Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Practice: Unit 4 Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of evidence-based practice within health and social care. It begins by defining the role of research in expanding knowledge, exploring phenomena, and informing the development of innovative treatments and policies. The report highlights the importance of research in addressing health challenges, such as COVID-19 and AIDS, and its contribution to improving patient outcomes and satisfaction. Activity 2 presents a literature review focusing on person-centered care (PCC), exploring various research findings on its implementation and impact. The review covers how chaplains support diverse needs, how PCC is applied to engage older people, and how healthcare professionals perceive PCC. It also examines the structural and process domains of PCC, as well as the importance of communication and patient involvement. The document also includes a job advertisement for an Operational Manager in a healthcare organization, outlining key responsibilities. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and validation of frameworks to enhance PCC.

Unit 4: Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Practice
Activity 1 and 2

Table of Contents
Unit 4: Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Practice....................................................................0
Activity 1 and 2..........................................................................................................................0
Activity 1....................................................................................................................................2
LO1: Explain the role of research for evidence-based practice in health and social care..........2
Activity 2....................................................................................................................................3
Part A – Literature Review........................................................................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................6
Appendix....................................................................................................................................8
Job Advert – Operational Manager............................................................................................8
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Activity 1
LO1: Explain the role of research for evidence-based practice in health and social care
Research is regarded as the type of methodical investigation that adds to the knowledge of the
learner. In other words, it is also regarded as the examination or assessment that is subjected
to explore some facts and figure carefully. In addition, the research helps the researcher to
expand their knowledge by observing, collecting data as well as analysing gathered data to
conclude effective results. The results or outcomes of the results assist in revealing the
anonymities of nature (Portney, 2020). Moreover, research or investigation also allows the
researcher to gain knowledge of general laws and other regulations. Former facts and figures
are explored and discovered by conducting extensive research in the particular area of study.
Furthermore, it not only contributes to gaining information, data, facts, and figures but also
resource in the formulation of innovative theories as well as tools that may give an
opportunity to better understand the unidentified miracles (Aveyard and Sharp, 2017).
In health and social care, several incidents are occurring on daily basis and continue to occur
for a long time. Still, there are many diseases through which people are suffering from but the
actual cause of reason of its prevalence is still unknown, such as COVID-19. A number of
individuals are suffering from COVID-19, in order to reduce the prevalence intense research
is conducted by scientists and doctors that may help in developing a vaccine to reduce the
prevalence of COVID-19 (Kodadek, Berger, and Haut, 2020). In health and social care,
evidence-based practice plays a crucial role and is significant in exploring the cause of
disease as well as developing antibodies, vaccines, and suitable medicines for the disease to
reduce prevalence. For example, by the time-intense research is continued to develop a
permanent cure for AIDS, however, some of the medications and injections, as well as
therapies, are introduced that help in increasing the life of people suffering from AIDS
(Yang, 2020; Collins, et al., 2019).
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The research in health and social care is mainly associated with the investigation of the
occurrence of disease, as well as to evaluate the quality of care provided to the service user
and level of patient satisfaction along with influencing the formulation of high-quality social
and health care services. In addition, it also helps in supporting high working performances in
the health and social care professionals, in the meantime, it also promotes the health and
wellbeing of service users. Therefore, a methodical way of investigation allows in exploring
advancement in treatment, policies as well as care interventions (Collins, et al., 2019).
However, the findings of the research are not basically solutions to the problems it may serve
as the best possible option that needs to have experimented with from various angles before
implementation. On contrary, through research in health and social care innovative insight
into phenomena can be developed, final decisions still need to be taken on the basis of pieces
of evidence. Thus, evidence-based practice in health and social care plays a crucial role in
reducing the prevalence of incidence by exploring innovative treatments which may lead to
high customer satisfaction (Krebs, et al., 2019).
