SSCI 2021U: Family Issues, Criminal Justice System Report, Winter 2020

This report analyzes the intersection of family issues and the criminal justice system, focusing on domestic violence. It defines the issue, explores its impact on families and the justice system, and reviews relevant research and empirical evidence. The report discusses the Canadian Family Violence Initiative, its goals, and data collection methods. It examines the responses of individuals targeted by family violence, including psychological reactions. The report also explores the historical context of family violence as a crime and the evolution of justice system responses. Furthermore, it examines the research on harassment against women and the efficacy of preventive actions, including school-based programs and community-based initiatives. The report highlights the need for longitudinal investigations to assess the impact of prevention programs on behavioral development, and discusses various prevention approaches, including primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions.

Running head: FAMILY ISSUES
FAMILY ISSUES
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1FAMILY ISSUES
Answer to question 1
The federal initiative of domestic violence since 1998, the Canadian statistics has
published an annual report examines the extent and nature of domestic violence in the country of
Canada. The initiatives in addition to the aims and goals cater to upgrade the awareness among
general public of the hazardous factors that are connected with the issue of domestic violence in
addition to that aims to advance data collection, research, analysis, and efforts of evaluation that
inform programs and policies (Abraham & Tastsoglou, 2016). The article named Juristat is
intended to assist monitor development in domestic violence and also to determine the emerging
concern. Therefore each of the reports represents trend information on the depth of the issue in
Canada and also profile diverse characteristic of domestic violence. The prior yearly reports
concentrate on the matters such as stalking or criminal harassment, the responses of criminal
justice structure to the issue of family violence, shelter of women who were abused as well as the
comparative examination of non-family and family violence (Cannon et al., 2016). Domestic
violence is significant to analyze the nature and prevalence accurately within the community.
There are no definitions that are accepted universally of the issue of family violence, and the two
factors should be regarded in the definition are the nature of violence that should be included and
category of domestic relationship (Guedes et al., 2015). Thus within the initiative of domestic
violence, the issue of domestic violence has been designated as the series of abusive conduct that
happens within the relationships rest on intimacy, kinship, trust or dependency as stated by
Family Violence Initiative Performance Report, 2008. The definition of family violence entails
sexual, physical, financial, emotional, verbal neglect or Victimization (Alaggia et al., 2015).
Therefore in the article, the analysis of domestic violence in the family is fundamentally based
on statistical information that is reliable with the definitions of Criminal Code. The word

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“family” for the determination of the article indicates the connections as defined through
marriage, blood, marriage, adoption, foster care. The source of data that is collected from
Statistics Canada implements to assess domestic violence in the country of Canada. The
information that is reported by police from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey as well as
Homicide Survey along with that victimization information that is self-reported from the General
Social Survey on the issue of Victimization. It does not encompass in the Criminal Code the
isolated violent crimes that depend on the connection of the offender, and the sufferer, the
perpetrators of aggressive act as against the members of family, maybe charged with criminal
offences like assault, homicide, criminal harassment or sexual assault (Wathen, MacGregor &
MacQuarrie, 2015). Furthermore, it is considered by Criminal Code that the harassment of child
or spouse or the position of authority or trust is aggravating determinants at the time of
sentencing.
Answer to question 2
The individuals who are targeted by the issue of family violence show responses which
can create easily doubt among the legal professionals as recanting violence claims, protecting
perpetrators, restricting prior disclosure that is followed by enhancing disclosures of grave
manner of family violence involving in resisting abuse, presentation of violent demeanours, self-
medicating by drugs and alcohol, overstretching and repeated return to violent residence
(Burczycka & Conroy, 2018). The family violence can scientifically generate a demonstrable
mental reaction on health involving depression, panic order, post-traumatic anxiety stress, long
term as well as short term mental conditions. Furthermore, the psychological reactions are the
method that implements to withstand violence psychologically and abuse; they can be stopped or
managed once violence and abuse stop if assistance is provided. When the individual is subjected

