Research Report: Impact of Female Genital Mutilation on Women
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AI Summary
This research project investigates the impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on sexually active women, focusing on a case study of African countries. The report begins with an introduction outlining the background, aim, objectives, research questions, rationale, and significance of the study. Chapter 2 provides a literature review, exploring themes such as the practice of FGM, its cultural associations, implications on sexually active women, and ways to abolish the practice. The methodology section details the research approach, followed by data analysis, conclusions, implications, and suggestions. The appendices and references complete the report. The study highlights the unethical and illegal nature of FGM, emphasizing its drastic effects on women, including infections, infertility, and urinary difficulties. It aims to analyze cultural associations, health impacts, and potential solutions to abolish FGM.

RESEARCH PROJECT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
Project Title.................................................................................................................................1
Background..................................................................................................................................1
Aim..............................................................................................................................................1
Objective......................................................................................................................................1
Research Questions......................................................................................................................1
Rationale......................................................................................................................................2
Significance.................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................3
Theme 1 Female genital mutilation.............................................................................................3
Theme 2 Ways in which culture is associated with female genital mutilation practice..............4
Theme 3 Implications of female genital mutilation on sexually active women..........................6
Theme 4 Impact female genital mutilation practice....................................................................7
Theme 5 Ways to abolish female genital mutilation practise......................................................8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................9
DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
IMPLICATION.............................................................................................................................20
SUGGESTION..............................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
Project Title.................................................................................................................................1
Background..................................................................................................................................1
Aim..............................................................................................................................................1
Objective......................................................................................................................................1
Research Questions......................................................................................................................1
Rationale......................................................................................................................................2
Significance.................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................3
Theme 1 Female genital mutilation.............................................................................................3
Theme 2 Ways in which culture is associated with female genital mutilation practice..............4
Theme 3 Implications of female genital mutilation on sexually active women..........................6
Theme 4 Impact female genital mutilation practice....................................................................7
Theme 5 Ways to abolish female genital mutilation practise......................................................8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................9
DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
IMPLICATION.............................................................................................................................20
SUGGESTION..............................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................25

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION
Project Title
What is the impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on sexually active women?
Background
FGM also known as Female Genital Mutilation is one of the most common cultural or
traditional practise which is carried out in various parts of the world. It is a common ritual in
which female’s external genitalia is either partially or completely removed. This practise is
mostly carried in few states of Africa, Egypt, Asia and many more. It is one of the most unethical
practises which is carried out mostly on girls for non-medical reasons (Shell-Duncan, Naik and
Feldman-Jacobs, 2016). There are various countries like UK, Canada etc. who have passed law
against this practise but still in many parts of world this practise is carried out both illegally and
unethically. This practise has a drastic effect on girls and women who undergo through this
ritual. This practise is mostly carried out on girls from age group of 1 to 15 years for various
reasons. But most commonly this practise is carried out in some parts of Africa the most. In this
practice both girls and women have to go through various kinds of complications, some of them
are short-termed but some of them are long-termed and remain life-long. Some of the most
common complication associated with this practice which is faced by most of the girls or women
are: infection, excess bleeding, infertility, urinary difficulties and many more.
Aim
Main aim of this dissertation is: “To analyse the impact of Female Genital Mutilation on
sexually active women. A case study based on African countries”.
Objective
Main objectives of this dissertation are:
To understand practice of female genital mutilation.
To analyse cultural association of practise of female genital mutilation.
To analyse implication of female genital mutilation on sexually active women.
To analyse the overall impact of female genital mutilation practice on sexually active
women.
To recommend ways in which female genital mutilation practise can be abolished.
Research Questions
Main research questions of this dissertation are:
1
Project Title
What is the impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on sexually active women?
Background
FGM also known as Female Genital Mutilation is one of the most common cultural or
traditional practise which is carried out in various parts of the world. It is a common ritual in
which female’s external genitalia is either partially or completely removed. This practise is
mostly carried in few states of Africa, Egypt, Asia and many more. It is one of the most unethical
practises which is carried out mostly on girls for non-medical reasons (Shell-Duncan, Naik and
Feldman-Jacobs, 2016). There are various countries like UK, Canada etc. who have passed law
against this practise but still in many parts of world this practise is carried out both illegally and
unethically. This practise has a drastic effect on girls and women who undergo through this
ritual. This practise is mostly carried out on girls from age group of 1 to 15 years for various
reasons. But most commonly this practise is carried out in some parts of Africa the most. In this
practice both girls and women have to go through various kinds of complications, some of them
are short-termed but some of them are long-termed and remain life-long. Some of the most
common complication associated with this practice which is faced by most of the girls or women
are: infection, excess bleeding, infertility, urinary difficulties and many more.
Aim
Main aim of this dissertation is: “To analyse the impact of Female Genital Mutilation on
sexually active women. A case study based on African countries”.
Objective
Main objectives of this dissertation are:
To understand practice of female genital mutilation.
To analyse cultural association of practise of female genital mutilation.
