Literature Review: Factors Influencing Business Ownership by Migrants

This literature review examines the factors influencing business ownership by migrants in Australia, focusing on entrepreneurial skills, socio-cultural and economic characteristics, and government policies. It highlights the Australian government's efforts to empower migrants through various programs and policies aimed at fostering economic development. The review emphasizes the importance of digital literacy, innovation, and strategic management for migrant entrepreneurs. It also discusses the role of socio-cultural understanding, economic development, and corporate social responsibility in achieving sustainable business performance. The review concludes by highlighting the need for government policies that support both local and foreign business entry to achieve macroeconomic goals and address unemployment.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
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Literature Review
Introduction
Entrepreneurs are obligated to understand of the business environment for a stable flow
of processes in that particular industry. In Australia, there have been increases in the number of
immigrants which are involved in social and economic activities in the nation. The immigrants in
Australia are provided with an opportunity to work and start a business in the nation by acquiring
the work visas (Australia.gov, 2018). The Australian government is focused on increasing
investment and entrepreneurship in the nation for the achievement of the set macroeconomic
goals of production. The nation is focused on offering migrants with equal employment and
entrepreneurial opportunities for sustainable performance of the business. The government
provides rules and regulation to control migration to Australia which is meant to ensure that
there is an increased social progress in the nation. The migrants have contributed to economic
development in the nation by assisting in employment and investing in a business. The 2016
census shows that 24% of non-English migrants and 50% of English migrants aged 25 to 34 are
able to acquire employment opportunities in Australia (Chang, 2018). The nation has provided
opportunities for migrants to own business which is vital in ensuring that there is social and
economic growth.
Evaluating the factors influencing business ownership by migrants in Australia
Entrepreneurial skills
The Australian government is focused on developing a proper platform that will enhance
the entrepreneurial skills of the migrants. The empowerment programs by the government aim at
ensuring that the migrants work towards economic development of the nation. Alam and Imran

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(2015) explained that the Australian government is focused on quality services through the
application of technology. The digitalisation in the nation has made it possible for an individual
to start up a business which will increase the standard of living of the community. Businesses by
immigrants are required to focus on the use of technology in making it likely for the business to
perform well in Australia. The inclusion of migrants groups in government decision making has
provided the information needed by the community for a steady flow of operations. The nation is
focused on dealing with the digital complexity and internet technology in the nation to deal with
the technology divide (Alam & Imran 2015). Digital literacy considers the education and training
level implemented in the nation. Australia has adequate ICT resources that are used in
digitalizing operations for proper entrepreneurial activities. There has been an increase in the
number of migrants in Australia in the recent past. Doherty and Evershed (2018) indicate that the
number of migrants increased from 85,000 in 1996 to 208,000 in 2017. The migration to
Australia has greatly contributed to population growth thus the government has developed a
policy that is aimed at ensuring that the migrants contribute to social and economic development
in the country.
Vuin et al. (2016) research showed that a nation is able to accomplish the required level
of production by increasing the number of active migrants. In Australia, the government is
focused on engaging the migrants with community activities for proper development of the
nation. The migrants are made active through employment, entrepreneurship and volunteer
engagement (Vuin et al. 2016). The migrants’ involvement in labour forces and volunteer
activities is used in making sure that there is a substantial contribution of all the migrants to the
community. Entrepreneurial migration is used in increasing the business world in the nation
where the organisations are used to enter the international trade. Entrepreneurial migration is

