E-Waste Management: Assessment and Recommendations for TCN Nigeria

This report assesses e-waste disposal practices in Nigeria, particularly focusing on the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) and its impact on the environment and human health. It highlights the hazardous nature of e-waste, including toxic materials like cadmium, lead, and mercury, and their effects on soil, water, and air quality. The report reviews international waste management legislations and evaluates Nigeria's e-waste management practices, considering factors such as population, household size, and economic activity. It recommends sustainable e-waste management strategies, including recycling technologies, dismantling and demolition processes, and complementary services to mitigate the environmental and health risks associated with improper e-waste disposal. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for government and stakeholder collaboration to implement robust e-waste management strategies and promote environmental sustainability.

Running head: E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

2E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Executive Summary
The report has shed light on the e-waste disposal in Nigeria and the impact of this on the
hazardous condition of nature. The country is under threat as the company, dealing with
electric equipment, have destroyed or refinement their obsolete products in the land and that
creates some severe action in human and environment. The aspect of recommendation is also
mentioned after addressing the points. Dismantling and demolition is the process that
recommended in that process and all these effects on the Nigerian economy, sociological
factor and environment.

3E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................4
2. Aims and Objectives..........................................................................................................5
3. Scope and limitation: Transformer and other electrical equipment...................................5
4. Literature review....................................................................................................................6
4.1 Product compositional and e-waste..................................................................................6
4.2 E-waste exports and conventions.....................................................................................7
4.3 E-waste categories development indicator.......................................................................8
4.4 E-waste in Nigeria............................................................................................................9
4.5 E-waste project in Africa...............................................................................................10
4.6 Recyclers........................................................................................................................11
4.7 Organisational context...................................................................................................11
5. Methodology........................................................................................................................12
5.1 Research Philosophy......................................................................................................12
5.2 Research Approach........................................................................................................12
5.3 Research Design.............................................................................................................13
5.4 Data Collection methods................................................................................................14
5.5 Sampling technique........................................................................................................15
5.6 Analysis of data collection.............................................................................................15
5.7 Ethical considerations....................................................................................................15
5.8 Timeline.........................................................................................................................15
6. Recommendation..................................................................................................................16
Recycling technologies........................................................................................................16
Sustainable e-waste management.........................................................................................17
Complementary service........................................................................................................17
Dismantling and demolition.................................................................................................17
7. Conclusion............................................................................................................................18
References................................................................................................................................19

4E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Topic: Assessment and Recommendation on Waste electrical equipment in
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)
1. Introduction
The legitimate way of pre-processing and post-processing way of refurbishing
obsolete electronic devices are the concern issue of this matter. The grimy use of materials is
the major aspect of this, so largest toxic problems are predicting in the 21st century. To
illustrate the problem consequences, some of the general understanding and some change in
policies are important in that case and the government has to take some initiative over the
matter. The issues are not only created of government regulation but also, some of the non-
government organisations have taken the initiative to reform the process. They comprise of
the mobile phone, lawn mowers, and satellite devices, computer parts all these are important
in that case as these are the materials that will be destroyed or refrained by the waste
electrical equipment and these are being disposed of in the ground (Oyedepo 2012). The level
of toxicity and the effect on the human is the crucial matter in that case and it can be
mitigated by the effective techologies.
In that case, Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is one of the most emerged
companies in Nigeria and they have defunct the National Electric Power Authority. So, TCN
is now the most happening company that process the unbundled business unit under the
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (Tcnorg.com 2018). The activities like system operation,
electricity trading and electric transmission are the relevant in that case. To be the world-class
electricity transmission company is the vision of the company and the some of the core
values are maintained in that case (Sthiannopkao and Wong 2013). Teamwork, motivation,
commitment, creativity, accountability, and innovation professionalism all these values are
important in that case to plan, build and uphold a consistent grid for the company.

