Facelift Surgery: Training, Scope, Complications, and Terminology

This report provides a comprehensive overview of facelift surgery, encompassing the terminology, training requirements, scope of treatment, and potential complications. It begins with an introduction to facelift surgeries, highlighting their motivations and scope in Australia, including reconstructive and cosmetic components. The report then delves into the literature review, exploring the evolution and increasing popularity of facial surgeries, ethical considerations, and the psychological impacts on patients. It discusses the various facelift-rejuvenation techniques such as deep plane facelift, composite facelift, thread lifts, and mini facelifts. The report also covers the training required for surgeons, including foundation programs and fellowship memberships, emphasizing the importance of understanding facial anatomy. Finally, it addresses the scope of facelift treatments, including the use of dermal fillers and neuromodulators, and potential complications, such as skin infections and nerve damage, providing a detailed analysis of the procedure and its outcomes.

Facelift cosmetic
surgery

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3
Literature review......................................................................................................................3
Understanding of Terminology of Facelift-rejuvenation.....................................................3
Training Needed and probable fellowship membership......................................................6
Scope of the Treatment and Possible Complications..........................................................6
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Studies considered facelift surgeries widely motivated by autolaryngoscopy. Along
with this, it also involves procedure of maxillary by surgery, dermatology and plastic
surgery interventions. Facelift surgeries have abilities to encompass reconstructive as well
as cosmetic component. In Australia, the scope of practice in regards with facial plastic
surgery include rhino plastic, lasers, facelifts, eyebrow lift and many more A face lift
surgery is a method through which most of individuals make their facial skin lift and tighten
sagging skin on their face and neck (Chuang, Barnes & Wong, 2016). It is one of the most
common surgery in Australia, which people often chose to adopt. Facelift procedure are able
to minimize folds or wrinkles of skin which occurs due to ageing of individuals. This
report includes understanding of facelift surgery and its scope in medical field along with
possible outcomes. Also, it covers the training process of surgeons and fellowship
membership which is required to accomplish facelift treatment.
Literature review
Understanding of Terminology of Facelift-rejuvenation
Studies concluded that popularity of facial surgery has elevated number of folds in
past decades, and according to the statistical data it has been concluded that it is still
growing globally (Atiyeh & Chahine, 2021). Many individuals undergo plastic surgery for
medical reasons, whereas some individuals opt to reduce ageing. This procedure can change
the regions of face, which can also alter the individual's appearance, facial features and skin
textures. In order to practice as a surgeon, there are considered ethical principles.
Maintaining confidentiality in respect with the medical history of individuals. The author
literature also reviewed cosmetic surgeries can impact psychological aspects of individuals
(A Review of Psychosocial Outcomes for Patients Seeking Cosmetic Surgery, 2007)
The information are stored in form of photos of an individuals. Surgeons took photos
of patient which pre-surgery and post surgery. In the contradiction, some researchers found
the interventions are associated with numerous risk and people should not opt these
surgeries, as they can influence negative impact on their physical health. As per the another
research it has been found that it causes mental distress. The purpose of these studies were
to identify global use of facelift surgeries, negative influence of surgery and also