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to domestic or family violence suggest violence details at first, reveals more particulars over
time, deliver data in the manner that is emotionally detached is failed to present data in linear
style, leaves pertinent data that present with angry or violent demeanour regards the necessity for
assessment of PTS preferably by individuals who are expert of domestic violence. In the
contemporary period family violence regarded as an infringement of legislation. Though men
have abused, battered and maltreated their intimate partners or wives for a long period. The
partner or wife harassment observed as a normal portion of intimate relationships or marriage.
The domestic violence is designated as the crime that rationalizes the interference by criminal
justice structure. It is surveyed by the article that the history of family violence as a crime and
the response of the justice system to the woman who was beating the occurrences (Hilton & Eke,
2017. The definition of crime involves debates around the definition of offence in addition to that
the subsistence of conduct is designated as woman battering. It reconsiders the social and legal
developments over the period of time that alter the approaches of criminal justice structure to the
issue of family violence. Therefore it shapes the enforcement authority responses as well as
prosecution of family violence. Therefore it discourses the findings that are connected with
criminal justice structure and family violence as well as recent controversies that concern with
the approach of justice to family violence, enforcement of legislation, and connected unfolding
inclinations in the movement for addressing the issue of family violence through the system of
criminal justice.
Answer to question 3
The research on the issue of harassment as against women regarded as significant
programme objective is intended to reduce the issue. The strategic objectives that are established
to study consequences and causes of harassment against women in addition to that the efficiency

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of preventive action that motivate organization and government to advance research in that zone.
Therefore despite the development of political and social interest in the area, there are studies
that si connected to preventives measures efficacy implemented in the zone of harassment as
against women. Therefore from the research point, the initiatives made to settle the issue by
concentrating on assessing specific and behaviour acts, and also the impact on women’s sexual,
physical, emotional welfare. The theoretical and hypotheses suggestions to elucidate the
aggressive conduct of men to the inmates were not continued by relevant empirical evidence.
The empirical research, in fact, rest on reconsideration on the probable hazardous factor that is
connected with IPV observed that risk determinants as establish by literature that is published in
the year 1970s and 1980s connected intergenerational knowledge of aggressive conduct of
partner.
Answer to question 4
The intervention for prevention initiatives for youth individuals were secondary
approaches of prevention that is targeted at eradicating domestic violence among diverse groups
who are identified at the serious danger for the issue. The prevention program that is primary
were regarded as school-based and not connected with social care, health or specialized services
of domestic violence outside the ambit of review. The evidence on the primary program of
prevention for youth individuals is modest proof that program of prevention aimed youths who
are at hazard for domestic harassment may enhance attitudinally, knowledge in addition to that
interpersonal impacts. The program tends to concentrate on attitudinal development, the research
that is conducted by youth at serious danger for violence also assessed and reported on modest
elimination in violent conducts. It is recommended by contextual text the changes of community-
based initiatives to the prevention of violence as well as an intervention to resolve the multiple

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margins of prevention (Stevenson, Fitzgerald & Barrett, 2018). There is a necessity for the
longitudinal investigation to inspect the impact of programming of prevention on behavioural
development. The primary prevention engage intervening before the issue of family violence has
taken place, for example, include educational or school-based campaign. The secondary
prevention engages intervening and identifying the risk factor of family violence, for example
involving prevention interventions along with home visitation or youth women who are pregnant
for families who are at serious danger of domestic violence. The tertiary program engages
intervening after domestic violence id identified clearly and cause injury; for instance, the
treatment assistance for batterers and victims. The universal program targeted the whole
population, targeted or selective program aimed at population subgroup that is considered to be
at risk in addition to that indicated program targeted at demonstrating preliminary symptoms of
risk conduct.

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References
Abraham, M., & Tastsoglou, E. (2016). Addressing domestic violence in Canada and the United
States: The uneasy cohabitation of women and the state. Current sociology, 64(4), 568-
585.
Alaggia, R., Gadalla, T. M., Shlonsky, A., Jenney, A., & Daciuk, J. (2015). Does differential
response make a difference: Examining domestic violence cases in child protection
services. Child & Family Social Work, 20(1), 83-95.
Burczycka, M., & Conroy, S. (2018). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile,
2016. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, 1-96.
Cannon, C., Hamel, J., Buttell, F., & Ferreira, R. J. (2016). A survey of domestic violence
perpetrator programs in the United States and Canada: Findings and implications for
policy and intervention. Partner abuse, 7(3), 226-276.
Guedes, D. T., Alvarado, B. E., Phillips, S. P., Curcio, C. L., Zunzunegui, M. V., & Guerra, R.
O. (2015). Socioeconomic status, social relations and domestic violence (DV) against
elderly people in Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil. Archives of gerontology and
geriatrics, 60(3), 492-500.
Hilton, N. Z., & Eke, A. W. (2017). Assessing risk of intimate partner violence. Springer
Publishing Company.

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Stevenson, R., Fitzgerald, A., & Barrett, B. J. (2018). Keeping pets safe in the context of intimate
partner violence: insights from domestic violence shelter staff in Canada. Affilia, 33(2),
236-252.
Wathen, C. N., MacGregor, J. C., & MacQuarrie, B. J. (2015). The impact of domestic violence
in the workplace: Results from a pan-Canadian survey. Journal of occupational and
environmental medicine, 57(7), e65.