HLTH320: Analysis of Cyberbullying and Burnout using PICO Framework

This report, prepared for HLTH320, focuses on the application of the PICO (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework in evidence-based healthcare practice. The report begins with an introduction to research and evidence-based practice, defining key terms and explaining the importance of the PICO model. The core of the report involves applying the PICO framework to two distinct scenarios. The first scenario addresses cyberbullying, exploring the mental health issues it causes and potential interventions, including therapeutic sessions and counselling. The second scenario examines burnout in healthcare settings, discussing its causes, and strategies for intervention from both individual and management perspectives. Each scenario includes the formulation of PICO questions, outlining search terms, and citing a relevant research article. The report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these healthcare challenges through an evidence-based lens.

Running head: HLTH320 WRITTEN ONLINE TEST TEMPLATE
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Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Provide a short paragraph regarding the PICO - describe each element of the PICO acronym, include when the PICO
should be used and why (150 -200 words).
The PICO model is employed in nursing and healthcare practices which are based on evidences. Evidence based nursing
relies upon the very basic principle of empiricism, involving collecting of data, experimentation and the validation of the
inferences derived for the purpose of arriving at a concrete, and provable theory or explanation. The aim is to make way
for the development of a body of knowledge which shall be new and shall be capable enough to respond to the ever
changing dynamics of human health. The human biological construct has undergone significant changes over time mainly
because of the changing environmental conditions and also because of the dietary habits. Naturally, the human body
become susceptible to several kind of diseases and the solutions of the yesteryears are thus no longer relevant. This is
the reason why PICO model is used in nursing practices (Dang & Dearholt, 2017).
The PICO model in nursing practice has to be systematically followed and the alphabets in the acronym denotes the
various aspects.
P stands for Patient or Problem. It has to do with the diagnosing the nature of the ailment ( Hoffmann, Bennett & Del
Mar, 2013).
I stands for Intervention which concerns itself mainly with the cure to be applied for treating the patient accordingly
(Hoffmann, Bennett & Del Mar, 2013).
C stands for Comparison. The functional aspect of Comparison is to decide upon the desired mode of treatment and
compare it with other methods for the sake of finding the most suitable method which shall be suiting the subjective
purpose (Hoffmann, Bennett & Del Mar, 2013).
O stands for Outcome, which concerns itself with the possible after effects that is likely to be faced by the patient as a
result of undergoing the treatment (Hoffmann, Bennett & Del Mar, 2013).
Thus one can say that the PICO model is quite beneficial for conducting a situational analysis before embarking upon the
procedures related to the treatment of a particular patient suffering from some ailment (Dang & Dearholt, 2017).
Scenario 1
Populate the PICO for the chosen scenario for an answerable question about effects of interventions
P – The patient(s) in this particular scenario are the clients who have been suffering from the problem of cyber bullying.
Before any discussion on the effects of cyber bullying proceeds, it us necessary to explain what cyber bullying is. Bullying
is an act of intimidation using both physical and verbal means perpetrated by a powerful individual or a group of
individuals over a relatively weaker one. Such manifestations of behaviour can be found at various places, in schools,
colleges, universities and even workplaces. Cyber bullying on the other hand is the form of bullying which social media
users suffer at online platforms. There is as such no scope for extending any credible physical violence per se given the
distance between the distance between the perpetrator and the victim. However there involves a threat of physical
violence via text messages, or by means of conversation over the wireless. Cyber bullying is increasingly becoming a
social evil given the proliferation of users taking to social networking sites. Most of the victims of cyber bullying are more