5E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
2. Aims and Objectives
The aim of the research is to identify the possible human effect due to the toxic
disposal of equipment and the possible worst consequence for that. The factors are wide in
range and they have a relative effect that causes some severe problems.
The basic objectives of the research are:
 To understand the possible effect that carries through the toxic disposal in human
 To evaluate the process of toxic outcomes through the different parts of the machines
related to electronic and automobile equipment
 To measure the categorical discrimination and process of recycling that may cause the
differentiation in trade and deliver a sustainability in case of mankind
3. Scope and limitation: Transformer and other electrical equipment
The concern value of the research helps in approaching to people at huge in number
especially in Nigeria. The company is one of the most influencing electric companies in that
nation and chemical balancing and tons of waste disposal, in that case, may process in
increasing number and that is the contaminated process of techniques and process. There is
some vital information of the product cases align with the process and that estimated the
amount of toxic disposal in the soil (Tcnorg.com 2018). E-waste is informal in sense of
reflecting the influx of e-waste across the border of Nigeria. The economic data are very
tough to collect as the process of activities are somehow related to the gathered data. The
practitioners are part time or full time so the process of surveying and interviewing is hectic
in that case.
There is a certain limitation in getting information and the import-export figures are
important in that case (Oyedepo 2012). The recycling procedures are good for that matter and
sometimes the procedure of secondary research is not possible due to money. Some of the

6E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
journals are paid and the researcher has not enough money to have all those. Some of the
employees related to the work are not answering in a proper way or they have some other
reasons not to answer anyone, so eventually a mishap happens.
4. Literature review
4.1 Product compositional and e-waste
Some of the e-waste contains process are very much hazardous as the elements that
are creating problem aligned with them. The material like cadmium, beryllium, lead,
mercury, and brominated flame all these things are posing an environmental health threat.
Some of the precious metals are also creating a problem like gold related metals, platinum,
palladium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium, rhodium all these are creating impact over the
environment as the liquefied process of the material mixed with soil, water and air and that
impacted very badly through the process (Wäger and Hischier 2015). Low recovery of
material is there and that is the concern reason, in that case, materials are heavily
contaminated and crude recovery technique effects over the environment.
E-Toxin Source of E-Toxin
Arsenic Found from the light emitting diodes and computer chips
Cadmium Cadmium coating contains and corrosion prevent devices are
the source of this. NiCad batteries are also important and
carcinogen effects in that case.
Chromium Used in case of making hard the plastics and used in the
pigments. The coating of some part metals chromium has been
used.
Halogen Insulation and plastics
Lead Cathode ray tubes

7E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Mercury In the case of old batteries and switches. In the case of
fluorescent tubes, mercury is used.
Polyvinyl Chloride PVC plastic cans and in case of insulation and cable lines are
the major source of this.
The process of health exposure is also related to that case and environmental
contamination is aligned with the process. Particles like nickel, gold silver, antimony,
yttrium, iron and aluminium used in CRT monitor TV, all these are harmful at their end. In
the case of AC, Refrigerator and Washing machine, gold, copper, antimony, aluminium and
iron all these are mixed with the process and that is the reason, decomposition is not possible
(Araújo et al. 2012). The particles are in crude recovery and the techniques are not improved
enough to change the process in a suitable form and intact material is persisted.
4.2 E-waste management and EU legislations
In the case of industrialised countries, the process of waste legislation has started in
1989 and Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Waste convention control is there. The
process of the convention was imposed on 5th May 1993 and currently consist of 179 parties.
The Basel Ban Amendment in 1995 and implementation of Annex VII of the Basel
convention helps to process the support for E-waste exports (Ni et al. 2013). However, there
are other directives which has been adopted by the EU. The revised Waste Framework
Directive proposes directives for waste disposal and has reformed the guidelines on the
hazardous waste, and has reformed several other waste management directives.
The process of levelling and categories product is there and they have been set by the level of
EU directive.
Category Level
Large Household Appliances Large HH

8E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Small Household Appliances Small HH
IT and Telecommunication equipment ICT
Consumer equipment CE
Electrical and electronic tool E & E Tools
Medical devices Medical equipment
Monitoring and Control Instruments M & C
Automatic dispensers Dispensers
The proposed Waste Framework Directive remains similar in spite of the
modifications of the structure. This structure adheres to the EU commission and affects the
environmental factors, public health and safety. The European Parliament adopted the
recommendation on the Council’s Common Position and had an issued press release in this
context. The articles 6 (1) and (2) of the Waste Framework Directive refers to the end of
waste management after it has gone the subsequent treatment under the specified criteria.
The substance of the waste should adhere to the scientific purposes of the waste
management. The substances should fulfil the legal requirements of the existing standards.
Such criteria enhances the recycling of the products and promotes the effective waste
management.
4.3 E-waste categories development indicator
In Nigeria, the development of the product is needed from the perspective of
customers. They need to have more opportunities in the product but the problem lies in the
case of technological advancement in the product (Idris et al. 2013). The culture of the
companies is different in that case they need to make some products that are highly
environment-friendly and bear on e-waste indicators. The factors of the indicator are different