To analyse implication of female genital mutilation on sexually active women.
To analyse the overall impact of female genital mutilation practice on sexually active
women.
To recommend ways in which female genital mutilation practise can be abolished.
Research Questions
Main research questions of this dissertation are:
1
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What is female genital mutilation practice carried out in women?
How is culture associated with female genital mutilation practice?
What are the implications of female genital mutilation on sexually active women?
How does female genital mutilation practice impact sexually active women?
What are the ways in which female genital mutilation practise can be abolished?
Rationale
The issue of the FGM have been identified as the topic of the major concern as there is so
much negativism impacts of the health issues of sexually active women is facing. In the countries
Africa, Egypt, Asia carried this practise is actually making drastic effect on girls and women
who undergo through this ritual which is more illegally and unethical manner is done. The topic
is reaching out to have major concern to create and establish understanding in terms of regarding
the existence of right or wrong of this practice completely depends upon a culture and their
norms. The topic is being identified as one of burning topics which will helps in identifying the
clear level of impacts of FGM encountered by sexually active women along with its adverse
effects on health. This study will helps in analysis the various kinds of complication through both
girls and women have to go in which some of them are short-termed and long-termed keeping
their impacts life long. This report will help to create the awareness in the interactional
committees to have the strong level of procedural developmental nagging such precipice done on
the influences of aquaculture and ethical precipices.
Significance
The topic of female genital mutilation is nowadays had considerer to be practices is
commonly carries among the women of Africa, Egypt, Asia and many more. It is one of the most
unethical practises which is carried out mostly on girls for non-medical reasons. This is
considered to the ethical practices of removing the external female genial without having any
consideration of the medical reasons. In all over the world women and girl have the right to have
the major level of control over sexuality along with making proper level of enjoyments. Due to
this issues there rights have been rights and liberties has been take away them. Due to this female
genital mutilation there us also way a trauma without having any level of knowledges regarding
health benefits. Women who have undergone FGM along with being sexually active have
chances of infection, suffer menstrual difficulties, infertility, urinary difficulties, but chances of
infertility highly increases among sexually active women. This topic tuning out to be the major
2
How is culture associated with female genital mutilation practice?
What are the implications of female genital mutilation on sexually active women?
How does female genital mutilation practice impact sexually active women?
What are the ways in which female genital mutilation practise can be abolished?
Rationale
The issue of the FGM have been identified as the topic of the major concern as there is so
much negativism impacts of the health issues of sexually active women is facing. In the countries
Africa, Egypt, Asia carried this practise is actually making drastic effect on girls and women
who undergo through this ritual which is more illegally and unethical manner is done. The topic
is reaching out to have major concern to create and establish understanding in terms of regarding
the existence of right or wrong of this practice completely depends upon a culture and their
norms. The topic is being identified as one of burning topics which will helps in identifying the
clear level of impacts of FGM encountered by sexually active women along with its adverse
effects on health. This study will helps in analysis the various kinds of complication through both
girls and women have to go in which some of them are short-termed and long-termed keeping
their impacts life long. This report will help to create the awareness in the interactional
committees to have the strong level of procedural developmental nagging such precipice done on
the influences of aquaculture and ethical precipices.
Significance
The topic of female genital mutilation is nowadays had considerer to be practices is
commonly carries among the women of Africa, Egypt, Asia and many more. It is one of the most
unethical practises which is carried out mostly on girls for non-medical reasons. This is
considered to the ethical practices of removing the external female genial without having any
consideration of the medical reasons. In all over the world women and girl have the right to have
the major level of control over sexuality along with making proper level of enjoyments. Due to
this issues there rights have been rights and liberties has been take away them. Due to this female
genital mutilation there us also way a trauma without having any level of knowledges regarding
health benefits. Women who have undergone FGM along with being sexually active have
chances of infection, suffer menstrual difficulties, infertility, urinary difficulties, but chances of
infertility highly increases among sexually active women. This topic tuning out to be the major
2
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level of issues among any countries which have major level of effects d the functionalist of
sexuality along with poor level of self-satisfaction has been actually reposted. The topic is
importation to have discussion as this practice is generally rooted in the gender inequality as well
as fear of women. This reports will help in clear level of identification with regard to the adverse
effects on health which is actually had dependence on the kind of procedure which is followed
by people and turn out to raise major level of complications. There is major importance to have
study on these topics is with regard to have the establishment of understanding in recreation to
FGM is mainly associated with various cultural ideals of the femininity as well as modesty and
in most of the societies forms an essential part of their tradition. This study will helps in clears
level of identification along with depth study regarding the existence of right or wrong of this
practice completely depends upon a culture and their norms. There is need for the international
committees to pay the attestation regarding the issue and culture here this practice is carried out
and as a drastic effect more than 10 percent women or girls die because of this practise. This
study will helps in raising major level of concern where Ethical issues and medical problems
associated with this practise along with facing major level of consequences. There should proper
establishing the strict policies will compel the older generation to step out of their old tradition
and thus look for the better ways for girls and women.
