Analysis of Eye Biometrics for Digital Birth Certificates

This report explores the digitalization of birth certificates using eye biometrics, specifically iris and retina scanning. It addresses the global issue of over 1.3 billion people lacking official identity and the potential of biometrics to provide secure access to essential services. The report details how iris and retina biometrics work, including the algorithms used for scanning and identification. It discusses the applicability of these technologies to babies, their stability over time, and the pros and cons of each method, including privacy and security concerns. Case studies and comparisons between iris and retina biometrics are presented, highlighting their accuracy, reliability, and potential challenges in implementation. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of security measures to protect sensitive personal information within digital birth certificates.

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Digitalization of birth certificates:
Name:
Institution:

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Digitalization of birth certificates
Introduction
Currently in the world, over 1.3 billion people lack official identity and as a result, these people
have been not able to get access to crucial securities and services. This challenge occurs due to
lack of digitalization of the birth certificates. Now the researchers are working hand in hand
together to make sure that they rolled up a system which will assist the country in Digitalization
of the birth certificates and in order to do so they will use the eye biometrics specifically iris and
Retina biometrics.
Biometrics is a crucial term which is used in calculation and body measurement. It is also
termed as metrics which is connected to human features. Thus eye biometrics is defined as
biometrics which uses the physical characteristics of the eye as scanning mechanisms which can
be used to launch various technologies such as digitalization of birth certificates and passports.
There are two types of eye biometrics as discussed in details below.
Iris and retina biometrics scanning are referred to as ocular –based identification
technologies; this means that they greatly depend on the physiological unique features of eyes to
identify a person. Even though both iris and retina are used for identification purposes then they
differ in their biometric modalities and also they differ how it works.
Retina Biometrics.
The human retina is a thin tissue which is consists of the neural cells, because of the
ability of the capillaries to supply blood to retina then every person has a unique retina. The
blood vessels networks in the retina are very unique so that even identical twins cannot share the
same pattern. Even though retinal pattern can be interfered by some diseases such as diabetes

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then it cannot be changed from the birth of a person to death. This scenario can be applied in
digitalization of birth certificates.
A retinal scan which is referred to the biometric identifier is utilized in mapping the
unique pattern of person retina. The blood vessels around the retina will have more light than the
other tissues around them. In digitalizing birth certificates, the retinal scan is done by casting
unperceived beam with infrared lights of low energy into the eye of an individual as they focus
via eyepiece scanner. The beam of lights follows a specific path on the Retina and since the
retinal blood vessels absorb more lights than the rest part of the eye and during the scan amount
of reflection varies. The variation pattern changes into a computer code and will be stored in a
database for future retrieval this procedure is very crucial when digitalization of birth certificates
is required.
Iris biometrics
Iris biometrics is term as automated techniques for biometric identification which utilizes
mathematical pattern recognition method on the image video of the iris part of the eye of an
individual. The patterns are unique and can be seen from a distance. As compared to the
scanning of the retina, iris biometrics utilizes camera technology with delicate infrared
illumination in order to get images of high quality in the iris structure. The templates which are
encoded digitally using the iris biometrics patterns uses statistical and mathematical algorithms
to identify every individual. Databases connect templates by using engine matcher can be
searched at very high speed per second using millions of the templates. Through the
digitalization of birth certificate, various people all over the world over billions of people in the
country have been registered in the iris biometric system so that every birth certificate will be
kept in the databases for future retrieval and also easily replaced.

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Iris biometrics
In preparation of digital birth certificates all over the world, iris biometrics is highly used
by government agencies. At first, the government was using manual work but now due to
advancement in technology the government through assists from the National physical laboratory
has to test how the iris scanning will be used in digitalization of birth certificates. The researches
have indicated that the iris biometrics is very accurate and reliable in for digital birth certificates
so long as it is well implemented and the required algorithm is used. According to the late study
the iris biometrics can successful be used for all individual since the iris biometrics of the
individual either age, young or twins never differ.
In acquiring digital birth certificates high-quality images are needed so as to give a robust iris
recognition system. In acquiring of the digital birth certificates in order for iris biometrics to
work well then the users of a given system are needed to fully corporate with the system so that
accurate results can be achieved (Shdefat, Joo, Choi, and Hee-Cheol, 2018). During digital
certificates processing then the outer boundary of iris and pupil will be detected, here the iris
algorithms will normalize the iris into rectangular shapes. And in order for the iris biometrics to
capture what is being processed then the histogram stretching algorithms will be applied. But
most cases in digitalization of birth certificates the algorithm which will be well utilized is
Daugman algorithm this algorithm works by extracting the iris code which can be used in
determining the process of birth certificates digitalization.
The iris biometrics is applicable to babies since it has been discovered that iris biometrics differs
among people regardless of age. The iris biometrics can be used when the babies are born until

