Major Research Report: Eyewitness Confidence and Post-Feedback Effects

This major research report in social psychology investigates the effects of confidence and post-identification feedback on the belief of eyewitness evidence. The study, using SPSS for analysis, examines eyewitness identification errors, a significant factor in wrongful convictions. The introduction highlights the importance of the identification process and jury decision-making. The methodology involves an experimental research design with variables such as eyewitness confidence levels and administrator feedback. The results section presents descriptive statistics, frequencies, and cross-tabulations to assess the relationship between confidence, feedback, and the reliability of eyewitness accounts. The report aims to contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing eyewitness testimony and improve the legal systems' processes of identification. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and their implications for the legal system.

Major Research Report for
Social Psychology (SPSS)

Table of Contents
Title........................................................................................................................................................ 3
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
METHODS............................................................................................................................................... 4
DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................................11
CONNCLUSION .....................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................14

Title
“To analyze the effects of confidence and post-identification feedback on belief of eyewitness
evidence”
ABSTRACT
The focus of the current project report is analyzed the impact of confidence and post
identification feedback on belief of eyewitness evidence. This project report emphasises on
eyewitness identification error which is associated with 75% of DNA exoneration. This reports
are all about conducting an experiment that facilitates an individual in order to collect important
information in concluding the report within a given period. The focus of this project report is to
clarify al the principles of investigative process conducted police in comparison with various
legal process to be followed by police officers in order to collect all evidences from the
suspected individual. The data collected by the police officers will help judge to make important
decisions about the crime committed by an individual (SPSS, 2012). The seriousness of the
crime will be assessed by using various parameters such as age of an individual, what are
situations in which the crime has occurred. The judicial decision making process will depend on
all the evidences collected by an individual in order to complete its desired research study with
higher level of accuracy maintained by them as it is important in order to grab the right time to
give sentence to the defaulters or criminals in order to avoid al the crimes in the society.
INTRODUCTION
Current research study is al about emphasizing on the basic problem faced by an entity
which needs to be evaluated in the overall research. This study explains each and everything
about the effects of the current identification process adopted y the police officers in
interrogating the suspected individuals who have arrested in a suspect of committing a fraud or
crime. The complaint files against all the persons will help police officers in order to organize
investigation research to collect important information to solve the case and give punishment to
the real culprit who have committed a crime (Brainerd, Nakamura, Reyna and Holliday, 2017).
This part ocular approach is regarded as one of the essential factor in the overall jury decision
making in which decisions are taken by the judge who have experience by giving opportunity of
being heard to all both defendant and claimant on a particular case. Police verification process
also play an important role in identifying all the suspects by emphasises on different hints
collected by an individual.
Effects of investigation process of identification of evidences or interrogating
eyewitnesses is the basis research problems whose efficiency will be assessed in the overall
research project (Wells, 2016). The researcher will emphasis in the higher expectations and
needs of an individual in order to grab higher opportunity of resolving the case as early as
possible to save the time of legal officials. The resolving all he cases play an important by
providing justice to the aggrieved party to the case is important process which involves deeply

evaluation of all the matters included in the case as the police verification play an important role
in communicating important investigation with the higher authority as they will take important
decisions based on the collected facts. The current research study will focus on four important
criterion's that acts like an important pillars in defining the overall research in the right direction
to facilitate the research who will accomplish all the tasks associated with the given research
report. The conclusion of the particular research report will help in answering all the problems
initially faced by an individual (Luecht, 2016). It has various parameters such as low eyewitness
confidence and neutral administrator comment, low eyewitness confidence and confirmatory
administrator comment, Moderate eyeLuecht, K. M., 2016.witness confidence and neutral
administrator comment and lastly it emphasises on Moderate eyewitness confidence and
confirmatory administrator comment. The results are assessed on a specific confidence interval
of maximum 95% and minimum 75% confidence interval limit in order to test the efficiency of
the overall data collected by an individual in order to accomplish its desired aims and the
objectives prepared in the initial of the report. Thee are various variables tested in the overall
research report will help an individual in order to come to the conclusion of the report which
helps in finding solutions to all the current problems faced by an entity. The research conducted
y an individual is to find certain matters which will be assessed in order to satisfy all the needs
and the expectations of the people as these variables are verified by taking consent of various
respondents.
METHODS
Research method play a significant role in proving right direction to a particular report as
their main aim is to accomplish all the desired goals and the objectives after analyzing the
resources held in an entity. The analysis in the research report is important in order to get
competitive advantage in the market by resolving all the doubts and queries currently faced by
an individual through a particular research report as the main motive of the researcher is to
collect data and information in order to achieve the desired aims and the objectives framed initial
of the research study (Kaminski and Sporer, 2017). The research methods are selected by an
individual according to the overall nature of the report as varied nature of the research report will
facilitate the researcher in order to select the best appropriate method of the research in
accomplishing all desired goals and the objectives of a particular report framed by an individual.
The selection of quantitative methods will help the researcher in order to test the
statistical accuracy of the collected data used for the purpose of overall analysis as their desired
aim is to apply statistical tools in accomplish all the desired aims and the objectives within a
given period (Horry and Brewer, 2016). In the current psychological research study experimental
research method will be used by an individual in order to observe the overall process in order to
identify the final outcomes which helps an individual in order to collect important evidences for
the beneficial of the researcher. In the experimental research the outcomes will be observed by
the researcher which increase the overall reliability of the data collected by the researcher for