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1 Female genital mutilation
According to Momoh (2017), female genital mutilation is basically the ritual cutting as
well as removing some of the external genitalia of female which is also known by the name
female circumcision and female genital cutting. This is the widely known practice which is being
found in most of the countries like Asia, Middle East but the country where it is practiced to a
great extent is Africa and its nearby areas. It generally involves the procedure in which genital
organs of female are intentionally altered for various non-medical reasons. This practice is
generally carried by some traditional circumcisers that play integral role within communities like
attending childbirth. Its high prevalence is marked in children between the age group of 1 and 15
and thus forms the major practice in African countries.
As per the view of Evans and et.al., (2019), this procedure generally renders no benefit to
the health for girls as well as women and thus is considered as illegal. It has been declared as
illegal and against human rights of girls as well as women. As it is extremely harmful for girls
3
sexuality along with poor level of self-satisfaction has been actually reposted. The topic is
importation to have discussion as this practice is generally rooted in the gender inequality as well
as fear of women. This reports will help in clear level of identification with regard to the adverse
effects on health which is actually had dependence on the kind of procedure which is followed
by people and turn out to raise major level of complications. There is major importance to have
study on these topics is with regard to have the establishment of understanding in recreation to
FGM is mainly associated with various cultural ideals of the femininity as well as modesty and
in most of the societies forms an essential part of their tradition. This study will helps in clears
level of identification along with depth study regarding the existence of right or wrong of this
practice completely depends upon a culture and their norms. There is need for the international
committees to pay the attestation regarding the issue and culture here this practice is carried out
and as a drastic effect more than 10 percent women or girls die because of this practise. This
study will helps in raising major level of concern where Ethical issues and medical problems
associated with this practise along with facing major level of consequences. There should proper
establishing the strict policies will compel the older generation to step out of their old tradition
and thus look for the better ways for girls and women.
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1 Female genital mutilation
According to Momoh (2017), female genital mutilation is basically the ritual cutting as
well as removing some of the external genitalia of female which is also known by the name
female circumcision and female genital cutting. This is the widely known practice which is being
found in most of the countries like Asia, Middle East but the country where it is practiced to a
great extent is Africa and its nearby areas. It generally involves the procedure in which genital
organs of female are intentionally altered for various non-medical reasons. This practice is
generally carried by some traditional circumcisers that play integral role within communities like
attending childbirth. Its high prevalence is marked in children between the age group of 1 and 15
and thus forms the major practice in African countries.
As per the view of Evans and et.al., (2019), this procedure generally renders no benefit to
the health for girls as well as women and thus is considered as illegal. It has been declared as
illegal and against human rights of girls as well as women. As it is extremely harmful for girls
3

and women and involves removing natural genital tissue thus it interferes with normal
functioning of the body of girls and women. Evans and et.al.,(2019) elaborates that, This practice
is generally rooted in the gender inequality mostly in African countries and is mainly done for
controlling women's sexuality. In Africa, it is seen as honour as well as fear of women that if
they fail to do so then their daughters as well as granddaughters will be exposed to high social
exclusion.
As illustrated by Abdulcadir and et.al.,(2016) there are mainly four types of the FGM.
The type 1 which is known by the name clitoridectomy is about removing the part or entire
clitoris in girls and women. Type 2 is referred to as excision which is removing part or entire
clitoris as well as inner labia without removing labia majora. Type 3 is referred to as Infibulation
in which vaginal opening of women is narrowed by building a seal through cutting and
repositioning labia. The fourth type basically involves pricking, scraping and burning the entire
area. FGM badly affects the physical as well as mental health of women and thus interferes in
their normal sex life. According to the report of UNICEF, around 150 million women living in
30 countries including 27 African countries have undergone Female genital mutilation.
Abdulcadir and et.al.,(2016) further explains that, FGM is usually conducted from birth to the
puberty and most of the girls across different countries encounter this procedure before
completing the age of five. Its adverse effects on health mainly depends on the kind of procedure
which people follows and thus raises complications during birth of child. In Africa, FGM is
generally considered as the necessary component within the life span of girls and they assume
this as the way for preparing girls towards their childhood as well as marriage. FGM is mainly
associated with various cultural ideals of the femininity as well as modesty and in most of the
societies forms an essential part of their tradition. This is often one of the major issue which has
revolutionized the large number of countries especially Africa.
Theme 2 Ways in which culture is associated with female genital mutilation practice
According to the view of Dixon, Shacklock and Leach, (2019) culture is directly/indirectly
associated with female genital mutilation practice. Most of the FGM practices done all around
the world are dome because of cultural influence. It can also be said that FGM is a kind of
cultural phenomena i.e. it is not a geographical phenomenon. Geographical specification of an
ethnic group does not affect this practice or the way in which this practice is carried out. But the
cultural influence on people affect this practice or carrying of this practice. In fact, there are four
4
functioning of the body of girls and women. Evans and et.al.,(2019) elaborates that, This practice
is generally rooted in the gender inequality mostly in African countries and is mainly done for
controlling women's sexuality. In Africa, it is seen as honour as well as fear of women that if
they fail to do so then their daughters as well as granddaughters will be exposed to high social
exclusion.