Activity 2
Part A – Literature Review
According to the research conducted by Brady et al. (2021), the act of offering has opened the
space for the professional connection and relationship when the individuals, as well as their
families, might not be familiar that they have needs related to spiritual care or can certain
times confuse it with the religion. The work of the healthcare chaplain was categorised by the
caring attitude for the individuals who are in need. This need is spiritual but is also emotional
and relational. In order to express awareness and to convey compassion and listening,
conversation as the medium has been utilised. The way in which the need of the individual
has been expressed generally dictated the way of response which is offered by the chaplain
and this response unlocked the space for healing. The nature of the conversation was
identified by the individual in need. Spiritual care addresses the living experiences of caring
for each other. The human entrance point for the chaplaincy care involves meeting the other
individual where they are at, at the moment in time and at that situation. This allows an
individual to get a sense of safety for exhibiting their vulnerability and possibly their degree
of openness towards the support.
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The findings of the research of sEbrahimi et al (2021) exhibit that person-centred care (PCC)
was applied through engaging, knowing and empowering old age people, staff and their
families. Furthermore, the partnership is operationalized with the help of trusting
relationships, mutual communication as well as a shared responsibility. The knowledge of an
old individual and his/her resources, needs as well as preferences have been regarded as a
vital component The older individuals have also rated the person-centred environment as
being safe, welcoming, hospitable, clean and neat environment. Furthermore, the healthcare
organisations and providers are required to promote person-centred care through engaging the
individuals within partnerships that is to say shared participation and decision making.
Engaging the old age individuals within the goals orienting the activity highlighted that the
residents were able to meet their personal goals regarding, for instance, self-care. Moreover,
the interventions that fulfil the goals for preference fulfilment resulted in improved quality
care as well as the quality of life. Mutual communication categorised by respect and trust was
identified as the keystone within all of the interventions as well as they were also reliant on
the cognitive function of the old individuals and the skills of the staff within communicating
with those with cognitive impairment.
Santana et al (2018) developed the generic conceptual framework in collaboration with the
patient partner synthesising the evidence, best practices and recommendations from the
previous frameworks as well as the implementation case studies. The framework focuses on
the structural domain that is related to the health care system or the context within which the
care has been delivered, offering the foundation for PCC and having an impact on the
outcomes and processes of care. The structural domains which were identified included the
development of the PCC culture throughout the range of care, co-designing of the educational
programs and the health promotion and prevention programs with the patients; offering the
accommodating and supportive environment as well as the development and implementation
of the structures for providing support to the health information technology and for
monitoring and measuring the performance regarding PCC. The process domains define the
significance of the cultivation of communication as well as compassionate and respectful
care, integration of the care and engaging the patients within the management of their care.
The outcome domains which are recognised involved the patient-reported outcomes and
access to care. The conceptual framework offers the stepwise plan for providing guidance to
the healthcare organisations and systems within the provision of PCC throughout different
sectors of healthcare.
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According to Fridberg, Wallin and Tistad (2021), healthcare professionals believe that there
is uncertainty and mixed viewpoints regarding the origins of PCC. These perceptions involve
the beliefs that PCC or its operationalization initiated in their own unit, at the level of the
organisations or at both of the levels. The healthcare professionals were found to be
unfamiliar with the origins of PCC and unfamiliar with the decision made by their healthcare
unit regarding working more in line with the PCC. PCC has been perceived as a greatly
complex innovation with varying connotations particularly with regards to two of the
perspectives which were certain times separate and unique and at times interrelated. The
healthcare professionals considered PCC as means of being with the patients irrespective of
distinctive work tasks. The healthcare professionals have also discussed PCC with regards to
the concrete work tasks which they observed to be in line with PCC. The activities, for
instance; the discussion of goals from the viewpoint of patients, enabling the patients to
shower frequently and writing the health plan are among the examples of the concrete work-
related tasks. The findings of the research highlight that the viewpoints of healthcare
professionals regarding PCC as innovation is required to be considered from these
perspectives for the attainment of a broad understanding of the determinants related to the
practice of PCC.
According to Brown, there are five criteria available to evaluate the validity of the literature
review including authority, purpose, scope, format, and audience (Snodgrass, Chung, Meadan
and Halle, 2018). This review of the literature has considered all of these criteria and has also
addressed them adequately within the entire procedure of literature review. All of the
research articles that have been reviewed have highlighted that the authors are familiar with
the key contributions which have already been made within the research regarding the
provision of PCC carried out by the other authors. This literature review has helped within
the identification of the major issues within the area under research along with the gaps that
are apparent within the existing literature. There are various frameworks available for the
delivery of person-centred care; however, these frameworks are required to be validated with
the help of further perspectives of the patients as well as the healthcare professionals.
