Analysis of the Decision-Making Process in Female Genital Mutilation

This report presents a systematic review of the decision-making process surrounding Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The study examines existing literature to identify key factors and household decision-makers involved in FGM practices. The review explores both qualitative and quantitative studies, including interviews, questionnaires, and cross-sectional studies across various regions, primarily focusing on Africa. The research highlights the roles of mothers, grandmothers, and fathers as primary decision-makers, emphasizing the influence of social norms and cultural obligations. The analysis reveals the complexities of the decision-making process, including the impact of patriarchal societies and the evolving trends in FGM practices. The study also discusses the critical appraisal of the included articles, addressing strengths, limitations, and the implications for public health interventions. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to address the multifaceted aspects of FGM decision-making.

Decision-Making Process in Female Genital
Mutilation: A Systematic Review
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Critical Appraisal.............................................................................................................................4
Introduction..................................................................................................................................4
Methods.......................................................................................................................................5
Result...........................................................................................................................................5
Discussion....................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
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INTRODUCTION
Female Genital mutilation is also known as female genital cutting that can plays
important role for cutting or removal of all kind of rituals within external ways. It has been
practices found in different regions where living multiple communities
Female Genital mutilation or cutting is based on the deep rooted damaging practices that
always support for growing efforts within its end practices. Currently, it has been declined the
trends which are enough to overcome large number of population underlying within particular
growth or development. The primary aim of this research is to determine the Female genital
mutilation or cutting and improve decision-making process, identifying the essential household
decision-makers. On the basis of this reviewed article, it was conducted by systematic research
while using specific keywords. In this research, it has been consider both exclusion as well as
inclusion criteria in specific line which preferred as reporting items for systematic review. After
successfully, it has been critical appraisal where include in information within review.
This research study was extracted relevant data from different article in context female
genital mutilation or cutting within decision-making process. Through this way, it was analysed
the information on the basis of narrative analysis. FGM/C related decision-making process may
be used in different regions from one to another (Paslakis and et.al., 2020). However, it has been
involved the participation of one or more individual people. Each one has a power over their
decision. In this study, there are important participant which played as decision makers such as
grand mother, father and mother. It has been shown the overall review that can open specific
dialogue in context of FMG/C between different individual which may lead to production for
decision-making process. The major participation of father is decision –making where they are
free the month from responsibility of any social pressure. Moreover, they have been carrying the
tradition which help them to create as positive and favourable environment within FMG/C
practices.
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Critical Appraisal
Introduction
Female Genital mutilation is a kind of ancient deep-rooted damaging which may consider
as tradition practices across global world. Sometimes, it has been defined by WHO as all type of
process which involves removing of external female genitalia but at certain point, it was
examined the injuries to female genital organs without any medical reason. This type of
condition is causes lifelong suffering from girls, women and creates health inequality without
benefits of health (Alradie-Mohamed, Kabir and Arafat, 2020). Through this study, it has been
identified the most suffering condition while leading physical as well as sexual issue among
female. Sometimes, it was expected to expose the different practices such as bleeding, infertility,
kidney failure and other kind of difficulties in child birth. There are various kind of
psychological consequence arise due to FGM/C, which include loss of trust among women and
girls and behavioural changes.
Although FMG/C is consider as human right at any kind of violation whereas it was
estimated that 200 million female were victimised by this situation. According to WHO, it was
identified that there are more than 2-million girls at risk of being circumcised annually basis. it
give more prevalence of different practice which are completely differs from one region to
another. Most of the female have been affected by reside under 30 within development countries
such as Asia, Middle East and Africa.
The purpose of research is to identify the FGM/C and household decision maker and then
investigation of the decision-making process which help them to find out critical condition.
The rationale of research is to examine the certain aspect of FGM/C within society and
communities, including socioeconomic inferiority, social norms and desired to get married
(Paslakis and et.al., 2020). Researcher has been identified the major obligation for consideration
of all kind of social norms. Afterwards, it might have actively participate in FGM/C decision
making process and identifying influence on the practices.
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Methods
In this study, it has been included both qualitative, quantitative and mixed method
approach within primary study. By using this technique, it investigate about the initial review of
existing literature and justify the importance for systematic review. Researcher was consider the
database to review and search of existing systematic information. It help for identifying the
importance of FGM/C decision making process. Investigator was basically used to search
different studies that are already available online (Kimani and et.al., 2020). Literature research
was not limited to certain country or nation but carried out all kind of database for purpose of
relevant information identification. In this research, scholar has been used the strategy tool to
identify the different keywords and perform systematic review.