As illustrated by Abdulcadir and et.al.,(2016) there are mainly four types of the FGM.
The type 1 which is known by the name clitoridectomy is about removing the part or entire
clitoris in girls and women. Type 2 is referred to as excision which is removing part or entire
clitoris as well as inner labia without removing labia majora. Type 3 is referred to as Infibulation
in which vaginal opening of women is narrowed by building a seal through cutting and
repositioning labia. The fourth type basically involves pricking, scraping and burning the entire
area. FGM badly affects the physical as well as mental health of women and thus interferes in
their normal sex life. According to the report of UNICEF, around 150 million women living in
30 countries including 27 African countries have undergone Female genital mutilation.
Abdulcadir and et.al.,(2016) further explains that, FGM is usually conducted from birth to the
puberty and most of the girls across different countries encounter this procedure before
completing the age of five. Its adverse effects on health mainly depends on the kind of procedure
which people follows and thus raises complications during birth of child. In Africa, FGM is
generally considered as the necessary component within the life span of girls and they assume
this as the way for preparing girls towards their childhood as well as marriage. FGM is mainly
associated with various cultural ideals of the femininity as well as modesty and in most of the
societies forms an essential part of their tradition. This is often one of the major issue which has
revolutionized the large number of countries especially Africa.
Theme 2 Ways in which culture is associated with female genital mutilation practice
According to the view of Dixon, Shacklock and Leach, (2019) culture is directly/indirectly
associated with female genital mutilation practice. Most of the FGM practices done all around
the world are dome because of cultural influence. It can also be said that FGM is a kind of
cultural phenomena i.e. it is not a geographical phenomenon. Geographical specification of an
ethnic group does not affect this practice or the way in which this practice is carried out. But the
cultural influence on people affect this practice or carrying of this practice. In fact, there are four
4
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types of female genital mutilation practices that are carried out and it completely depends upon
the level of cultural influence on people of that ethnic group. Dixon, Shacklock and Leach,
(2019) explains that right or wrong of this practice completely depends upon a culture and their
norms. This issue has called international attention as there are many cultures where this practice
is carried out and as a drastic effect more than 10 percent women or girls die because of this
practise. There are many cultures that have accepted this practise both culturally and ethically
but there are many cultures that have not accepted this practise legally, ethically and culturally.
It has been observed that FGM is mostly performed by traditional practitioners who are true to
their culture and practises.
As per the view of Salihu, Yusuf and Labaran, (2018) there are various countries where
this practise is quite common and is carried out on a large scale. One of the main ways in which
culture is associated with this FGM is education i.e. most of the people or children learn and
understand this practise, ways in which FGM is carried out from adults in their family. In other
words, most of the people get influenced by their adults, culture and carry or perform this
practise on girls for generations. Africa is one of those countries where culture and cultural
practises is one of the main and major part of people’s lives. In such people’s lives most of these
kinds of people carry out their daily routine practises by getting influenced by the cultural
practises that they have seen since childhood. Such kind of people are completely unaware of the
severe health consequences and effect of these practises on women. Not only this in such cultural
places people are separately educated about these practises in a detailed manner so that practises
like FGM can be carried out for generations. Salihu, Yusuf and Labaran, (2018) further explains
that, many cultures believe that these kinds of practises are important to be carried out so that
girls do not engage in pre-marital sex, prepare girls for marriage and prevent them from having
extra marital sexual affairs. Because of this deep association of culture with female genital
mutilation, this practise is carried out among various cultures with wrong beliefs. Ethical issues
and medical problems associated with this practise are ignored by such people. Places where
cultural association of female genital mutilation practise is high, it becomes one of the most
necessary practise or events which is compulsory for every girl or women to undergo and any
women does not agree to undergo such practise then they can face major consequences of it.
They can be forced for this practise or can be boycotted from the society or many more (Van de
Velde and Van Eekert, 2019).
5
the level of cultural influence on people of that ethnic group. Dixon, Shacklock and Leach,
(2019) explains that right or wrong of this practice completely depends upon a culture and their
norms. This issue has called international attention as there are many cultures where this practice
is carried out and as a drastic effect more than 10 percent women or girls die because of this
practise. There are many cultures that have accepted this practise both culturally and ethically
but there are many cultures that have not accepted this practise legally, ethically and culturally.
It has been observed that FGM is mostly performed by traditional practitioners who are true to
their culture and practises.