9E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
as per the situation and the legibility of the process thus more information of solid approach
needs to be taken in that case.
Indicator Year Value Reference
Total Population 2016 18.4 cr. World Bank
Number of households 2009 44,800,345 NBS
Household size in Urban
areas
2008 4.6 Togunde 2006 NBS
Rural size household 2009 5.8 NBS
The share of economically
active children
2009 6.1 NPC 2011 census
Unemployment 2009 19.7 NBS, labour force
Urban sector employment 2010 92.4 NBS, labour force
The problem lies in most of the parts and effect in the household in urban and rural
areas in Nigeria is at the threatened zone. The economy of e-sector bear e-waste section and
that is the reason most of per capita incomes are recorded from there. The data collected from
the UN and $354.4billion GDP on purchasing power parity is the concerning aspect of this.
In an agricultural aspect, 33.3%, industry aspect 34.2% and in services perspectives 32.4% is
the crucial allocation that changes the process of measure labour process who are working at
the ground level of business (Vincent and Yusuf 2014). Nigeria, particularly with the
unparalleled development in the telecom sector in the previous 10 years, has exposed that
there are capable of spreading its ICT market, which are important for the development of the
waste removal process. If government and stockholders can remain sustainable form in
obtainable possessions then partial environmental encounters through robust cases will be
initiated by strategies.

10E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
4.4 E-waste in Nigeria
In Nigeria, the urban consumption and waste generation is quite equivalent. The co-
disposal process and open-dumpsites across the country are injurious to health. The bridging
of government is needed in that case to mitigate the toxic situation in the nation. Transverse
the span and extent of Nigerian urban epicentres and even rural societies are piles of solid
waste founding appreciations stinging in the urban landscape thereby criticising the worth of
belongings, producing air and water pollution, and additional features which are distressing
for health. The general municipal waste is there and that mix with the other open markets,
and trashes, which are not at all helpful for the nation (Adediran and Abdulkarim 2012). The
objective of export in e-waste use is persist and no differentiation between the solid waste
and the dust waste mixed with air that formulated by the toxic elements. The functionality of
the device and guarantee reuse of the product is not there, but the company still using that and
change some of the components from there. The ample of plug pitted right software installed
in that case but the changes are not there, and the reason behind that is ethical and have the
perception of missing some vital components (Amoo and Fagbenle 2014). In modern times,
three ships at diverse times loaded with toxic components, known as e-waste, reached the
Lagos port and the Federal Government of Nigeria got an alert from the Dutch agency,
VROM-Inspectorate and the Global System for Environmental Obedience and
Implementation afore the entrance of the ships. This is the concerning aspect that changes the
intelligence of the company and also maintains in a legitimate way.
4.5 E-waste project in Africa
The trans-boundary movement in different imported options into Berlin, Ghana,
Nigeria, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire are the main European countries that have the aspect of
movement and country assessment is there (Sindiku et al. 2015). The process is helpful for
the human health and feasibility of study is there. The combining effort of the small and

11E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
medium enterprises and the regulatory enterprise options are there and material recovery is
there in Nigeria.
Some of the special objectives that Nigeria has imposed over the e-waste management
and that concern aspect of African countries are there.
 Protect human health and human opportunities.
 Build capacity and e-waste impose for the development of the world environment is
related to this (Li et al. 2013).
 The economic opportunities are there and that delivers the trans-boundary flow as
well.
4.6 Recyclers
The process of recycling is starting from the household need and business. The
process of business is not ethical and that is the reason lots of rules and regulation along with
the tax problem is there and more sorting and remanufacturing processes are formulated in
that case. The dismantling and pollution are there and that is the reason most of the recycle
cases are there (Oyedepo 2012). From a conservational perspective reuse is always enhanced
than recycling as recycling necessitates energy. Electronics constructers and e-waste
recycling companies vary in their exertions to renovate devices or take them separately for
spare fragments. Recent categories of cell phones, computers or TVs are frequently checked
and restored or undone for parts, but other devices habitually are not (Oyedepo and Oladele
2013). If recycle or restoration is not a choice, they want to make sure the old electronic
device is recycled and not deserted on landfills where strategies may leak damaging
chemicals.