psychological impact of cosmetic surgeries which are being carry forward through surgeons
for effectiveness of facelift surgeries. Whereas, in order to conduct these research,
researchers adopted quantitative method, but in order to measure psychological aspects the
methods were used Social Work Abstract, Pub-Med and web of Science (Ruiz & et. Al,
2018). Researchers found that people were using these surgeries for reducing ageing factor
and the procedure which were being followed by heath practitioners were associated with
risks. Through this research author concluded that interventions of facelift safe and being
adopted by several people globally.
According to another research, the author determined that the procedure of facelift
includes number of incisions and pulling skin which are performed by professionals to
tighten the face. In contradiction, due to the skin exposure of extensive delicate tissues as
well as facial nerves, the risk factors were associated with major skin infection, sun burns
and also health complexities, these interventions termed to be collaborated with numerous
risk factors. In this process, skin is separated from the deeper tissue, with the help of sutures,
tissues are tightened. (The Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021). At the end, skin is re-draped.
Another study state that, advancements in this surgery promoted a large interest of patients
towards facelift interventions. As per the study, in past decades, rejuvenation or facelifts
operations were considered to be in high demand but also risky (Facial Rejuvenation
Surgery, 5 Things You Need to Know, 2021). Hence, the purpose of this research to identify
the risk factors which are associated along with cosmetic surgeries. The Pub Med
methodology used to conduct this research.
Today, there are multiple approaches of facelift-rejuvenation such as deep plane
facelift, composite facelift (involves replacement and fixing of orbicularis oculi muscle,
thread lift, midface lift, mini facelift and also there are minimum intervention in regards
with cranial suspension lift (Facial Rejuvenation Surgery ,: 5 Things You Need to Know,
2021). Each face lifting intervention can promote better outcomes but it majorly depend on
the face anatomy of individuals and also skills of surgeon.
As per the Australian statics, it has been observed that number of facelifts increased
due to marketing of several facelift-rejuvenation organisation such as Teoxane. In recent
years, people mostly undergo facelift operation and autologous removal of fats. Studies
found that facelift procedure is a classical approach (Facial Rejuvenation Surgery, : 5

Things You Need to Know, 2021). There are number of non-surgical cosmetics procedure
which also take place before surgery, in the process of facelift, the Dermabrasion are most
often used. It is used to smooth deeper scars and wrinkles of skin. Whole technique is
performed under a local aesthetic as well as freezing agent. The procedure focus on the two
aspects which are hydrodynamic facial lines and loosing tightening of facial muscles. (The
Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021). The purpose of this study is to identify Now, the process
focus on the three areas which are areas on movement control, restoration of facial skin
volume and re-contouring (Facial Rejuvenation Surgery, : 5 Things You Need to Know,
2021). The purpose of this reach is to undermine the approaches which utilise to accomplish
the facial surgeries and the affects on skin after post-surgery. The method which is used in
this research MEDLINE, it has been found that cosmetic surgery can majorly impact on the
skin of an individuals (Ruiz & et. al, 2018). It has been concluded by researches that using
of Dermabrasion can be helpful to minimize the skin affects.
Nowadays, clinician use neuromodulators along with dermal filters and the acids
such as hyaluronic are used to complete procedure. It is also a major component of
connective tissues which is found in the dermis layer of humans. It helps in lubricating,
hydrating and maintaining equilibrium within connective tissue and as the skin ages which
promotes increase of amount of acid dermis layer, that leads to ageing of a person. The
increased acid have viscosity, high concentration and also cross linkages. As per the recent
research, the finding of new intervention is required that can able to form more stable form
of acid that have longer stability in skin (The Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021).
Moreover, it has been found people are generally like to adopt treatment which
include combination of fillers and Botox injection. This procedure determined as safe as
compared to other treatments, it also have high degree of satisfaction of service users (The
Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021). The two main major causes of ageing process are loss of
volume and muscular hyperactivity. It has been found that the results of Botox along with
fillers can provide rapid affects on the skin. It includes restoration of skin's volume and can
help to relax the muscles pull to more effectively re-contour the facial muscles.
Another study concluded that facelift surgeries might damage facial tissues (The
Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021). As in the procedure, dermal layer of face is being treated.
The nature of dermis layer of face is termed to be sensitive and delicate. The dermal