As per the view of Salihu, Yusuf and Labaran, (2018) there are various countries where
this practise is quite common and is carried out on a large scale. One of the main ways in which
culture is associated with this FGM is education i.e. most of the people or children learn and
understand this practise, ways in which FGM is carried out from adults in their family. In other
words, most of the people get influenced by their adults, culture and carry or perform this
practise on girls for generations. Africa is one of those countries where culture and cultural
practises is one of the main and major part of people’s lives. In such people’s lives most of these
kinds of people carry out their daily routine practises by getting influenced by the cultural
practises that they have seen since childhood. Such kind of people are completely unaware of the
severe health consequences and effect of these practises on women. Not only this in such cultural
places people are separately educated about these practises in a detailed manner so that practises
like FGM can be carried out for generations. Salihu, Yusuf and Labaran, (2018) further explains
that, many cultures believe that these kinds of practises are important to be carried out so that
girls do not engage in pre-marital sex, prepare girls for marriage and prevent them from having
extra marital sexual affairs. Because of this deep association of culture with female genital
mutilation, this practise is carried out among various cultures with wrong beliefs. Ethical issues
and medical problems associated with this practise are ignored by such people. Places where
cultural association of female genital mutilation practise is high, it becomes one of the most
necessary practise or events which is compulsory for every girl or women to undergo and any
women does not agree to undergo such practise then they can face major consequences of it.
They can be forced for this practise or can be boycotted from the society or many more (Van de
Velde and Van Eekert, 2019).
5
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Theme 3 Implications of female genital mutilation on sexually active women
As explained by Shell-Duncan, Naik and Feldman-Jacobs, (2016) elaborates that, there are
various implications of female genital mutilation practise on sexually active women. Many of
these implications are quite severe and can have both long-term and short-term consequences on
women. But majorly most of the implications are negative only there are extremely less positive
implication of FGM on sexually active women. Sometimes these consequences can lead to death
of women. Some of the short-term consequences of this practise traumatic bleeding, infection,
permanent damage to organs etc. But major consequences associated with this practise are for
long-terms and most of these long-term consequences are faced by sexually active women. Shell-
Duncan, Naik and Feldman-Jacobs, (2016) further elaborates that, these consequences can affect
the overall sexual functionalities of a women. One of the most common consequence of this
practise is related to gynaecological concerns. Women who have undergone FGM and are
sexually active have more chances of getting an infection, suffer menstrual difficulties,
infertility, urinary difficulties and many more, but mainly chances of infertility highly increases
among sexually active women. This is mainly because of painful intercourse pelvic infection
chances increases which causes infertility.
As cited by i Mestre, and Johnsdotter, (2019) explains that, another issue faced by sexually
active women who have undergone FGM practise is obstetric complications i.e. Such kind of
women face various kinds of complications during pregnancy and labour as well as in post-
partum period. Various kinds of research have been conducted which explains that number of
complications faced by sexually active FGM women are quite high as compared to normal
women. Not only this many times death of women has also been reported during labour because
of severe consequences of FGM. In order to reduce chances of deaths and complications such
women require instrumental delivery. i Mestre, and Johnsdotter, (2019) further explains that, one
of the main consequences of female genital mutilation practise on sexually active women is
negative effect on sexual functions. Various research shows evidence that FGM damages sexual
functions in many ways mainly because of removal of sexually sensitive tissue such as clitoris.
Pain suffered by FGM undergone sexually active women is much higher as compared to other
women. In other words, it can also be said that overall sexual quality of life is reduced because of
female genital mutilation practise. As cited by (Van de Velde and Van Eekert, 2019), says that
many times in order to improve overall sexual quality of life, such women prefer reconstruction
6
As explained by Shell-Duncan, Naik and Feldman-Jacobs, (2016) elaborates that, there are
various implications of female genital mutilation practise on sexually active women. Many of
these implications are quite severe and can have both long-term and short-term consequences on
women. But majorly most of the implications are negative only there are extremely less positive
implication of FGM on sexually active women. Sometimes these consequences can lead to death
of women. Some of the short-term consequences of this practise traumatic bleeding, infection,
permanent damage to organs etc. But major consequences associated with this practise are for
long-terms and most of these long-term consequences are faced by sexually active women. Shell-
Duncan, Naik and Feldman-Jacobs, (2016) further elaborates that, these consequences can affect
the overall sexual functionalities of a women. One of the most common consequence of this
practise is related to gynaecological concerns. Women who have undergone FGM and are
sexually active have more chances of getting an infection, suffer menstrual difficulties,
infertility, urinary difficulties and many more, but mainly chances of infertility highly increases
among sexually active women. This is mainly because of painful intercourse pelvic infection
chances increases which causes infertility.
As cited by i Mestre, and Johnsdotter, (2019) explains that, another issue faced by sexually
active women who have undergone FGM practise is obstetric complications i.e. Such kind of
women face various kinds of complications during pregnancy and labour as well as in post-
partum period. Various kinds of research have been conducted which explains that number of
complications faced by sexually active FGM women are quite high as compared to normal
women. Not only this many times death of women has also been reported during labour because
of severe consequences of FGM. In order to reduce chances of deaths and complications such
women require instrumental delivery. i Mestre, and Johnsdotter, (2019) further explains that, one
of the main consequences of female genital mutilation practise on sexually active women is
negative effect on sexual functions. Various research shows evidence that FGM damages sexual
functions in many ways mainly because of removal of sexually sensitive tissue such as clitoris.
