Automotive Mechanics: Final Drive System Troubleshooting

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UNIT 14

Answer 1
Following are the three safety considerations:
 Conducting the effective assessment of analyzing the operational risk
 Considering the hazardous substances for shifting as well as the manual lifting
 Implementing the necessary treatments which are associated with the vehicular
movement
Answer 2
Following are the three potential risks which are associated with the hazardous lubricants & oil:
 It increases the environmental pollution
 The hazardous lubricants & oil possess the biological reaction over the whole body or the
skin which causes major skin diseases (Lanza, et.al. 2015)
 These gases are poisonous which causes illness & also negatively affect the respiratory
system of human by resulting into vomiting or loose motions
Following are the safety procedures for minimizing these risks:
 The storing & containing of the lubricant should be enhance appropriately along with
considering the effective practices of safety & environment
 The right & safe lubricant & oil should be used which do not causes much problems
(Lanza, et.al. 2015)
 High level of awareness, training, avoiding of the machine failure can also minimize the
hazardous risks

Answer 3:
The three environmental risks include:
 Reducing of the release of the toxic by-products in the environment
 The increased pollution in the environment
 Increase of the poisonous gases in the environment
These risks can be reduced by the proper waste management, dust, noise as well as the clean-up
management (Leung, et.al. 2016).
Answer 4:
 Banjo type drive: It has the greatest built for the removable center in the housing of rear
axle.
Its main function is to change the direction of the power to be transmitted by the drive shaft
through the angle of 9 degrees to the different axles of driving.
 Unitized final drive: It is the stamped metal which covers the bolts to the rear of carrier
for inspecting the gears (Leung, et.al. 2016).
Its main function is to provide the mounting place for the pinion gear.
 Transaxle final drive: It is the complex machine for bringing the transmission & the
components of final drive together in the form of differential.
Its function is to drive the axles without any of the additional components (Leung, et.al.
2016).
Answer 5:
The main function of the differential is to allow the two wheels of any of the powered axle for
rotating in the respect of each other while transferring the power from the propeller shaft.

Answer 6:
Type Operation Disadvantage
Open differential It always provides the same
force of rotational to both of
the wheels
A Torsen differential acts in
the similar manner as of the
open differential in the case
when one wheel is in the air
Limited slip differential It operates to transmit the
power of engine to the wheels.
It limits the power which is
sent to the particular wheel
(Leung, et.al. 2016)
It lacks full power to the
wheels
Locking differential It operates for overcoming the
limitation of the open
differential by locking both
the wheels on an axle
It does not allow the speed
differences of the wheel
between the wheels of both
sided (Kane & Andhare,
2016).
Answer 7:
The brake activated limited slip differential works in the form of spinning wheel, in the case
when the particular wheel loses its transaction.

Answer 8:
Following are the characteristics of differential lubricants & additives:
 They can be utilized in any of the limited style of clutch-slip
 They are made to ensure the quality standards
 They are designed or made from the first-rate materials
 It helps in improving the cultch engagement (Kane & Andhare, 2016)
Answer 9:
The standard differential oil should not be used in the limited slip differential because it can lead
towards the higher level of complexities, as it varies the speed to negotiate the turns without
binding up.
Answer 10:
The category of API GL-4 operates under the moderate loads & speed. They measure the manual
transmission & the different applications of transaxle.
The category of API GL-5 measures the characteristic of gears along with the high or low speed
conditions (Kane & Andhare, 2016).
The category of API GL-6 used to typically measure the gear of score protection in the excess of
the gear oils provided by the API GL-5. The original test equipment of it is obsolete.
Answer 11:
Limited slip differentials: API GL-6
Standard gearboxes: API GL-4
Transaxles and differentials: API GL-5

Answer 12:
The different components of final drive require the appropriate lubricant because a thicker film
thickness is required between the interacting surfaces inside the hub of planetary. Using of the
right lubricants can form the oil firm on the surface of metals by converting the solid friction into
the liquid friction for reducing the friction (Butterfield & Suding, 2013).
Answer 13:
The parts of final drives which should be checked for the potential lubricants include the
viscosity & gear oils. These can be measured or checked by comparing the gear oil to all the
other different types of lubricants.
Answer 14:
Following are the three procedures for identifying the physical damage:
 Checking the changing conditions of lubricant levels
 Checking the assembly for lubricant leaks (Butterfield & Suding, 2013)
 Testing procedures for post-service for the assembly of final drive
Answer 15:
Following are the four things which should be considered while checking the conditions of
lubricants:
 The effective instructions of workplace
 The manufacturing specifications of the final drive
 Appropriate tools, materials as well as the equipment for inspecting the assemblies of
final drive (Butterfield & Suding, 2013)
 Filters, adjustments & the operational testing