plexuses of blood are responsible for the skin and its facelift flap within blood supply. In
order to enhance dermal plexus, usually skin fat is left abandoned under the surface of the
flap. This procedure might take assistance of skilled practitioners to perform (The Scope of
Plastic Surgery, 2021).
As per the studies, in 1900, Hollander established basic facelift surgery that involves
removal of extra tissues among the hairline. In 1920, surgeons determined subcutaneous
layer, which termed as preferred intervention (Adabi & et. al., 2017). This method helped to
improve laxity properties of facial skin, however, it was still unable to identify underlying
tissues ptosis. Surgeons undermined that there are other factors such as Ptosis of deep
tissues and skeletal deformities can promotes changes in texture of skin after the surgery
that is considered as negative impact of facelift-rejuvenation (The Scope of Plastic Surgery,
2021).
Studies states that initially subcutaneous facelift procedure is considered as one the
major concept in facelift procedure (Ruiz & Meningaud, (2018)). In order to provide
tightness of skin and SMAS also, the required intervention is subcutaneous dissection. This
method was one of most popular in facelift-rejuvenation which was followed for long time
by healthcare surgeons. Whereas, the vital role of subcutaneous has vanished, which is
considered after deep layer i.e. SMAS layer, whereas at present, skin-only facelift-
rejuvenation still being suggested to individuals. This technique is effective when surgeons
only require to decrease excess of facial skin (Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and
Principles, 2021).
The results of skin-only facelift-rejuvenation are little in number due to not
addressing rest senile structures of face. However, studies reported, this intervention
contradicted in obese patients and also in those individuals who have non-ideal facial
skeleton.(Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and Principles, 2021). Furthermore, as
this procedure is also recommended for elderlies with acute ageing alteration as well as
sagging of deep facial structures.
Moreover, it has been discovered that in this procedure, the selection and evaluation
of individuals are considered to be important. During the evaluation of patients, mental
health of an individual should be observed carefully (Facelift: Current Concepts,
Techniques, and Principles, 2021). Initially, the surgeons and the patients should have the

necessary understanding and knowledge of the procedure as well as associated risk factors.
Surgeons should also know about prime issues of an individual (Facelift: Current
Concepts, Techniques, and Principles, 2021).
According to the studies, the subcutaneous technique is associated with good scope
of recovery and it is a appropriate technique in secondary facelift-rejuvenation (Facial
Rejuvenation Surgery, : 5 Things You Need to Know, 2021). The complication of DPLF are
risky as compared to subcutaneous technique (Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and
Principles, 2021). Furthermore, studies undermined that the disadvantages of long term
results of skin-only facelift-rejuvenation are considered to be not very good. The issue may
result in two reasons, in which, the first can be discovered as viscose-elasticity properties of
skin which can cause loosening of tightening dermis and second it can damage facial nerves
which promotes dryness and hyperpigmentation (Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques,
and Principles, 2021). The purpose of these research paper are to identify use of other
intervention such as Botox and utilisation of Neuromodulators with Dermal Fillers which
can provide positive impact to individuals. The method used in this research is CINAHL. It
has been found that utilising use of these interventions can prevail good outcome to service
users. Also, the researchers concluded that these intervention also require more
advancements.
Training Needed and probable fellowship membership
As per the studies, it has been concluded that to practice as a surgeon in the field of
facelift-rejuvenation. It has been documented that if any surgeon wants to perform the
facelift surgery, he or she must know the knowledge of face anatomy (The Scope of Plastic
Surgery, 2021). After achieving basic qualification, one should further undergo for two-year
foundation programme of facelift surgeries, to achieve core training of dermatology. After
the completion of required training, individuals gets eligible for registration as a health
practitioners along with General Medical Council (GMC) .
The core foundation training consist undertaking rotational training process of
dermatology which includes surgery interventions (Mohammed, 2018). The important
training sessions for facelift-rejuvenation are CT1-2 and unique ST3-7 training sessions.
(The Scope of Plastic Surgery, 2021). Also, the fellow membership can includes the