Pain suffered by FGM undergone sexually active women is much higher as compared to other
women. In other words, it can also be said that overall sexual quality of life is reduced because of
female genital mutilation practise. As cited by (Van de Velde and Van Eekert, 2019), says that
many times in order to improve overall sexual quality of life, such women prefer reconstruction
6

of clitoral which helps them in restoring sexual functions. So, it can be said that major
implications of FGM practise is majorly faced by sexually active women. These implications can
also result in death of women or many times due to this practise women’s sexual quality of life is
either degraded or they suffer sone kind of life long infection.
As cited by Koukoui, Hassan and Guzder, (2017) explains that, one of the main implications
of female genital mutilation is seen on society as well. As it has already explained that FGM
results in infertility among sexually active women, because of which they not only have to suffer
from health issues but they also have to listen to various kinds of negative remarks from the
society as well. Due to infertility many times their families or society in which they live provoke
them because of which many times they get mentally disturbed
Theme 4 Impact female genital mutilation practice
According to the view of Ogunsiji, Wilkes and Chok, (2018), female genital mutilation
impacts women or girls in many drastic ways. One of the main impacts is that sexual
functionalities of sexually active women is completely altered as compared to other women.
Health of such women is degraded drastically and chances of getting various kinds of sexually
transmitting diseases increases. Ogunsiji, Wilkes and Chok, (2018) explains that it completely
depends upon the type of FGM practice that women have undergone as because of these types
chances of getting some serious diseases increases such as: blood borne infection, HIV aids,
Endometrial cancer increases as compared to women who have no gone through this practice. It
impacts in severe pain not only at the time of practice but healing period of this practice is also
extremely painful. Many times, female genital mutilation impacts the overall mental health of an
individual because of the pain suffered by the women, physical force or pressure for the event
and pressure which is put during the practise results in disturbance of mental health of a woman.
Impact of this practice on women many times impact normal functioning of a body such as urinal
discharge, itching, slow recovery of vaginal infection and many more.
According to the view of Koukoui, Hassan and Guzder, (2017), FGM is a harmful practise
that can impact mental level of women who have gone through this practise. They can get a life
time shock because of this practise which can result in degrading health of women. Various
kinds of research have been taken place that explains that most of the impact of female genital
mutilation impacts a women negatively and can result in either degrading health or life long
consequences.
7
implications of FGM practise is majorly faced by sexually active women. These implications can
also result in death of women or many times due to this practise women’s sexual quality of life is
either degraded or they suffer sone kind of life long infection.
As cited by Koukoui, Hassan and Guzder, (2017) explains that, one of the main implications
of female genital mutilation is seen on society as well. As it has already explained that FGM
results in infertility among sexually active women, because of which they not only have to suffer
from health issues but they also have to listen to various kinds of negative remarks from the
society as well. Due to infertility many times their families or society in which they live provoke
them because of which many times they get mentally disturbed
Theme 4 Impact female genital mutilation practice
According to the view of Ogunsiji, Wilkes and Chok, (2018), female genital mutilation
impacts women or girls in many drastic ways. One of the main impacts is that sexual
functionalities of sexually active women is completely altered as compared to other women.
Health of such women is degraded drastically and chances of getting various kinds of sexually
transmitting diseases increases. Ogunsiji, Wilkes and Chok, (2018) explains that it completely
depends upon the type of FGM practice that women have undergone as because of these types
chances of getting some serious diseases increases such as: blood borne infection, HIV aids,
Endometrial cancer increases as compared to women who have no gone through this practice. It
impacts in severe pain not only at the time of practice but healing period of this practice is also
extremely painful. Many times, female genital mutilation impacts the overall mental health of an
individual because of the pain suffered by the women, physical force or pressure for the event
and pressure which is put during the practise results in disturbance of mental health of a woman.
Impact of this practice on women many times impact normal functioning of a body such as urinal
discharge, itching, slow recovery of vaginal infection and many more.
According to the view of Koukoui, Hassan and Guzder, (2017), FGM is a harmful practise
that can impact mental level of women who have gone through this practise. They can get a life
time shock because of this practise which can result in degrading health of women. Various
kinds of research have been taken place that explains that most of the impact of female genital
mutilation impacts a women negatively and can result in either degrading health or life long
consequences.
7
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Theme 5 Ways to abolish female genital mutilation practise
According to Burrage (2016), one of the most effective way for abolishing this practice is
providing a thorough education to all the girls across the world. Educating them does not means
to simply tell them about this practice but in reality is all about discussing in depth the major
consequences as well as harmful effects of female genital mutilation. Educating them on the
different aspects of this practice will help them to understand that why this practice is fatal for
them and how it can not only affect their physical health but also the mental health. Here the
government along with various profit and non-profit institutions can take the initiative for
educating the girls and women about this. The topic of FGM should be incorporated in the
schools and universities and should be given special emphasis. In order to educate women, the
government should seek the support of various campaigns and seminars for women.
