An In-Depth Look at the Evolution of Management Theory and Practice

This essay explores the evolution of management theory and practice, starting from the Industrial Revolution and progressing through classical, neoclassical, humanist, and systems theories. It discusses how management practices have adapted to the changing business environment, emphasizing the importance of integrating human resources and adapting to dynamic conditions. The essay highlights the shift from traditional management methods to more sophisticated approaches that prioritize employee welfare and organizational effectiveness. The document is available on Desklib, a platform offering a variety of study tools and solved assignments for students.

Evolution of
Management
Theory and
Practice

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................3
Evolution of Management................................................................................3
Industrial Revolution........................................................................................4
Theories of Management.................................................................................5
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Management is the process that involves administration and control of
affairs and operations in organisation, along with its type, structure, nature,
size and many other operations. In other words, it can be called that
management is an operation that creates and maintains business
environment that results in positive environment and all members are
working together for attaining the goals and objectives of enterprise. It
consists of 5M's in business and they are machines, material, men, method,
money (Chernev, 2019). 5M should be used in optimum way as they result in
proper coordination, along with procedural direction and integration of
activities along with achievement of desired goals and objectives. This
project is essay that discusses the evolution of management practices. It
also explains early development from the time of industrial revolution of
management practices. It also explains the growing sophistication that is
there in management practices that are there in post-industrial era.
Evolution of Management
Management is known as science and art both as it gets all people
together to attain desired goals and objectives with the help of coordination
or integration and cooperation of available resources (Christopher, 2019). In
other words, management is process that involves planning, organizing,
motivating, decision making, leading and controlling various resources like
human, financial, and other resources for achieving goals of a company in
efficient and effective manner.
The period of major industrialization and innovation was of industrial
revolution that was taking place during 1700s and early 1800s. it was started
in Great Britain and it just spread quickly in the world throughout. American
industrial revolution was the second industrial revolution that was started in
1820 and 1870 (Cole, 2018). The industrial revolution resulted in the
enhancement of employment opportunities in the world. Managers and
employees were required at additional rate for operating as factories were

becoming widespread. The industrial revolution impacted greatly business
environment and organisation who were operating with it. There are some
drawbacks of industrial revolution as increased factories in urban areas also
resulted in high pollution. And more people were forced to leave their farms
for operating in these factories with higher wages that resulted in food
production shortage.
Specific management practices before industrial revolution were not
being followed at that time. It can be known as that before the revolution
traditional way for managing were being used by companies for their
operations. In advanced the theories and practices were being analysed and
their outcomes that helped in managing all the day to day operations in
effective method (Holla, Ristvej and Titko, 2018). As well as there were
proper calculation done about the resources and their optimum utilisation to
take place within company. Along with that the managing of resources,
machinery, and labour and many more that too in proper manner, becomes
easy for company in the management of their operations in better way.
Industrial Revolution
The concept of the industrial revolution is one of the most important
and valuable concept for the managers of the organisation which helps them
to analyses the market in effective manner. It is very helpful for the
organisation because it enables the managers to improve the productivity of
the organisation (Labrador and Silberman, 2018). As the market of the world
are changes the duties and responsibilities of the managers are increased
and they have to place more focus on the market trends and also makes
them able to pursue the information. At that time introduction of classical
management theory. Because production was sold time at which really
began as well as way of products innovation and also get modify industrial
revolution. the consumer within machines for taken place in 19th century
production of goods which had wide impact improving productivity in as well
as also result in lowered cost to Invention. companies will be able their needs