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used in enhancing the lifestyle of the society through engagement in business. Carson, Carson,
and Eimermann (2018) confirm that entrepreneurial migration is used to develop the lifestyles of
the society through long-term development from the business ambitions. The migration from one
nation to another by entrepreneurs provides business motivation that is necessary for acquiring a
sustainable performance in the targeted market. Entrepreneurial skills are developed through the
involvement of business in different nations due to the understanding of the various business
environments. A proper insight on the international business environment is used by an
entrepreneur to acquire an increased market share in a particular industry.
Entrepreneurial skills for Australia immigrants are needed in providing a proper flow of
businesses in the nation. The foreign entrepreneurs come with new ways and methods to handle
different issues facing businesses in the region. The entrepreneurs are required to be innovative
to develop products and services that are unique in the market. Unique products assist a business
to acquire the desired market share in the industry. Adams et al. (2016) provide the need of
focusing on innovation in developing products and services that will offer market sustainability.
The entrepreneurs are required to develop flexible plan stat will increase the flow of the business
in the targeted market. The products developed by an organisation should offer social and
environmental benefit through value addition to the community. The innovation systems
implemented by a business owner assists in adapting to the changing business environment
(Adams et al. 2016). The business model implemented by an entrepreneur is required to offer an
increased production level in the community. The innovative solutions are used by entrepreneurs
in Australia in managing the available resources effectively for a successful business entry.
According to Grant (2016), an entrepreneur is required to develop strategies that will enhance
performance in the targeted market. The evaluation of consumer needs is used in ensuring that

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there are a successful business entry and expansion to new markets. The strategy is in ensuring
that there is a quality decision-making process that will facilitate production for the
accomplishment of set production goals by an organisation.
Australia migrants are required to develop a unique business that will acquire an extended
performance in the targeted market. The optimal decision is used by an organisation to pursue
the long-term objectives of production. The positioning of business is necessary for acquiring a
high number of consumers in the targeted market (Grant 2016). Booth (2015) affirms that
strategic management is needed in entrepreneurship to acquire a competitive edge in the market.
The strategic management is used to handle the uncertainty in a particular industry for increased
performance of start-up businesses. The control and recovery strategies are used to minimise the
effects of challenges in a national business environment (Booth 2015). The migrants in Australia
are provided with a proper platform to develop business ideas and acquire the desired profit
margin from entrepreneurial processes.
Socio-cultural and economic characteristics
In entrepreneurship social-economic factor is a significant feature for a business to
flourish. The entrepreneur is expected to have a proper understanding of the socio-cultural
factors in Australia for a steady flow of operations. The factors assist in developing products and
services that are widely accepted by the targeted consumers in the market. The migrant
entrepreneur should analyse the external business environment in discovering the society. Self-
employment provides the community with an opportunity to acquire wages through the offering
of products and services to the community. According to Simoes, Crespo and Moreira (2016)
self-employment are the best opportunity to achieve the desired level of income to an individual.

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A successful business is expected to meet the needs and desires of the community. The
Australian government provides the community with an opportunity to acquire profits from
business operations. The personality and perception of an individual are required to be positive
in acquiring a proper business entry. Kozubikova et al. (2015), states that an entrepreneur is
supposed the following qualities; courage, accountability, purpose, creativeness, and
determination. The personal characteristics are used to develop a strong business that will
acquire a sustainable flow in the targeted market. The strong qualities of entrepreneurs are used
in developing products and services that make the migrants business to be top sellers in the
nation.
The Australian government is focused on economic development for the accomplishment
of the desired status in the nation. The economic development in Australia makes it certain for an
entrepreneur to make profits from the business. According to (Janda and Letts, 2017) the
economy grew by 1.8% and the spending by the public increased by 1% which is a proper
indication of business progress. The increased spending by households makes it likely for a
business to acquire the expected sales volume. The production of differentiated products and
services by an entrepreneur is used in acquiring a sustainable performance in the targeted market.
The SMEs are needed in the economic system to achieve the desired level of development
(Kozubikova et al. 2015). Entrepreneurs are risk-taking where the investment is made to the
areas where there is a high expected return from production. The risk attitude of an entrepreneur
impacts the performance of the business in the market. Development of differentiated products is
used by entrepreneurs to influence the society and economic development positively. Smith,
Bell, and Watts (2014) provide the need of differentiating between the traditional and social
entrepreneurs. The traditional entrepreneurs are focused on making profits without considering