12E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
4.7 Organisational context
In some nations, this is even an obligatory facility to deliver. If there is no take-back
package in Nigeria treasure an enthusiastic e-waste salvaging company by searching on the
Internet (Perkins et al. 2014). The context of organisation management method, the process
of landfills is important and that is the reason they are not using the process or the matter of
secondary market is important for recovery centre of that e-waste.
5. Methodology
Research methodology is the theoretical and systematic analysis of the methods which
comprises the process of data collection for the research.
5.1 Research Philosophy
Research philosophy mainly deals with the nature, sources and development of the
idea as well as knowledge of the research. As state by Clemence et al. (2014), research
philosophy is the concept about the method in which data is collected, used and analysed on
the phenomenon. There are mainly four types of research philosophy:
1. Realism
2. Interpretivism
3. Positivism
4. Post-positivism
In this research, the researcher will select positivism philosophy as this philosophy
adheres to the factual knowledge. In positivism philosophy; the researcher role is limited to
the interpretation of data and collection of the data. In this research, quantifiable data will be
collected based on the waste of electrical equipment. Positivism philosophy has helped the
researcher leading to collect the data which is determined, observable and regular manner.

13E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Positivism philosophy helps the researcher to collect the scientific data and positivism needs
minimum interaction with research participants (Taylor et al. 2015).
5.2 Research Approach
The research approach is the procedure which comprises the steps of assumptions in a
detailed way to collect the data. Research approach helps the researcher to analyse and
interpret the data based on the problem statement of the research. Necessarily, the research
approach is divided into two basic categories; the approach of data collection and the
approach of data analysis (Flick 2015). There are mainly two basic types of research
approach:
1. Inductive Approach
2. Deductive Approach
In this research, the researcher will select the deductive approach as the researcher is
going to use the research reason from general to specific. Deduction from the general
perspective will lead the researcher to develop the framework of the research and it will test
the conclusion of the research. The deductive approach will help the researcher to explore the
concept of a waste of electric equipment and it helps through statistical testing. The
researcher will collect the concept of a waste of electrical equipment and the researcher will
test the observations which will help to confirm or reject any one of the concepts. On the
other side, the researcher will not select the inductive approach as an inductive approach
generally helps to collect the data in qualitative data.
5.3 Research Design
The research design is the overall strategy which refers to the strategy to choose the
components of the study in a logical and coherent way. Research design contributes to the
blueprint of the collection of the data which ensures the research problem. As stated by

14E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
Hughes and Sharrock (2016), research design reviews the previous literature and describes
the data those are necessary for the adequate test. There are mainly three types of research
design:
1. Descriptive research design
2. Exploratory research design
3. Explanatory research design
In this research, the researcher aims to follow a descriptive research design as the
researcher will collect primary data where the characteristics of the population will be tested.
The descriptive design is useful where the researcher cannot measure and test the large
numbers of the sample. In this research, the researcher will use numerical data and it will be
helpful to use the quantitative data sample through the descriptive research design.
5.4 Data Collection methods
In collecting the data for the research; the researcher may collect primary or
secondary data. Primary data are the raw data which must be collected from the respondents
through interviews and surveys. In addition, secondary data are collected from the secondary
data sources and reports. In this research, the researcher will use both primary and secondary
data.
Primary data will be collected through conducting the survey. Primary data are
collected for the specific purposes and the researchers ask to elicit the data which will help in
the study (Palinkas et al. 2015). The researcher will use the research instrument as a
questionnaire. The researcher will prepare 15 close-ended MCQ types questions based on the
waste electrical equipment and the strategy to improve the process in Nigeria. The researcher
will use the Google Survey form in order to prepare the questions. The researcher will collect

15E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
the emails of the respondents and the researcher will send the questionnaire to the
respondents and ask the respondents to revert within 15 days.
The researcher will also use the secondary data collected from books, journals, online
articles, government reports, company report and website. Secondary sources will be helpful
to conduct the literature review on the existing researches. Secondary sources are available
from other previous researches and the researcher will take help to link the primary data with
secondary data.
5.5 Sampling technique
The researcher will select the senior levels employees of Transmission Company in
Nigeria. Therefore, the sample population is senior employees of Transmission Company and
the sample size will be 120. The researcher will collect the data from different departments
like accounts, HR, operations and R&D. The researcher will use a simple random sampling
technique as it will provide equal opportunity to the sample population to get selected.
5.6 Analysis of data collection
Collected data from the secondary sources will be analysed using quantitative data
analysis process. Quantitative data are the numerical data (Lewis 2015). SPSS software will
use to calculate the statistical data and this SPSS calculation will be shown in the table
format. Survey data will be helpful to understand the research purposes which will be linked
with the secondary data sources. Quantitative data analysis is examined by deductively
forming theory and quantitative analysis of data is valid, generalise and reliable. Quantitative
data measures the achievement gaps between the data.
5.7 Ethical considerations
This research is associated with human participants and the researcher will take
permission of the respondents. The researcher will follow all the ethical norms of the