better production and serve their as well as can fulfil and wants also
customers in effective manner . management theory profitability will help in
accelerator customer base and implementing classical of business firm who
are within their working . as high requirement can be said that decrease
price result in price high products demand for as well for more workers and
mill both.
Increasing efficiency as will get enhance, searching the way through
which they can improve quality of their lower cost productivity, relation
within manager offerings, and employees, and many more number of
factories manager will started (León, 2019). The Focal point of manager get
shifts within organisation from can enhance using machinery to how they of
staff members in effective manner productivity. enhancing productivity was
focusing on other problems at that time within their factory system and
several identified. Dissatisfaction such as of personnel conduction,from
working development session and lack of training etc. Thus, it has been the
only single solution will be of entire problems formed which company is
facing overcome with such issues in classical management theory
Theories of Management
Management Theories referred to those concepts that covers the
recommended strategies of the management and may consist of tools like
frameworks as well as guidelines which can be executed in the modern
businesses. Different theories of the management provide assistance to the
organisation in concentrating, evolving and communicating within the
workplace. Such theories also facilitate in permitting leadership to
concentrate on the key objectives. There are different theories of
management and some of them are discussed as under:
By 19th Century classical manager classical management theory, and
they are the one who have good has been developed understanding related
which help in structuring organisation as per of business functions the that to
workers in view of that task and assign. Is the classical manager Calvin who

are smooth working of company play important role (Love, Smith and Teo,
2018). As the process of training is for ensuring identify need that will
understand the manner workers in which they should have to completed
their work. To this addition, manager are the one who staff members
motivate which help in improving within company and productivity
accomplishing their well as objectives goals as effective manner and within.
The knowledge and skills of the mangers has played important role for the
success of the organisation. There are large number of problems and
difficulties are arises in the organisation which negatively impacts the
business of the organisation. The skills of the managers has provided
effective returns to them.
There were further expansions also and is related to the introduction of
classical management theory in the initial half of the 20th century because
the managers of the organisation were constantly searching for the way or
the approach that will facilitate them in the process of dealing with the
problems that are covered by the industrial management (Mazzi, 2020). At
duration of expansion, there were three separate branches that got emerged
and these include classical scientific management, bureaucratic
management as well as classical administrative management. Each of these
management theories are unique and also have special significance in such a
way that these approaches provide assistance to the managers of the
organisation in seeking the best and more effective possible way for the
purpose of dealing with the complexities. Additionally, at time of post
industrial period, such three kinds of management approaches facilitate the
organisations in the process of managing their daily business operations or
activities in an effective and successful way (Muhamad, Harrison and Yang,
2019). Within the 20th century, there is an extreme level of competition in
the business environment and therefore, there is a high need for the
execution of the multiple frameworks of the management according to the
situations that occur within the workplace environment. Thus, a specific
situation can get handled in a more effective manner through the

management models and theories within the business as it help the
organisations in getting rid of the problems as well as obstacles that
generate in workplace. Business environment is dynamic in nature because
there is existence of multiple modifications within working firms. Hence, in
order to manage such changes effectively, it becomes significant for the
businesses to execute various management practices in their working
process.
Neoclassical management theory is another kind of management
practice and is an extended version of the classical management approach.
This theory was founded in the year 1972 by Elton Mayo and Fritz J (Mullins
and Panagopoulos, 2019). This kind of management theory puts emphasis
on the group or individual behaviour as well as the human relations within
the process of detrming the productivity. The key characteristics of this type
of management approach include work group, individual and participatory
management. Such kind of management theory suggests the participation of
the human resources within the management of the organisation. This
theory is manpower oriented and because of which the participation of the
workers within the process of planning the contents of the employment as
well as operations will help in improving the productivity, efficiency and
performance of the organisation. The neoclassical theory of the management
has revealed the significance of the psychological as well as social
determinants in the process of determining the productivity as well as
satisfaction of the workers (Nolan and Rowley, 2020). As per this kind of
management theory, the administration of the organisation has an aim to
establish leadership as well as social skills along the development of the
technical skills. This theory also ensures that it must be done for the purpose
of providing welfare of the human resources as well as the workplace.
Humanist theory of management is a kind of approach in relation to
the theory of the management that is based on the idea and perceptions of
the requirements as well as wants of the human resources. As per this kind
of management theory, the manpower of the organisation are seen not

