Evidence-Based Practice in Health and Social Care: Semester 1

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Fundamentals of Evidence-based
Practice
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
LO1: Explain the role of research for evidence based practice in Health and Social Care.............4
P1: Describe the purpose and process of conducting research in enabling evidence-based
practice in Health and Social Care...............................................................................................4
P2: Explain the skills and qualities needed to conduct a literature review in Health and Social
Care..............................................................................................................................................5
M1. Analyze own current skills and knowledge in being able to conduct a literature review in
Health and Social Care towards evidence-based practice...........................................................7
M2: Evaluate the reliability and validity of own literature review..............................................8
D1: Evaluate the skills required to conduct ethical research to positively influence practice and
provision in Health, Care and Support Services..........................................................................8
LO2: Conduct a review of key literature relating to a research topic towards improvements in
care practice.....................................................................................................................................9
P3: Conduct a literature review using a range of sources relating to the research topic.............9
P4: Explain results of literature search that summarizes current knowledge about research
topic...........................................................................................................................................11
M2: Evaluate the reliability and validity of own literature review............................................12
LO3: Develop a project proposal using evidence based practice..................................................12
P5: Explain the benefits of evidence based practice as a method in carrying out research.......12
P6: Produce a project proposal for a proposed study based on research topic..........................13
D2: Critically assess the viability of own project proposal in relation to the literature review
conducted...................................................................................................................................14
LO4 Examine the value of the literature review process in influencing positive change in health
and social care practice..................................................................................................................14
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P7 Describe different ways in which the literature review influences evidence-based health
and social care practice..............................................................................................................14
P8 Explain how recent research has had a positive impact on current practice to improve
service delivery..........................................................................................................................15
M4 Analyze how the personal research process has an impact on own practice in the
workplace...................................................................................................................................15
D3 Evaluate own journey towards contributing to innovation and improvement in evidence-
based health, care or support practice and service delivery.......................................................16
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................16
Reference List................................................................................................................................18
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Introduction
This specific assignment aims for providing a detailed insight into evidence based practices in
health as well as social care settings. In the first section of the assignment, the role played by
research for Evidence-Based Practices in Health and Social Care will be analyzed in a
comprehensive way. In the second section of the assignment, a comprehensive literature review
of the research topic “Fundamentals of Evidence based practice on Autism” will be discussed.
Moreover, outcomes regarding literature search summarizing current knowledge about the
research topic will be highlighted as well. In the third section of the assignment, the benefits
regarding evidence based practice as an effective method for conducting research will also be
discussed in a comprehensive way. Lastly, in the fourth and the final section of this assignment,
various ways of influencing evidence-based social as well as health care practices will be
described.
LO1: Explain the role of research for evidence based practice in Health and Social Care.
P1: Describe the purpose and process of conducting research in enabling evidence-based
practice in Health and Social Care.
Evidence-based practice has been described by Johnson et al. (2018) as the meticulous, explicit
as well as judicious usage of existing superior evidence in order to make decisions about the
individual patients’ care.
As opined by Wong et al., (2015) evidence-based practice aims for delivering high quality care
to patients or an individual patient. For achieving this, it is highly imperative for the nurses to
inculcate the ability of critically evaluating ideas as well as experiences along with applying their
learning for informing nursing practice. The sources related to evidence that can be drawn by the
nurses for informing clinical decision making has been provided below:
Sources of evidence
Evidence can be taken from literature as well as experts. Literature includes unique research as
well as compilations regarding research evidence, which is utilized for analyzing and informing
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choices in decision making for clinical purposes, which is frequently classified as a hierarchy
related to evidence. This consists of:
1. Sources of evidence, which are primary: These form of evidences draw on the actual
research finding. Reports as well as articles about research, which has been collected
from research participants as well as subjects, will be included in these sources.
2. Sources of evidence, which are secondary: These form of evidences draw in set of
sources that inform the concerned topic, which includes meta-analyses, systematic
reviews as well as clinical protocols or guidelines.