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often than not the vulnerable ones who are considered as so in common parlance as well. They include women,
teenagers and the sexual and gender minorities. Cyber Bullying has the propensity to induce the patients with chronic
depression and a severe loss of one’s self esteem and cognitive capacities. Depression is a medical condition which
concerns itself with mental trauma related ailments. Depression is not just an issue which affects the mental health of an
individual, but also the physical health. That is so since the physical health is very much related to the mental health, and
signs of faltering mental health also has a cascading effect on the physical health of the individual. Not just a
depreciation in the physical health, the effects of cyber bullying can also cause an individual suicidal. It can happen both
directly, and indirectly. Directly, cyber bullying can cause an individual to suicide as a result of the fear psychosis that the
threat and the intimidation generates to the victim. The indirect method of driving the victim suicidal is a medical
condition. Fear, depression, anxiety and loss of focus can drive an individual mentally unstable and incapable of
undertaking judicious decisions. Hence the only path left for them is to commit suicide in order to provide themselves
relief from the trauma.
I – The form of intervention which this particular medical problem of depression, anxiety and low sense of self esteem,
and the issues of physical health caused as a result of it demands has to be holistic. The intervention or the treatment
must not treat the physical and the mental ailment separately, as they are inter related. The form of treatment must
primarily be on curing the issues related to the mental health first, and seek to solve the physical problems by means of
solving the mental issues first. Once the mental issues are solved, the physical health can be taken care of subsequently.
The aim should be make the patient reach the level of mental stability so that he or she can undertake decision that shall
suit her interests the best way. However the form of intervention should not be totally devoid of any attention to the
physical health. In severe cases however when the physical heath has deteriorated beyond a level of normalcy, the first
priority shall be to cure the physical health.
With regard to the medication provided to the patient, it must be mostly therapeutical than any
form of medicinal dosage. Counselling availed by some clinical psychologist trained to provide
patients suffering from depression and anxiety as a result of some traumatic experience with
assistance shall be of immense help. For severe cases the patient must be put at the care of some
psychiatrist and if situation demands, then the rehabilitation facilities can be given a thought.
Although it is advised that the intervention of the medical practitioners are invoked at the earliest,
however preparedness for extreme cases must be observed. The therapeutic intervention is the
ideal form of treatment that must be provided to such patients and the reliance on medicines must
be avoided, as medicines provided to treat mental illness are addictive in nature and there is every
possibility that the patient might as well be forever indebted to the dosages for staying mentally and
physically fit as a matter of habit.
C – Depression and other mental health related problems suffered by a patient due to cyber bullying is qualitative
different from mental health issues caused by other traumatic experiences. The first and foremost task that must be
accomplished with regard to the treatment of patients suffering from mental health issues as a result of cyber bullying
must be to locate the difference in the nature of trauma incurred by the patient who has suffered cyber bullying and
patients suffering from the same ailment but because of a different reason. In order to avoid the instance of prescribing
the patient with any medicines, the level of deterioration of the mental health of the patient must be diagnosed and only
if the patient reaches that level when medicines are inevitable, should medicines be provided. All forms of depression
related are not the same and that can be deduced by a comparative analysis, hence the treatment too shall be
comparatively different.
O – The expected outcome of the counselling and the therapeutic sessions is to bring the patient to normal state of mind
and ensure that the fear psychosis of the patient is done away with. The aim is not to dissuade the patient from using the
social media or to moral police the patient in any way. Hence it can be expected that the patient shall be gaining
confidence and the mental stamina to cope with such problems in future without getting afraid or going deep into the
quagmire of depression yet once again. The patient shall be cured of anxieties and shall be rendered with the feeling that
he or she is not responsible and that any one could be the victim of such heinous mentality of the people.
Frame the PICO as a question (write out your information needs in the form of a question):
How a patient suffering from mental issues induced by cyber bullying should be treated medically.
Outline the search terms (from your question) that can/be used to search include the parameters of a
search:

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Cyber bullying, mental trauma, therapeutic sessions, clinical psychologist, counselling, psychiatrist
Conduct the search using the UNE Library databases and correctly cite one original research article from
the search:
Provide the link to the article:
Savage, M. W., Deiss Jr, D. M., Roberto, A. J., & Aboujaoude, E. (2017). Theory-based formative research
on an anti-cyberbullying victimization intervention message. Journal of health communication,
22(2), 124-134.
Scenario 2
Populate the PICO for the chosen scenario for an answerable question about the prevalence or strategies for responding
to burnout in health care settings
P – In this particular scenario, there are no patients as such, but there is a problem which is affecting quite a lot people.
The burnout syndrome is the problem which needs consideration in this particular context. It is a sense of emotional
exhaustion which causes one to get detached from the work on is doing. The sense of fatigue and boredom is both
physical and mental. It happens when the person reaches a certain degree of saturation and the appeal of the job or the
activity seems disinteresting. In the field of health work, the people tend to experience burnout as the profession is not
very rewarding, and demands immense amount of physical energy. The work life balance is missing and the personnel
are expected to be prepared at any point of time at the shortest notice period.
I – The aspect of intervention has to be carried out by both the individual and other help providers as well. The help
providers can include the management board and counsellors. The former is supposed to ensure that the professionals
get enough scope to find personal time and space for themselves, and ensure that they do not end up overworking. The
aspect of adequate remuneration must also be taken care of so that the professionals do not feel that they are being
exploited. The management thus should be having both the humane and the rational touch in managing the proceeding
of the work.
The counsellors must ensure that the health professionals are motivated to work and they must help
to easen the stress and anxieties faced by the health care professionals. It is very natural for the
health care professionals to undergo mental stress by watching the troubles of the people.
Individually, the health care professionals must ensure that they take a stand for themselves and
they take some time out for themselves and indulge in those habits which they find mentally
soothing. It is extremely necessary for healthcare professionals to have a personal space wherein
they can be oblivious to their anxieties and cherish the other peaceful aspects of life.
C – Comparatively, the mental stress caused to the health professionals are different from that of stress incurred by

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professionals in other fields. Hence the reasons for burnout has to be treated separately and methods of tackling the
issue has to be thus formulated.
O – The possible outcome cannot be guaranteed as in this regard no amount of counselling or provision of facilities can
ensure that the professionals shall be favourably disposed towards continuing with the job as a health professional. It
depends from person to person.
Frame the PICO as a question (write out your information need in the form of a question):
How to deal with burnout of health care professionals ?
Outline the search terms (from your question) that can/be used to search plus the parameters of the
search:
Mental stress, physical exhaustion, burnout, detachment
Conduct the search using the UNE Library databases and correctly cite one original research article from
the search:
Provide the link to the article:
Stewart, T., Hadaya, O., Jaber, S., Sangha, R., Jesse, M., & Richardson, D. (2016). Impact of Incivility and
Self-Compassion on Burnout in Healthcare Workers. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 128, 46S.
Scenario 3
Populate the PICO for the chosen scenario for an answerable question about patient’s experience and concerns
P – The patient in this particular scenarios is a man suffering from the problem of Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease. This particular ailment in medical terms is also referred to as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is a medical
situation which causes the air sacs to get inflamed thereby rendering the individual suffering from respiratory problems.
The air sacs tend to get destroyed gradually and it hinders the outward airflow. The bronchial tubes get inflamed and
narrowed at the same time in a way which is not the normal natural process. The altering of the structure of the lungs
causes the chances of accumulation of the mucus to be escalated and that causes the patients to suffer from breathing
problems.
The very basic symptoms of this particular medical condition are based on whether they are early
symptons or they are typical to what happens at an advanced stage. The symptons noticed at an
early stage are breathing problems which can be experienced occasionally, especially if any
strenuous physical activity is indulged in. This is the most common symptom that is seen in such
patients. Apart from that such patients at an early stage are also observed to be suffering from
cough intermittently, and the persistent need to clear ones throat at every point of time.
Patients who have already reached the advanced stage of Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease also suffer from the symptons that are visible at the early stage but the level of its severity
tends to increase and some other symptons are also experienced. At the advanced stage, the patient
tends to suffer from breathing problems even if he or she indulges in activities that do not demand
much physical exercise. The patient tends to produce some sort of sound which resembles a
whizzing noise. The patient becomes susceptible to suffering from frequent bouts of cold and flu.
That causes the patient to accumulate mucus at the chest region quite often. The tightness of the
chest causes the patient to lose out on energy as the patient is unable to breathe properly and
activities demanding heavy physical exertion also demands the respiratory system of the individual is
proper. Since the chest region forever remains congested more often than not, hence the patient
suffers from a condition that necessitates him or her to constantly cough and clear out the throat.
Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a medical condition which also accelerates the chances
of the patient to incur asthama.