merely as the economic assets that are valued mainly for their efficiency and
productivity, but employees who are having the complex needs and
demands as well as expect for the meaningful along wisth varied regular
tasks and operations (Pan, 2018). This kind of management theory is
considered as employee oriented administration that is looking for the
profitability in order to fulfil the needs and wants of the human resources
within the organisation. According to this kind of management approach,
humanism stresses the significance of human dignity and values, it proposes
that the employees can resolve the issues and problems through making use
of the reason and science. The key aim of the kind of management approach
is to develop a more effective as well as balanced relationship among those
aspects which can get exchanged on the markets as well as those which are
not but make the life worthwhile, that is, human dignity and well-being.
System Theory of management is another kind of management
approach that provides an alternative method to the process of planning as
well as organisational management. This kind of management theory
proposes that the businesses such as the human resources, include various
elements which work harmoniously so that the greater system can operate in
an optimal manner (Pylypenko, 2020). System theory looks for the
explanation as well as development of the hypotheses surrounded by the
characteristics which occur within the complex systems that seemingly could
not occur in any kind of single system within the whole.
Therefore, with the passage of time, different practices of
management has been introduced by various people as they facilitate
businesses in the process of conducting operations effectively towards
attainment of organisational aspirations in a set period of time (Rodrigo,
2019). Because of dynamic environment of business, different situation arise
that influence business working. Hence, in order to manage and control such
situations effectively, manager of the organisation execute several
management practices in their working.

CONCLUSION
From above discussion, it has been concluded that practices of
management play a crucial part in dynamic business environment. In
addition to this, it has also been concluded that industrial revolution has
played a great role in the relations of business organisation that are working
in a specific industry. Before industrial revolution, there were no such
practices of management because manpower manage their practices
through own state of mind and also identify future outcomes of any
practices. Moreover, during as well as after revolution, different
management practices has been introduced that facilitate manager and
leaders of organisation in the process of operating daily operations in an
effective manner. Furthermore, the support of such management practices
makes it easy for the organisations to attain their set objectives and goals
effectively.

REFERENCES
Chernev, A., 2019. Strategic marketing management: Theory and practice.
Cerebellum Press.
Christopher, M., 2019. Self esteem research theory and practice.
Cole, K., 2018. Leadership and Management: Theory and Practice. Cengage
AU.
Holla, K., Ristvej, J. and Titko, M. eds., 2018. Crisis management: Theory and
practice. BoD–Books on Demand.
Labrador, A. M. and Silberman, N. A. eds., 2018. The Oxford handbook of
public heritage theory and practice. Oxford University Press.
León, H. C. M., 2019. Bridging theory and practice with Lean Six Sigma
capstone design projects. Quality assurance in education.
Love, P. E., Smith, J. and Teo, P., 2018. Putting into practice error
management theory: unlearning and learning to manage action errors
in construction. Applied Ergonomics. 69. pp.104-111.
Mazzi, A., 2020. Environmental sustainability to support competitiveness:
from theory to practice. In Customer satisfaction and sustainability
initiatives in the fourth industrial revolution (pp. 99-124). IGI Global.
Muhamad, J. W., Harrison, T. R. and Yang, F., 2019. Organizational
communication: Theory and practice. An integrated approach to
communication theory and research, pp.359-374.
Mullins, R. R. and Panagopoulos, N. G., 2019. Understanding the theory and
practice of team selling: An introduction to the special section and
recommendations on advancing sales team research. Industrial
Marketing Management. 77. pp.1-3.
Nolan, J. and Rowley, C., 2020. Whither guanxi and social networks in China?
A review of theory and practice. Asia Pacific business review. 26(2).
pp.113-123.
Pan, W., 2018. Rethinking construction productivity theory and practice. Built
environment project and asset management.
Pylypenko, D., 2020. Foreword: Theory and practice in waste management
processes and alternative energy developments in connection with
agribusiness growth and prospects. Industrial Engineering &
Management Systems. 19(1). pp.1-2.
Rodrigo, P., 2019. Mining haul roads: theory and practice. CRC Press.
Stewart, S. D., Piros, C. D. and Heisler, J. C., 2019. Portfolio management:
Theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.