Furthermore, it has been used the Google scholar to scan relevant article in which
collecting more information. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are basically used to identify the
result from search after implementing the suitable limits through study design. Research study
was collected the relevant information from interview, questionnaires and survey. In order to
find out accurate result or outcome (Paslakis and et.al., 2020). The study was contains
information or data from both quantitative as well as qualitative research, therefore, it become
easier for analysing information. MS Excel was used for analysing and organization extracted
detailed from this study.
Result
This study was included 17 different studies from 11 nations, 13 studies were properly
conducted in Africa. Initially, 4 different studies was explored the DMP and HHDMs, remaining
objective did not identified the DMP. It has been collected the sufficient information or data
regarding the DMP and HHDMs from various samples. By using qualitative studies, it was
included or gather large amount of information through depth interviews (De Schrijver and et.al.,
2020). Furthermore, it has been examined the cross-sectional studies on the basis of
communities, school and households. In this way, it has been self-administered face to face
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interview and questionnaires. This kind of cross-sectional studies are collected information from
both qualitative as well as quantitative data.
There are large amount of data extracted from different studies and reported by
participants. Basically, this study has included different sample in which differs in age groups,
educational level, social position. Each and every participants have shared their experience
regarding FGM/C while reflecting on the DMP community and other decision-makers. The most
cited FGM/C by samples of reviewed the articles regarding mothers, grandmother and father.
These are considered the main themes regarding analysis while emerging of decision-making
process. Both female and male are participating different role to give suggestion and revealing
about the complexity of decision-process.
As per examined the studies that needs to be identified the result or outcome, large group
of circumcision were replaced with private within family and shifting towards decision-maker
process. Through this study, it has been identified the power of decision-making from the
community where as they can easily handle the complex situation or condition of Female genital.
Additionally, it has been evaluating the difference between parents’ generation and involvement
of young men in DMP than other people (Paslakis and et.al., 2020). Different participants such
as grandmother, father and mother shared that decision involves and even reported themselves as
one who have made a correct decision to undergo in FGM/C. As per conducting hypothesis, it
has been identified that 5% of sample, girls themselves made the right decision. Similarly,
examined the experience and found that mother were responsible for managing their FGM/C and
exception of one participants who are cited as grandmothers.
Discussion
As per analysing the concept of FGM/C decision-making process which become consider
as complex and differs from one area to another. It would be made changes according to time
and situation. The study was putting into consideration about FGM/C as old tradition in which
different communities. It has been practices it adhere to long time but some communities have
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already passed all kind of phases in term of decision-making process. in this way, it help for
establishing an effective decision and implementing process.
The result of different studies was conducted in Africa which have been mention contradictory
findings and claimed as majority, males in the family are consider as FGM/C decision makers.
Therefore, it has been explained the contradiction on the basis of variation of DMP and HHDMs
between regions, countries due to social difference, structure. Furthermore, it examined the
specific role of father, mother role in the decision-making process, finding of systematic review
supports. This research study emphasizes the fact about the female in patriarchal society which
are unable to leave their daughters uncircumcised without any kind of support.
As per analysis, it may consider as best efforts of author knowledge by using different
literature studies, systematic review conducted in context of FGM/C decision-making process.
To reduce the condition of bias, critical appraisal was carried out on different occasions within
specific time intervals. The greatest strength of this study includes articles published on different
experience, region and location. Moreover, it has been summarised about the review and gather
more information about DMP, HHDMs and analysing the sample of FGM/C of father, mother
and grandmothers. However, it has been introduced the presence of social and cultural obligation
that influence DMP.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Alradie-Mohamed, A., Kabir, R. and Arafat, S.M., 2020. Decision-making process in female
genital mutilation: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research
and public health. 17(10). p.3362.
De Schrijver, L. and et.al., 2020. Towards a better estimation of prevalence of female genital
mutilation in the European Union: a situation analysis. Reproductive health. 17(1). pp.1-
19.
Kimani, S. and et.al., 2020. Exploring barriers to seeking health care among Kenyan Somali
women with female genital mutilation: a qualitative study. BMC international health and
human rights. 20(1). p.3.
Paslakis, G. and et.al., 2020. Clinical Features Associated with Female Genital
Mutilation/Cutting: A Pilot Longitudinal Study. Journal of clinical medicine. 9(8).
p.2340.
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