16E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
research. The researcher will not reveal the names of the respondents and the researcher will
not conduct any coercion during the research process. The researcher will maintain
confidentiality and the researcher will destroy all the data after the research process is done.
Most importantly, the researcher will take permission from the university.
5.8 Timeline
Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week 8 Week
10
Week
12
Selection of the
research
✓
Reviewing the
literature
✓
Selection of
research methods
✓
Data collection
(Survey)
✓
Data analysis ✓
Drawing
conclusions and
recommendations
✓
Final submission ✓
Table: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by the researcher)

17E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
6. Recommendation
Recycling technologies
Transmission Company should adopt recycling technologies within Nigeria as it
should make the abundant labour force. Extensive human resources can be used instead of
deploying huge machinery. It is recommended that Nigerian recyclers can interlink with
international recycling brands for valuable recycling functions. Interlinking with the network
can help to develop market outlets for the pre-processed of e-waste functions for the
maximum return of the value of the raw materials. In Power plants; Transmission Company
can recycle the water to help wastewater technology which will be installed. Transmission
Company should use Recycle Power Generation Technology and it will make capable of the
resource and disposal conservation.
Sustainable e-waste management
Transmission Company needs an adequate financing scheme for the sustainable e-
waste management and the organisation should start appropriate the market incentives and
level of playing field. In OECD countries, e-waste recycling system in the company can be
developed in line with the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility. Transmission
Company should start to reuse, refurbish and repair and remanufacture procedure which helps
to material recovery for the organisation. Collection of the waste can be recovered through
disposing and customers must get the products.
Complementary service
While demolition and dismantling services, Transmission Company provides
complementary services to the overall services within High Voltage Environment.
Transmission Company provides services below which are performed to high standard.
Transmission Company needs to do full risk assessment and method which provides vehicle
transport and electrical supply of all services. Transmission Company can provide steel

18E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
plates, pylon dismantling, timber mats, diamond wire sawing, diamond drilling and concrete
bursting as complementary services.
Dismantling and demolition
Transmission Company can use the knowledge, skills and experience in specialised
equipment to efficiently and safely dismantle heavy electrical equipment transformers,
generators and switchgear from indoor and open-air substations including all sizes.
Transmission Company ensures complete safety and the organisation should use containers
for the transport unit containing oil. In addition, in substation building; Transmission
Company must use the knowledge, skills and experience to demolish the equipment with
right shape and size. Where require, the types of equipment are grub up and break out
foundations in preparation of the environmentally sound work. The organisation should
undertake specialist demolition along with below ground structure.
7. Conclusion
Therefore it can be concluded that e-waste management in Nigeria is challenging for
the companies like TCN. The major change that TCN delivers in case of waste management
is the change in equipment and Trans-country entering procedure. The comparable generation
of the process and the economic role of the companies are important in that case. The
problem lies with the small and medium section of companies and that is the reason
legitimate decisions are not taken by the company. The sectors of association are there and
Nigeria becomes one of the most affecting part in Africa. The socio-economic evaluation and
refreshing activities are their co-operative mentalities and policy-making gaps are used for
the updating nature of the business.
This powerfully strains for an operative take-back and reprocessing schemes.
Challenges on the assortment side comprise suitable policies, certifying that high capacities

19E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
of valued and non-valuable excess segments are composed equally and that those segments
reach suitable giving and disposal amenities. Linking easy collectors to a proper recycling
construction is essential, along with suitable volume building and exercise. The relaxed sector
actions can provide a foundation to grow a more progressive reprocessing business and vital
income chances for deprived people. The attempt to save the nature and collection of e-waste
and pre-processing of those waste in the equal formation is the crucial outcome that comes in
that process.

20E-WASTE AND ITS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION
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