and
increased opportunities of entertainment). Besides this, it also included infrastructure impacts
(for example, refurbishment of public structures and better care of public amenities);
influence of health and safety (for example, augmented police presence and augmented
crime); and cultural impacts (for example, influence on the native character of the society and
its cultural individuality, increased native consciousness of cultural doings, etc.).
Another exploration has tried to evaluate diverse social and economic benefits and costs. For
instance, Gursoy, Kim & Uysal (2004), detached the apparent influences of special events
and festivals into four concepts economic benefits, social costs, community cohesiveness, and
social incentives. For the community cohesiveness, they possessed four methods that caught
the ability of the event or festival to increase revenue for public projects; improve community
image; promote businesses, and shape the pride of the community. For the economic costs
and benefits, they possess three methods i.e., increase the opportunities for employment;

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 17
inspire residents to create new facilities, and enhance living standard. For the social
incentives, they dignified the facility of more leisure opportunities; support to reserve the
domestic culture; and other various recreation activities. For social costs, they measured
augmented traffic mobbing, and stress on native services like the fire department, roads,
utilities, and police.
In summary, the key variance between different other measures of economic and social cost
and benefits and the suggested Community Capital Framework is that CCF take into
consideration every type of the capital as the division of complete system. It teases out
diverse sorts of capital that are frequently assembled as a share of social impact, which might
support future investigators to properly comprehend the relationship between diverse kind of
capital and their contributions to the impact of event or festival. Community capital
framework has majorly been used to know the sustainable societies, and not events and
festivals.
To further explain the application of the Community Capital Framework in relation to the
events and festivals, the authors with the help of the measurement system analyzed the
Western North Carolina’s HandMade Festivals.
Case Study
HandMade is the not for profit organization of America in the North Carolina’s Appalachian
region that emphases on rejoicing and conserving the handmade thing, mainly craft. The
information, in this case, concentrates on the intangible and tangible influence from the
community festivals, but the case was the division of the big investigation measuring the
consequence of all the programmes of HandMade by utilizing Community Capital
Framework. For the bigger study, a collection of data was started from May 2010. It was
done in three parts i.e. interviews with the 12 staff members of HandMade, an evaluation of

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 18
the news archives, reports, and publications of HandMade, and interviews with 117 citizens
of seven cities of the directed region. The question of the interview was created to produce
information about the impacts of programmes of HandMade and classify the influence into
the community capitals of CCF (Kline & Oliver, 2014).
Overall 117 citizens from the towns of Chimney Rock, Mars Hill, West Jefferson,
Bakersville, Hayesville, Marshall, and Crossnore offered their contribution to the
community-based special events and festivals (Kline & Oliver, 2014).
Overview of the Festivals of Western North Carolina
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Profile of Interview Participants

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 19
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Comments of the participants are represented with the help of below images. Set 1-
Comments regarding financial, social, cultural, and human capital
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Comments of the participants are represented with the help of below images. Set 2-
Comments regarding Human and Social Capital

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 20
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Comments assigned to the appropriate type of capital of Set 1
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Comments assigned to the appropriate type of capital of Set 2
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Classification of the influence of the events and festivals based on the community in Western
North Carolina's seven towns

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 21
Source [(Kline & Oliver, 2014)]
Conclusion
The examination of events and festivals today has become a significant portion of the
analysis of the tourism research. Events and Festivals have attained success in some recent in
getting the attention of various academies and they have accepted their importance in
conducting the research of tourism because it has a major influence on the community
capital. Whenever an event or festival is organized in the country it attracts the attention of
media, guest, and artists, who get involved in these events and contribute in terms of efforts,
money, and emotions. The above literature review has represented various opinions of
different investigators and academies regarding the contribution of event and festivals in the

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 22
community capital. Lastly, the paper discussed the case study and its implications for
stakeholders of the festivals in terms of Community Capital Framework.
Due to the interactive nature of the planning of the event and the nature of the public of the
community, there was the major influence on Social Capital. Emerging new events or
celebrating traditional events has an extra influence on the Cultural Capital. Human Capital is
also reinforced and increased at the same level, and to a later extent, are Political and
Financial Capitals. An outstanding observation is that the main reason for organizing festivals
in the economic benefit for the town and vendors, and most of the influence cited by the
members of the community are Cultural and Social in nature.
Using this process will support planners of the festival to get adjust with the altering socio-
economic and demographic forces, identify the relationship between the success of the event
and sustained attractiveness of the destination, measure the profit that might be gained from
the pride of the community and vision of leadership that lasts after the end of the festival,
ends. Besides this, it also helps planners of the festival to identify the festival’s cultural
impact and how it creates values. In the conclusion, it could be said that organizers of the
event and festival will become As a result, festival organizers will become better at arranging
fruitful events and communicating about this to the stakeholders of the community.

FESTIVAL AND EVENT 23
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