resolving the desired aim of the research as the results of the current research study will help in
amending the existing processes of identification in order to improve the overall legal systems in
which real process are followed in order to accomplish desired aims and the objectives in a
particular period.
Participants
There are 10 variables selected for the overall research study which helps in assessing the
current accuracy of all the data collected by the researcher during the journey of research which
helps in generating higher outcome in the near future in order to achieve desired aims and the
objectives of the research study conducted y an individual for the betterment of the business to
resolve the current issues faced by the society as legal process will directly impact on the normal
performance of an individual by emphasizing on the different criterion's such as gender, ethnic,
guilty, influence of eyewitness on overall identification process, confidence interval,
administrator (Dillon and et.al., 2017). These all the parameters will test the data by analyzing
the responses of all the respondents to the current analysis whose accuracy will be tested in order
take important decisions in improving the overall status of the current research study by
resolving all the tasks and duties in achieving desired aims and the objectives of the research
report. It is essential to analyze all the data about the respondents. The assessment of data
collected from all the respondents is essential as the consent of all the respondents is important in
order to provide ultimate direction to a research report. The data is collected randomly from al
the respondents in order to accomplish the aim's and the objectives of a research report that helps
in generating higher outcomes produces from a particular research study. Random selection of
data will help in providing equal chance to all the respondents available at the time f generating
their comments to support the aim of the research report.
Basic materials used in completing overall research is financial resources which is
regarded as the essential component by appointing personnel who will carry out the overall
research according to the desired aims and the objectives framed by an entity within a particular
time period as the role of business entity is to achieve desired aims and the objectives within a
given time frame (Jones and et.al., 2017). Use of financial resources will give strength in order
to carry out overall research study as their major aim is to consider various needs and the
expectations of an entity who are conducting overall research by considering factors which s
essential in order to carry out the research in the smooth manner. It is important for the
researcher to consider all the factors that is important for an entity as optimum utilization of
resources in accomplishing all the goals and the objectives of the research study. Human
resources are also used by an entity owner in order to cover all the strength's ad weaknesses of an
individual to remove al its deficiency which in turn suppressing all the skill and the capabilities
of an individual in order to grab higher market opportunities by extending its current research for
the beneficial for an individual.
RESULTS
Descriptives

Descriptive
Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
100 1 2 1.54 .501
Valid N (listwise) 100
Frequencies
Statistic
s
"How
confident
was the
eyewitne
ss at the
time of
her
identificat
ion?"
(percenta
ge)
N Valid 100
Missing 0
"How
confident
was the
eyewitnes
s at the
time of her
identificati
on?"
(percentag
e)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pe
rce
nt
Valid
40 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
60 1 1.0 1.0 2.0
75 43 43.0 43.0 45.0
88 1 1.0 1.0 46.0
95 54 54.0 54.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Crosstabs
Case
Processing
Summary
C
a
s
e
s
Valid Missing T
o
t
a
N Percent N Percent N Percent
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%) * "How
confident was the
eyewitness at the time of
her identification?"
(percentage)
206 100.0% 0 0.0% 206 100.0%

IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%) * "How
confident was
the
eyewitness at
the time of
her
identification
?"
(percentage)
Crosstabulati
on
Count
"How confident
was the
eyewitness at
the time of her
identification?"
(percentage)
Total
40 60 75 85 88 95
IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Low 1 1 96 1 0
Moderate 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 97 1 1
Univariate Analysis of Variance

ANOVA
IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .406 1 .406 1.627 .205
Within Groups 22.712 91 .250
Total 23.118 92
Between-
Subjects
Factors
Value Label N
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
0 Neutral 39
1 Confirmatory 54
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
1 Low 43
2 Moderate 50
Descriptive
Statistics
Dependent
Variable: "Did the
eyewitness tell the
officer how
confident she was
that the person
she picked from
the lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"

IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
Mean Std. Deviation N
Neutral
Low 1.00 .000 15
Moderate 1.00 .000 24
Total 1.00 .000 39
Confirmatory
Low 1.00 .000 28
Moderate 1.00 .000 26
Total 1.00 .000 54
Total
Low 1.00 .000 43
Moderate 1.00 .000 50
Total 1.00 .000 93
Descriptive
Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
100 1 2 1.54 .501
Valid N (listwise) 100
Frequencies
Statistic
s
"How
confident
was the
eyewitne
ss at the
time of
her
identificat
ion?"
(percenta
ge)

N Valid 100
Missing 0
"How
confident
was the
eyewitnes
s at the
time of her
identificati
on?"
(percentag
e)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cu
mu
lati
ve
Pe
rce
nt
Valid
40 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
60 1 1.0 1.0 2.0
75 43 43.0 43.0 45.0
88 1 1.0 1.0 46.0
95 54 54.0 54.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Estimated Marginal Means
1. IV -
Administrator
Comment
Manipulation

Dependent
Variable: "Did
the eyewitness
tell the officer
how confident
she was that the
person she
picked from the
lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"
IV - Administrator Comment
Manipulation
Mean Std. Error 95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Neutral 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
Confirmatory 1.000 .000 1.000 1.000
2. IV -
Confidence
Manipulation
(Low = 75%;
Moderate =
95%)
Dependent
Variable: "Did
the eyewitness
tell the officer
how confident
she was that the
person she
picked from the
lineup was the
person who
robbed her?"
IV - Confidence
Manipulation (Low = 75%;
Moderate = 95%)
Mean Std. Error 95%
Confidence
Interval