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the wellbeing of the community while the social entrepreneurs acquire the desired level of
production by satisfying the need of consumers. The traditional consumers' products are profit-
oriented while the social entrepreneurs are consumer oriented. The Australian migrants are
required to be social entrepreneurs that will focus on the community for sustainable performance
in the market.
An organisation that is focused on the society is able to acquire a competitive advantage
in the targeted market. The entrepreneur orientation is used to determine whether the business is
focused on social progress or on making profits. The social entrepreneur focuses on the interests
of the community for a sustainable flow of operations in the market (Smith, Bell & Watts 2014).
Entrepreneurial traits of social business are that which is socially oriented where profits are
acquired by the business by improving the status of the community. Corporate social
responsibility is used in coming up with a socially oriented organisation focused on social and
economic progress. Innovation and creativity are needed by the social entrepreneurs to satisfy the
different needs of the customers. Hopkins (2016), states that corporate social responsibility is
supposed to be practised by all organisations willing to acquire a competitive advantage in the
market. Corporate social responsibilities required the entrepreneurs to develop plans that will
make sure that there is social and environmental sustainability in the area of operation
(Australia.gov, 2018). An organisation should be accepted in the area of operation to acquire the
desired level of market share in the market. The stakeholder perception is an important aspect of
decision making where the management is required to analyse the social and economic status for
the achievement of set goals (Hopkins 2016). A business is required to satisfy the interest of the
various stakeholders in the market for a smooth flow of operations.
Government policies

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The Australian government is focused on implementing government policies that will
enhance production level in the nation. The policies executed should enhance local and foreign
business entry for the attainment of set macroeconomic goals by the nation (Australia.gov,
2018). Australia has public policies that encourage entrepreneurship through financial support to
people with business ideas. The government is required to develop an entrepreneurial ecosystem
that will handle the interest of entrepreneurs and the government (World Economic Forum,
2018). Entrepreneurship is the most effective way to deal with the unemployment issue facing
the community. The consideration of all stakeholders in a business environment makes the
government develop appropriate conditions for business progress. According to Falkner (2017),
it is important to build a strong business and government relationship to enhance the production
level of an organisation (Ng & Metz 2015). The government policies should focus on growing
the new and existing businesses for a positive flow of the economy. Government initiatives are
required to increase the skills and knowledge of the community for an increase in production
level. The private and public sectors are required to collaborate in developing a proper business
environment that will make the nation attract investors (Falkner 2017). The government is an
indirect facilitator of business progress hence requiring a proper relationship between the
government and businesses.
Australia government develop growth-oriented policies that will increase businesses in
the nation by handling the challenges in the market (Australia.gov, 2018). The migrants are able
to establish business and successfully grow in the nation due to the suitable entrepreneurial
ecosystem. The evaluation of different trade rules and regulations makes it possible for an
organisation to enter the international market (Hamilton & Webster 2015). Globalisation has
made it possible for foreign investors to start businesses in different nations. Australia is a nation

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that aims at using globalisation to increase the business entry and expansion in the region. The
business standards in Australia are aimed at ensuring that there is social and economic
development through an increased level of entrepreneurship. Australia develops multiculturalism
policy that is meant to raise the completion level of the nation in global market (Ng & Metz
2015). Increased entrepreneurship positively impacts the flow of the nation to acquire the desired
level of national competitiveness. The empowering of immigrants through entrepreneurship is
necessary for reducing the dependency and unemployment rate in the nation. Ng and Metz
(2015) explain that the focus on skilled immigration positively impacts the development of
Australia to the desired competitiveness internationally. The Australian government develops a
flexible multicultural policy that will handle the changing needs of migrants from different
nations. The migrants are provided with a proper entrepreneurial ecosystem that focuses on
business progress in the nation.

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