training process which can help them to learn how to work together along with their co-
workers.
Scope of the Treatment and Possible Complications
Although, Facelift surgeries has been performed for hundred of years, due its
positive impacts on individuals which developed their unconditional trust on health
practitioners.(Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and Principles, 2021). At present,
advancements in the filed of facelift-rejuvenation increased which persuade more people to
rely on after effects of the treatment. It has evolved to tackle with multiple complexities, i.e.
in the management of accidental burns or injuries, paediatric congenital conditions, trauma
reconstruction, aesthetic surgeries, cleft surgeries and so on (Facelift: Current Concepts,
Techniques, and Principles, 2021).
Moreover it has been considered through studies that it may complicate which
depend on individual to individual (Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and Principles,
2021). The risk factors associated with facelift surgery are bruising, bleeding, raptures facial
nerves, controlling nerves usually on temporary basis, haematoma, skin infections, hair loss
which is around incision region (determined as uncommon sign), numbness, death of
tissues, thickening and widening of scars (Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and
Principles, 2021). In some cases, it has been observed that an individual may also suffer
with inflammation (Bueno & Neumeister, 2020). Inflammation occurs due to usage of
hyaluronic acids in treatment. Acute pain, redness and swelling might also prevail in the
days of surgery, which are determined as indication of haematoma. The high temperature of
body is considered as sign of skin infections.
Studies concluded that some of major complication of facelift surgery can be
considered as Hematoma which is frequent and associated with complications. It is one the
most usual negative outcome of post- surgery. Contributors of haematoma includes
hypertension, preoperative medications which affects coagulation like high use of aspirin,
smoking, BMI, blood pressure spikes, retching vomiting, nausea etc. (Facelift: Current
Concepts, Techniques, and Principles, 2021).
In which, most dangerous considered to be haematoma which rates can be assumed
1.0-15% infections, injuries in nerves 0.07-2.5%, skin sloughing ( 1.0- 1.85%), also
systematic vascular critical complications such as VTE (venous thromboembolism) 0.1%.

(Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and Principles, 2021). Furthermore, studies
reported that complication rate in individuals who have Body Mass Index over 25, stated as
9.5% as compared to 4.7% in normal weight individuals who are opting facelift-
rejuvenation intervention.
Furthermore, presence of Haematoma can lead to tissue Ischemia and acute Edema
on long term basis. According to the studies, prevalence of haematoma formulation can
lead through the use of drains in the surgical site that have common problems such as
exposure bacterial infection into the wound, leakage and chances of being infection
displaced (Bueno & Neumeister, 2020).They can also induce the tracts at the site of surgery,
painful extraction and can promote risk factors which are associated with risk injury to
blood vessels at the time of removal of extra tissues in order to provide tightness to skin.
In a contradiction, combination of Bonata or Botox and intradermal fillers is
considered to be effective intervention in the medical filed. Study concluded association of
these two interventions can provide immediate resting result. But it also allows the effects of
intradermal fillers to last up to some days and sometimes it may also reflect adverse effects
on skin such as redness, itching and so on. Furthermore, Botox and intradermal fillers
supplements can increase their longevity of the results(Schaverien & et. al., 2018).
Moreover, it has been considered that Botulinum toxin considered as most popular
neurotoxin which is often used to paralyse muscles and helps to treat wrinkles which are
caused by activity of muscles (Ruiz & Meningaud, (2016)). In order to restore the volume of
skin, injectable fillers and synthetic polymers are termed to be widely used.
Research findings
Through researcher views on cosmetic surgeries, it has been agreed that cosmetic
surgery have good outcome in individual's appearance and psychological health of
patients(Deal & et. al., 2018). However, there are some research predictors poor outcome
also emerge from the literature that suggest surgeons should be cautions while performing
cosmetic procedures on patients. As per the research, the conclusion that can be concluded
that there is vast scope of facelift surgery, due to its advancements in the treatment. The
strength of all researchers can be determined as it can aware people about side effects of
cosmetic surgeries and meanwhile it can also debits positive impacts and it can give
satisfying results to patients. Overall, the limitations that can be considered as the sources

which are used in these research are secondary information, in which findings might not
completely true as prevalence of advancements and new innovation in cosmetic surgeries
can change results (Neves & et. al., 2018).
Conclusion
Overall, it has been concluded that facelift-rejuvenation are common nowadays as it
can provide desired outcomes of patients. Also, cosmetic surgeries are associated with
positive outcomes but it can affect an individuals. Facelift surgeries can also promote
negative influence on psychological health of individuals. For minimizing negative impacts
on individuals are suggested to adopt care plans, post-surgery medications and health
advices of health care practitioners.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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of lower face and neck rejuvenation surgery: the lower face and neck rejuvenation combined
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Neves, J. C., Jiménez, R. M., Tagle, D. A., & Vásquez, L. M. (2018). Postoperative Care of the Facial Plastic
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