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References
Aveyard, H. and Sharp, P., 2017. EBOOK: A Beginners Guide to Evidence Based Practice in
Health and Social Care. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Brady, V., Timmins, F., Caldeira, S., Naughton, M., McCarthy, A. and Pesut, B., 2021.
Supporting diversity in person-centred care: The role of healthcare chaplains. Nursing Ethics,
p.969733020981746.
Collins, C.B., Baack, B.N., Tomlinson, H., Lyles, C., Cleveland, J.C., Purcell, D.W., Ortiz-
Ricard, A. and Mermin, J., 2019. Selecting evidence-based HIV prevention behavioral
interventions for HIV-negative persons for national dissemination. AIDS and
Behavior, 23(9), pp.2226-2237.
Ebrahimi, Z., Patel, H., Wijk, H., Ekman, I. and Olaya-Contreras, P., 2021. A systematic
review on implementation of person-centered care interventions for older people in out-of-
hospital settings. Geriatric Nursing, 42(1), pp.213-224.
Fridberg, H., Wallin, L. and Tistad, M., 2021. The innovation characteristics of person-
centred care as perceived by healthcare professionals: an interview study employing a
deductive-inductive content analysis guided by the consolidated framework for
implementation research. BMC health services research, 21(1), pp.1-13
Kodadek, L.M., Berger, J.C. and Haut, E.R., 2020. Guidance vs. guidelines: the role of
evidence-based medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Patient Safety and Risk
Management, 25(6), pp.216-218.
Krebs, E., Enns, B., Wang, L., Zang, X., Panagiotoglou, D., Del Rio, C., Dombrowski, J.,
Feaster, D.J., Golden, M., Granich, R. and Marshall, B., 2019. Developing a dynamic HIV
transmission model for 6 US cities: an evidence synthesis. PloS one, 14(5), p.e0217559.
Portney, L.G., 2020. Foundations of clinical research: applications to evidence-based
practice. FA Davis.
Santana, M., Manalili, K., Jolley, R., Zelinsky, S., Quan, H. and Lu, M., 2018. How to
practice person‐centred care: A conceptual framework. Health Expectations, 21(2), pp.429-
440.
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Snodgrass, M., Chung, M., Meadan, H. and Halle, J., 2018. Social validity in single-case
research: A systematic literature review of prevalence and application. Research in
developmental disabilities, 74, pp.160-173.
Yang, K., 2020. What can COVID-19 tell us about evidence-based management?. The
American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), pp.706-712.
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Appendix
Job Advert – Operational Manager
A rapidly growing healthcare organisation concentrates on Primary care, Secondary care and
Covid-19 services. Because of the current success with the new contracts, there is a
requirement for an experienced Ad hoc Healthcare Operations Manager for facilitating the
services.
Job Description
 Line management of the admin team
 People Management
 Reporting for Commissioners (along with the Clinical Lead offering complete
support)
 Management of Clinical Rotas
 Guiding on the future contracts
 The smooth running of 2-3 new contracts in the secondary specialist sector i.e. ENP,
cardiology, plastic surgery
 Assisting with backlog
 Ensuring the sufficiency of stock/equipment
Requirements
 Able to remotely work; however can also visit sites for complaints, contract reviews,
improvements and so on s needed
 Experienced People manager providing coaching environment
 Working knowledge of healthcare contracts
 Experience and knowledge of Commissioners, NHS Trusts, CCG
 Extensive experience in healthcare management
 Working as part of the senior management team
 Background/ knowledge of secondary care
Offer
 Weekly pay
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 Flexible working hours between 08:00-20:00
 Daily rate – Inside IR35
 Position available for 2-4 days per week
 Initially 3 months contract – potential for extension is dependent on new contracts/
workload
 Employee assistance program
 Opportunity to make a meaningful impact in revolutionising the healthcare
 Opportunities for training and development
 A comprehensive wellbeing program
 Annual salary reviews
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