3. Expert Opinion
As argued by Norcross and Lambert, (2019) it is highly imperative to develop a significant
perception to practice as well as questioning for developing an evidence based approach to care.
The skills as well as qualities, which are largely required include:
 Being highly competitive in the field as well as acquiring knowledge along with skills for
supporting decision making
 Being observant as well as having the ability of identifying the patients’ needs
 Possessing effective communication skills for engaging with the patients as well as
professional groups
 Developing skills for sourcing evidence as well as evaluating it in a critical way for
considering its effectiveness within the practical context
P2: Explain the skills and qualities needed to conduct a literature review in Health and
Social Care.
For a comprehensive of literature based on health as well as social care, several points are
needed to be considered.
Development of the question
Questions may come up from ant knowledge aspect, which affects the experience of the patients.
According to Birken et al., (2018) these consists of background questions relating to
epidemiology, physiology, pathology as well as disease or progression of condition. Most of the
EBP questions are focused on care aspects relating to assessment, prognosis, screening, clinical
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diagnosis, management options as well as alternative outcomes. It is highly significant to ask
appropriate questions.
Searching the Evidence
Test et al., (2015) have said that after the refinement of the question, the next crucial step is to
look for sources providing relevant evidence. Evidence is situated in numerous sources including
people acquiring specialist expertise interested in EBP, literature including books as well as
journals, specialist database along with the internet.
Search Strategy
As per the opinion of Paynter et al., (2017) development of a proficient search strategy is highly
crucial for conducting literature review in a comprehensive way for which asking the correct
question is necessary. Adopting a highly effective search strategy is highly significant for
developing a literature review.
Tracing Electronic Sources
A reliable assortment of electronic publications along with original research is provided by the
internet. Internet getaways including Google, Yahoo, AltaVista and so on can be looked up to for
gaining credible materials. Sites including NLH, which is the National Library for Health offers
numerous sources on health matters. Few of them are freely accessible (www.library.nhs.uk). A
plethora of systematic reviews of research topics having relevance to clinical practices are held
by the library database of Cochrane (www.cochrane.org).
Identification of Search Items
Selecting the correct terminology holds tremendous importance while commencing search.
Identification of search terms includes selecting keywords. As opined by Lau et al., (2017) this
frequently needs lateral thinking as well as awareness regarding the terminology reflecting the
topic of interest. For instance- if someone shows his or her interests in pressure ulcer prevention,
relevant evidence can be found by utilizing terms like “tissue viability” or “wound
management.”
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M1. Analyze own current skills and knowledge in being able to conduct a literature review
in Health and Social Care towards evidence-based practice.
It is highly pivotal in a research process as well as to develop clinical guidelines to find the
evidences. Several skills are needed to be developed in respect to this including:
 Questioning attitude
 Concentrating on as well as refining the area regarding the interest
 Networking for finding support in the Evidence-Based Process
 Utilizing electronic sources including databases as well as search engines proficiently
Development of the question
As discussed by Richards et al., (2017) a good question is comprised of four components, which
includes:
 A clearly acknowledged group of patient or condition
 An issue or intervention (care option, diagnostic test)
 A comparison point or baseline
 A result or an outcome
Hanson et al., (2017) have provided an insight into the utilization of the acronym PICO
P= target population or patient
I= Intervention or issue
C= Comparison
O= Outcome
Search Strategy
Agrawal and Morin, (2016) have said that for locating sources one needs to be largely strategic
in:
 Tracing sources consisting of electronic sources like databases
 Recognizing search terms
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 Merging relevant topics
 Choosing relevant material
M2: Evaluate the reliability and validity of own literature review.