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I – The intervention in case of Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease cannot be enough until and unless proper
diagnosis. The factors like the medical history of the patient with regard to locating if any member hand been a victim of
it or not, whether the individual indulges in smoking of tobacco or not, whether the working conditions to which the
patient is exposed to has a quality of air free of irritants or not, whether the patient concerned is in close contact with
pets or not et cetera. These are the determinant factors which causes Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The
possible methods of treatment that are followed is dependent upon the level of severity that the ailment. The Oxygen
Therapy, putting the patient to compulsive use of nebuliser to clear out the mucus from the chest, inhalers are the most
common forms of treatment that are provided initially. However, if the situation becomes too much problematic then
removal of the defective air sacs by means of bullectomy, or lung volume reduction surgery can be taken resort to.
C – Comparison of the situation of the lungs is quite essential, as all instances of congestion of the lungs are not
necessarily Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Hence an x ray must be done to check the situation of the lungs
before giving any form of medication that is appropriate for a patient suffering from Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease. The comparison thus must be focussing upon the situation of the air sacs of the lungs of a normal person, and
that of a person suffering from Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
O – The expected outcome cannot be guaranteed as total cure and return to normalcy. Lungs having incurred damage
can return to a relative degree of normalcy but that can never be equated with that of a person not having Compulsive
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. However with precaution and regular medical check up the health of the person shall
fine.
Frame the PICO as a question (write out your information need in the form of a question):
How to deal with a patient having Compulsive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ?
Outline the search terms (from your question) that can/be used to search plus the parameters of the
search:
Asthama, bullectomy, lung clearance surgery, chest x ray, inflammation of the air sacs, mucus
accumulation, respiratory problems
Conduct the search using the UNE Library databases and correctly cite one original research article from
the search:
Provide the link to the article:
Ruiz, C. A. J., Buljubasich, D., Miranda, J. A. R., Izcaray, A. A., de Granda Orive, J. I., Chatkin, J. M., ... &
Sánchez-Angarita, E. (2017). Using PICO Methodology to Answer Questions About Smoking in
COPD Patients. Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition), 53(11), 622-628.
Conclusion
Thus it is quite evident that the PICO model is a holistic model which if conducted
provides all the information about a particular ailment or patient. It must be conducted in
order to provide a situational analysis of a particular problem and it is also very helpful in
subjectively treating the issues of the patients.

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References
Dang, D., & Dearholt, S. L. (2017). Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice: Model
and guidelines. Sigma Theta Tau.
Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S., & Del Mar, C. (2013). Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health
Professions-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Ruiz, C. A. J., Buljubasich, D., Miranda, J. A. R., Izcaray, A. A., de Granda Orive, J. I.,
Chatkin, J. M., ... & Sánchez-Angarita, E. (2017). Using PICO Methodology to
Answer Questions About Smoking in COPD Patients. Archivos de
Bronconeumología (English Edition), 53(11), 622-628.
Savage, M. W., Deiss Jr, D. M., Roberto, A. J., & Aboujaoude, E. (2017). Theory-based
formative research on an anti-cyberbullying victimization intervention message.
Journal of health communication, 22(2), 124-134.
Stewart, T., Hadaya, O., Jaber, S., Sangha, R., Jesse, M., & Richardson, D. (2016). Impact of
Incivility and Self-Compassion on Burnout in Healthcare Workers. Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 128, 46S.