As per the views of Ruiz, Martínez and Bravo (2016), Another step which can be taken
for abolishing this practice is community outreach. Raising awareness among people by reaching
out the community is one of the best strategy which can be adopted for putting an end to this
practice. As FGM is a sensitive topic thus making people aware about this at large platform is
highly essential. Government as well as various organizations should step forward to eradicate
this practice. The government should establish various seminars as well as campaigns across
different locations especially the underprivileged area in order to make women and girls aware of
this fatal practice. Various multinational healthcare organizations should design various
strategies to raise awareness among people and to help them understand its harmful impact on
women. Besides this, communicating with girls and women is highly crucial to know their
perception and make them understand its clinical implications. This practice should be
broadcasted on a large platform in order to increase its awareness among people especially
among people of Africa.
As illustrated by Jiménez-Ruiz and Almansa Martinez (2017), changing traditions is the
another useful initiative towards abolishing practice. The main rationale behind practicing this
practice is the tradition. People in view of the tradition tend to use this practice and assume this
as their tradition. Thus, in order to put an end to this practice, its root needs to be diminished.
Thus, the first step towards this changing this tradition. FGM is mainly the perception of older
generation thus they should be made aware of the harmful consequences of this practice.
Government should take strict actions for changing this tradition and should establish various
8
According to Burrage (2016), one of the most effective way for abolishing this practice is
providing a thorough education to all the girls across the world. Educating them does not means
to simply tell them about this practice but in reality is all about discussing in depth the major
consequences as well as harmful effects of female genital mutilation. Educating them on the
different aspects of this practice will help them to understand that why this practice is fatal for
them and how it can not only affect their physical health but also the mental health. Here the
government along with various profit and non-profit institutions can take the initiative for
educating the girls and women about this. The topic of FGM should be incorporated in the
schools and universities and should be given special emphasis. In order to educate women, the
government should seek the support of various campaigns and seminars for women.
As per the views of Ruiz, Martínez and Bravo (2016), Another step which can be taken
for abolishing this practice is community outreach. Raising awareness among people by reaching
out the community is one of the best strategy which can be adopted for putting an end to this
practice. As FGM is a sensitive topic thus making people aware about this at large platform is
highly essential. Government as well as various organizations should step forward to eradicate
this practice. The government should establish various seminars as well as campaigns across
different locations especially the underprivileged area in order to make women and girls aware of
this fatal practice. Various multinational healthcare organizations should design various
strategies to raise awareness among people and to help them understand its harmful impact on
women. Besides this, communicating with girls and women is highly crucial to know their
perception and make them understand its clinical implications. This practice should be
broadcasted on a large platform in order to increase its awareness among people especially
among people of Africa.
As illustrated by Jiménez-Ruiz and Almansa Martinez (2017), changing traditions is the
another useful initiative towards abolishing practice. The main rationale behind practicing this
practice is the tradition. People in view of the tradition tend to use this practice and assume this
as their tradition. Thus, in order to put an end to this practice, its root needs to be diminished.
Thus, the first step towards this changing this tradition. FGM is mainly the perception of older
generation thus they should be made aware of the harmful consequences of this practice.
Government should take strict actions for changing this tradition and should establish various
8
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legislation against this. Establishing the strict policies will compel the older generation to step
out of their old tradition and thus look for the better ways for girls and women. The support of
government highly matters and thus government should contribute on the large platform towards
this. Besides this, they should take the help of various healthcare centers for making people
understand about this harmful practice.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodologies is considered to the strategy which can be used to have the proper
level of analysis along with selection of the procedure which is properly level of evaluation of
data in relational to have development of the particular study. This helps in creating the senses of
responsibility towards as the ability and ethical development of the topic (Krishnaswamy, 2016).
This making proper level of providence of description along with evaluation's of topic which
have major have assistance s over decisioning the methods along with research designs which is
major level of level special impacts which is in reinstallation to the subjected area.
Research Type
Research is related to the study of particular topic by using scientific methods. Study can also be
related to problem or issues. There are mainly two types of research one is quantitative and other
is qualitative. The existence of quantitative research have the reactional in developmental of
numbers along with defining the fact. There is description of these types to be in descriptive
nature. The results have the research which are presented to have the masking the representation
with graphs and table in respective manner. On the other hands the qualitative research have no
level of consideration of the data and graphs, it is all about the descriptive data without having
involvement of the statistics (Tobi and Kampen, 2018). It is easy to obtain qualitative data as
there is no level of involvements of number. This type of data supports researchers in decision-
making. In this situation can be described by making use of feelings. In this study there will be
the use of qualitative research along with data in which is research is more level of exploratory
along with having the proper level of collections in data along with nationalizing ans interpretive
of properly level d unobservant the better level of human behaviour. This making proper level of
providence of description along with evaluation's of topic which have major have assistance is
over decisioning making process in more significant level.