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death without their iris biometric changes. Thus, in conclusion, it's very clear that the iris
biometric will not change as the time evolves.
Pros
As compared to fingers prints iris biometrics has more features which can be used in
digitalization of the birth certificates, Since then it is impossible that every individual will pose
similar iris pattern . in addition the iris is a colored area in the eye and special scanner can be
used to capture the pattern and then turn them into useful data thus digital birth certificates will
be enhanced.
Other pros of iris biometric are that its 100% accurate because when acquiring iris pattern it does
not require the face to be the focus on since the biometrics scanners will focus on the eye to find
useful patterns to be in birth certificate digitization (Minter, Tomes, Ntake, and Mwikalo,
2017).
Cons
When doing iris biometrics for birth certificates dark eyes, tears and long eyelashes will affect
the results since face biometrics is not well updates thus this will not work well in digital birth
certificates launching (Rinaldi, 2016).
Privacy
Privacy is very crucial in digitalization of birth certificates by applying iris biometrics, since the
digital birth certificates will be required to have a chip which contains sensitive privacy
information such as the personal numbers of every individual. Moreover, this information can be
used to identify theft (Storisteanu, Norman, Grigore, and Labrique, 2016).
Security

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For the digitalization of birth certificates using iris biometrics then security issues are required so
that the information will not be altered in any way. Below are security mechanisms which will be
used in the implementation of digital birth certificates they include:
 Privacy – this entails protecting the privacy of the holder of the document through the
implementation of access control this will protect the document from being access by
unauthorized individuals.
 Detection of the clone is another security issue, in iris biometrics it can be able to detect
if the chip is a copy this will help in avoiding duplicating of birth certificates thus
security measures will be enhanced (Fielding, and Mulatu, Netcomm 2018).
 Authenticity this security mechanism will make sure that the chip is not forged or altered
in any way.
Retina biometrics
The retina biometrics is a current technology which can be used in digitalization of birth
certificates. The retinal scan maps a very unique pattern of the individual retina and once the
scanner devices capture a retinal image, the unique software will compiles which work hand in
hand with retinal blood vessels to produce the data which will be required in digitalizing of birth
certificates (Bradski, Magic Leap 2016). The algorithms which are used in retinal scan needs a
high-quality image and will not permits the users to verify the user is in the position of capturing
the images of high quality (Bradski, Magic Leap 2016).
The Retina biometrics is largely applicable for the babies since using various algorithms, for
instance, the identical twins can be differentiated by applying retina biometrics. If retina
biometrics can be used in identifying the identical twins also it can be used in digitalizing the
birth certificate since the results produced during the retinal scanning is different. The

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application of retina scan will not change over time since the scan of the individual retina cannot
be the same.
Pros
Retinal biometrics is a highly dependable technology used in digitalizing of the birth certificate.
it is recommended as accurate and also it cannot be easily spoofed in terms of identification thus
retinal biometrics can be used in digitalization of birth certificate to reduce the case of forgery
certificates (Traore, Alshahrani, and Obaidat, 2018).
Cons
The retinal biometrics have various disadvantages when they are being used in digitalization of
birth certificates, the demerits which will be encountered includes user application being limited
and the acquisition of the images is very difficult. In addition, the retina biometrics system is
length since it needs a multiple image capture, which can result in discomfort to the user
(Bhaganagare, and Harale, 2017).
Privacy
In digitalizing of birth certificates, the privacy is the key factor so that confidentially of the data
is preserved. Retina biometrics provides privacy of data due to that the retina biometrics will not
be the same in different people thus every individual will pose the have a unique identification
number in their birth certificate which cannot be forged in any way (Giobbi, Brown, and Hirt,
Proxense 2017).
Security
Retina biometric security utilizes very unique physical characteristics to get access to the
protected system this is a better way of protecting the data as compared to the uses of password
where the data can be hacked or it can be stolen by the intruders (Hájek, and Drahanský, 2019).

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And due to the high security of the retina biometrics then the digitalization of the birth certificate
will be easier to be implemented since is uses eye scan biometric scans (Giobbi, Brown, and
Hirt, Proxense 2016).
Retina and iris comparison table
Retina biometrics Iris biometrics
Retinal biometrics accuracy measurement can
be greatly affected by disease such as diabetes
and as a result, a lot is needed to be done in
order to produce the desired results especially
when digitalizing the birth certificates,
The iris biometrics will always remain stable
due to its fine texture thus it can be used very
easily in digitalization of birth certificates
because it cannot be altered by any other
things.
During digitization of birth certificates, the
retinal scanning needs to be much-closed
microscope as those accurate results are
achieved.
In using iris biometric in digitalizing birth
certificates the usual process of photography is
needed thus this can be done at a distance.
The retina biometrics are very little chances of
commercial acceptance and in addition, it is
very complex.
Iris biometric is usually accepted as a
commercially viable modality.
Does not required any digital image to capture
the images.
It needs a digital image to capture the images

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References
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