It is highly significant for the healthcare professionals for considering dynamic interactions of
value systems as well as belief affecting the experiences of healthcare of the patients. In the
prevailing healthcare settings, a continuous change in evidence is seen. Old ideas as well as
opinions are seen to be subjected to scrutiny with emergence of new technologies as well as
research, which indicates continuous development of evidence. It is therefore, extremely crucial
for nurses to upgrade themselves in accordance with emerging outlook on care. Besides, it is also
highly significant for them to learn adopting a procedure regarding evidence-based practice,
which can be scrutinized by the public as well as their peers. Justifications as well as
demonstrations on accountability for clinical decisions can be provided with a transparent and
open approach as needed by the NMC.
D1: Evaluate the skills required to conduct ethical research to positively influence practice
and provision in Health, Care and Support Services.
Development of the Questions
As opined by Brownson et al., (2017) for a comprehensive conduct related review of literature,
development of the questions is highly pivotal. Questions regarding practice occur from a set of
sources including patients along with colleagues. Besides, they could arise from audit processes
or management reviews as well. Questions may come up from evaluation of nurses regarding
new or traditional practice or from the literature.
Search Strategy
Developing a proficient search strategy is highly crucial for conducting literature review in a
comprehensive way for which asking the correct question is necessary. Adopting a highly
effective search strategy is highly significant for developing a literature review.
Tracing Electronic Sources
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In the contemporary period, comprehensive development of literature review, electronic sources
have become highly crucial. A plethora of electronic sources can be located for finding relevant
evidence, which includes the internet as well as the database (Palinkas et al., 2017).
LO2: Conduct a review of key literature relating to a research topic towards improvements
in care practice
P3: Conduct a literature review using a range of sources relating to the research topic.
Literature review is known to have a pivotal role in developing a research in a proficient way.
The literature review provides assistance in enhancing the research in a comprehensive way by
leading to a detailed insight into the viewpoints of other researchers who have studied about this
previously.
Detailed insight into the concept of evidence-based practices
Evidence-based practice has been defined by Neo et al., (2016) as the meticulous, explicit as well
as judicious usage of existing superior evidence in order to make decisions about the individual
patients’ care. On the other hand, Cook et al., (2017) has referred intervention as an evidence-
based practice during the availability of scientific evidence for supporting its claim. Beidas et al.,
(2016) have identified the existence of numerous interventions for ASD, which is autism
spectrum disorder. However, the findings of the scientific research have provided insight into the
effectiveness of few of the interventions. The interventions, which have proven its effectiveness
as per the findings of the researchers are referred to as the evidence-based practices or EBPs.
Detailed insight into the importance of identifying evidence-based practices
As opined by Tuzzio. (2018) , the outcomes for the long term for adults as well as children who
have been diagnosed with ASD or autism spectrum disorder are largely affected by the forms of
interventions that are received. Effective intervention can lead to remarkable difference in the
behavioral, social and communicative as well as self-help results for people whom ASD has
affected. This is the reason due to which, there is rare availability of extra time as well as
resources for investing inconsistently proficient or unproven practices. As per the opinion of
Tuzzio. (2018) families along with practitioners serving children as well as adults diagnosed with
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ASD are known to be empowered when they have the ability of selecting treatments, which are
more likely to bring maximized positive impact as well as will be feasible and acceptable.
Detailed insight into the evidence based practices for treating ASD
According to Scales et al., (2018), the following treatments have been identified by the National
Autism Center as treatments, which are highly established as well as evidence-based.
1. Antecedent Package: Based on the opinion of James et al., (2017) bringing out changes
to the environment before the emergence of problem behavior.
2. Inclusive Behavioral Treatment for the Young Children: It is also referred to as the
ABA, which is Applied Behavior Analysis or EIBI, which is Early Intensive Behavioral
Intervention, which includes rigorous prior behavioral interventions assisting in
developing communication, social as well as academic skills.
3. Intervention for Joint Attention: These interventions aim for increasing the
individuals’ who are having ASD’s ability in focusing on an activity or object in
cooperation with another individual. They are known to form a significant part of social
as well as communication skill development.
4. Naturalistic Strategies for Teaching: In accordance with Stahmer et al., (2018) these
particular strategies can be utilized for teaching various skills in a contextualized as well
as real life format, which is child directed and has the likelihood of leading to widespread
success having the skill.