Research Philosophy
9
out of their old tradition and thus look for the better ways for girls and women. The support of
government highly matters and thus government should contribute on the large platform towards
this. Besides this, they should take the help of various healthcare centers for making people
understand about this harmful practice.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodologies is considered to the strategy which can be used to have the proper
level of analysis along with selection of the procedure which is properly level of evaluation of
data in relational to have development of the particular study. This helps in creating the senses of
responsibility towards as the ability and ethical development of the topic (Krishnaswamy, 2016).
This making proper level of providence of description along with evaluation's of topic which
have major have assistance s over decisioning the methods along with research designs which is
major level of level special impacts which is in reinstallation to the subjected area.
Research Type
Research is related to the study of particular topic by using scientific methods. Study can also be
related to problem or issues. There are mainly two types of research one is quantitative and other
is qualitative. The existence of quantitative research have the reactional in developmental of
numbers along with defining the fact. There is description of these types to be in descriptive
nature. The results have the research which are presented to have the masking the representation
with graphs and table in respective manner. On the other hands the qualitative research have no
level of consideration of the data and graphs, it is all about the descriptive data without having
involvement of the statistics (Tobi and Kampen, 2018). It is easy to obtain qualitative data as
there is no level of involvements of number. This type of data supports researchers in decision-
making. In this situation can be described by making use of feelings. In this study there will be
the use of qualitative research along with data in which is research is more level of exploratory
along with having the proper level of collections in data along with nationalizing ans interpretive
of properly level d unobservant the better level of human behaviour. This making proper level of
providence of description along with evaluation's of topic which have major have assistance is
over decisioning making process in more significant level.
Research Philosophy
9

As a problems of FGM on sexual active women. Their are two theories Positivism and
interpretivism for research. Both are two basic approaches for a research methodology.
Positivism means quantitative method for research like surveys, questionnaires. Positivism help
to prepare large scale surveys. Interpretivism approach is a qualitative method using unstructured
interviews and observation (Momoh, 2017). Researcher has Interpretivism approach for research
methodology to research on topic of FGM in sexual active women. Interpretivism help to analyse
individual with complex experience and different reasons. Method require to understand human
action with eyes of a person facing a situation.
Research approach
Research approach is a plan to collect data and analysis. Research approach divided into
two parts deductive and inductive. Deductive research is a set of hypotheses to test a research
process easily. Whereas inductive research starts with aims and objectives and different
questions that require during a research process. Researcher has inductive approach with help
question to analyse impact of FGM on sexual active women and research process consist to get
aim and objective of topic easily. Research questions is impact of FGM on women and aim to
achieve a positive answer on topic.
Data collection
Data collection is process of gathering information help to answer to answer research
question easily. Two methods to collect data primary and secondary. Primary data means real
time data or a data gathered first time with help of surveys, observation, experiments and
questionnaires (Murshed and Zhang, 2016). Secondary data means a past data or data collected
already by someone with help of Websites, books and journal. Researcher has both primary and
secondary method to collect data from researcher has both from surveys of women who gone
through genital mutilation practice and secondary from books journal and internet both sources
provide proper information on topic and make research easy.
Data analysis
Data analysis is a process of cleaning, transforming and modelling data to get useful
information for decision making. To maintain and take effective decision easily. Researcher has
thematic data analysis approach to analyse qualitative data with help of interview it help to
identify common themes. Data analysis for women's experience on FGM impact on women and
get their ideas and opinions on their problems. Thematic analysis help to prepare research
10
interpretivism for research. Both are two basic approaches for a research methodology.
Positivism means quantitative method for research like surveys, questionnaires. Positivism help
to prepare large scale surveys. Interpretivism approach is a qualitative method using unstructured
interviews and observation (Momoh, 2017). Researcher has Interpretivism approach for research
methodology to research on topic of FGM in sexual active women. Interpretivism help to analyse
individual with complex experience and different reasons. Method require to understand human
action with eyes of a person facing a situation.
Research approach
Research approach is a plan to collect data and analysis. Research approach divided into
two parts deductive and inductive. Deductive research is a set of hypotheses to test a research
process easily. Whereas inductive research starts with aims and objectives and different
questions that require during a research process. Researcher has inductive approach with help
question to analyse impact of FGM on sexual active women and research process consist to get
aim and objective of topic easily. Research questions is impact of FGM on women and aim to
achieve a positive answer on topic.
Data collection
Data collection is process of gathering information help to answer to answer research
question easily. Two methods to collect data primary and secondary. Primary data means real
time data or a data gathered first time with help of surveys, observation, experiments and
questionnaires (Murshed and Zhang, 2016). Secondary data means a past data or data collected
already by someone with help of Websites, books and journal. Researcher has both primary and
secondary method to collect data from researcher has both from surveys of women who gone
through genital mutilation practice and secondary from books journal and internet both sources
provide proper information on topic and make research easy.
Data analysis
Data analysis is a process of cleaning, transforming and modelling data to get useful
information for decision making. To maintain and take effective decision easily. Researcher has
thematic data analysis approach to analyse qualitative data with help of interview it help to
identify common themes. Data analysis for women's experience on FGM impact on women and
get their ideas and opinions on their problems. Thematic analysis help to prepare research
10
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