6. Modeling: Based on the opinion of Kalb et al., (2017) this specific strategy for
instruction highlights the adult or child accurately what skill or behavior need to be
exhibited by an overt example sets.
7. Schedules: These are seen to be effectively utilized for helping a child diagnosed with
ASD in organizing his or her time, anticipating upcoming activities as well reducing
confusion along with stress.
8. Peer Training Package: Training peers on the ways of interacting with a child having
ASD is included in this approach. Besides, the facilitation of the interactions as
treatments is also provided in this approach.
9. Self-management- As per the opinion of Viglione et al., (2018), children having ASD
are taught ways for completing tasks independently by these strategies. Besides,
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evaluating and recording their performances as means to increase motivation along with
independence is also provided.
10. Crucial Response System: This specific treatment has been designed for targeting
significantly pivotal skills by the creation of situations in a natural environment teaching
as well as improving social interaction skills for the children having ASD.
11. Intervention Package, which is story based: Instructions for a forthcoming event are
provided by these interventions utilizing written descriptions clarifying skills or
expectations, which are targeted.
Types of Resource assisting individuals with ASD
Kalb et al., (2017) have discussed about several resources assisting individuals with ASD. This
includes TRIAD, which is Treatment and Research Institute Spectrum Disorders, VKC, which is
Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, TRIAD Family Program as well as TDP, which is Tennessee
Disability Pathfinder. The resources have been formed in order to provide assistance to
individuals with ASD.
P4: Explain results of literature search that summarizes current knowledge about research
topic.
As per the findings of the literature review, it has been found out that there are several definitions
associated with Evidence-Based Practices. For instance- Stain and Vickrey (2017) have defined
Evidence-based practice as the meticulous, explicit as well as judicious usage of existing
superior evidence in order to make decisions about the individual patients’ care. On the other
hand, Scales et al. (2018) have referred intervention as an evidence-based practice during the
availability of scientific evidence for supporting its claim. Besides, it has been analyzed that it is
highly crucial to identify the importance of identifying evidence-based practices. The outcomes
for the long term for adults as well as children who have been diagnosed with ASD or autism
spectrum disorder are largely affected by the forms of interventions that are received. Besides, it
has also been evaluated from the review of the literature that there are several treatments, which
have been identified by the National Autism Center as treatments, which are highly established
as well as evidence-based for treating ASD.
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M2: Evaluate the reliability and validity of own literature review.
As pointed out by Brownson et al. (2017), the National Standards Project has been developed by
the National Autism Center for identifying and publishing evidence-based practices for treating
ASD. Nearly about 6,463 abstracts of research along with 775 studies of research where the
efficacy of the treatments had been tested for the people diagnosed with ASD under the age of 22
have been reviewed. The studies’ quality and the impacts related to the treatments has been
checked as well as evaluated by the panelists respectively.
LO3: Develop a project proposal using evidence based practice.
P5: Explain the benefits of evidence based practice as a method in carrying out research.
Evidence-based practice has been defined as the meticulous, explicit as well as judicious usage
of existing superior evidence in order to make decisions about the individual patients’ care.
Several benefits are associated with Evidence based practices, which are
Evidence based Practice are seen to be highly effective for conducting a medical research.
Benefits for the Patients
Offering the most effective patient care is known to be the medical practices’ hallmark. Nurses
are allowed in directing patient care by evidence based practices in accordance with scientific
research, which includes studies related to patient care, randomized controlled testing as well as
compiled data of patients, which rely on the nursing interventions which have been successful
earlier with identical patient population.
Benefits for the Health Care
Evidence based practices are embraced by the health care sectors due to increase in health care
costs, which is not a coincidence. Effective patients’ outcome can be gained as a result of
evidence based practices throughout the spectrum of health care, which implicates lesser
demands on resources of health care as well as lowered costs of health care.
Benefits for the Nurses
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