Answer 16:
Steps Purposes
Maintaining the vehicle levelled To ensure & enhance the longer life of the
vehicles
Ensuring adequate lighting To ensure of carrying the visual tasks very
quickly, accurately & safely
Cleaning around the oil plug To remove the motor oil from the engine along
with removing the contaminants that can drain
the oil (Mohammadpour, et.al. 2012)
Checking the oil conditions For keeping the engine clean, preventing it
from overheating & the dirt buildup
Moving tail up and down To transfer the torque of engine from the
gearbox or through the differentials of the
wheels
Moving tail rotationally For connecting the other components of the
final drive vehicles
Twisting the breather It allows the engine of internal combustion to
vent the pressure of crankcase out of the engine
(Mohammadpour, et.al. 2012)
Conducting spanner checks over nuts and bolts To allow the operator for setting up the torque

applied to increase the speed of specifications
for the particular application
Answer 17:
The procedure for topping up or replacing the final drive lubricant is being described as below:
 Arranging the final drive in the different suitable plugs
 Cleaning the dirt, sand, soil, mud, etc. from the upper plug
 Striking the plug with hammers to loosen them
 Removing the plugs from the venting purposes (Mohammadpour, et.al. 2012)
 Draining out the small amount of oil (in case of sufficient oil)
 Need additional oil (in case when the oil is low)
 Replacing the upper plug for finishing the topping up
Answer 18:
By accessing the different ways, it can be ensured that the final drive vehicle is ready to be
presented to the customers. The engine is considered as the heart of the vehicle, if it functions
properly, then it can be presented to the customers. The fuel level should also be ensured for not
being misused (Bernard‐Verdier, et.al. 2012). The balanced wheel rotation should be checked for
replacing the old tires with the new ones.

Answer 19:
Type Operating principles
Straight bevel gears These gears impact the corresponding tooth at
once. The problem can be solved by simply
curving the gear teeth
Spiral bevel gears The involute flank surfaces is being required
by these gears for rolling in the rack with the
constant distance to the rack (Bernard‐Verdier,
et.al. 2012)
Hypoid gears These gears can engage with the different axes
in the different planes
Answer 20:
The ratio of the output torque to the input torque is being expressed by the gear ratio. The
direction of the rotation is being changed by the gear ratio (which is its primary function) rather
than decreasing or increasing the speed of the torque (Bernard‐Verdier, et.al. 2012). The supplied
torque can be multiplied at the motor shaft by the gear ratio for finding the torque at the wheel
axle.

Answer 21:
In the case when there are two gears, the numbers of teeth are to be counted of each of the gear
& then the number of teeth of one gear is divided by the other.
For example, if one gear has 20 teeth & the other gear has 30 teeth. 30 teeth of the driven gear
will be divided by the 20 teeth of another driven gear. Therefore, the gear ratio will be 3/2, which
can be written as 1.5:1.
Answer 22:
The spiral bevel gears includes the helical teeth which are positioned in a 90 degree angle &
designed with the curve for providing the higher level of flexibility & traction. Also, they do not
slip during their operations (Bernard‐Verdier, et.al. 2012). Therefore, these spiral gears achieve
the greater strength, reliable transmission for high speed as well as the higher applications of
torque.
Answer 23:
The torque is reduced by the gear reduction. For calculating the reduced torque & its
multiplication, following steps are to be followed essentially:
 The force to be acted on the first gear is to be multiplied by the radius of first gear
 The radius of second gear is to be divided by the first gear
 The gear ratio will then be multiplied by the input torque for determining the output
torque of the gearbox (Borsci, et.al. 2015).
For example, Step 1: the force to be acted on the first gear is of 4000 newton & the radius is
0.15 meters, 4000*0.15 = 600 newton-meters of torque
Step 2: the radius of second gear is 0.3 and that of first gear is 0.15, hence the gear ratio of the
system will be, 0.3/0.15 = 2, 2:1.
Step 3: the gear ratio which is 2 will be multiplied by the input torque, i.e. 600, 2*600 = 1200
newton-meters, which is the output torque.

Answer 24:
 False
 True
 True
 False
 True
 True
 True
 False
 False
 True
Answer 25:
Following are the correct statements of all the false statements, in the proper sequence:
 The backside of the removable differential carrier closed & its front side is open for
sealing out the dirt & contaminants. In a carrier, the differential is being mounted which
can be removed as an effective unit from the housing of axle (Borsci, et.al. 2015).
 The carrier housing cannot be easily replaced. The bevel gear is to be adapted & inserted
for removing the carrier without causing any kind of the disturbance to the differential
mechanism.
 In a front wheel drive, the differential is not an integral part of the transaxle. It is the part
of the transmission & called as the transaxle (Borsci, et.al. 2015).
 The differential components of integral axle housing can be removed when the service is
required & when the cover must be removed.

Answer 26:
a) Semi floating live axles
The application of semi floating live axles is being enhanced in the form of bending movement,
torsional force & shear force to the axle shaft. The main purpose of it is to transmit the power to
the wheel along with supporting the load of the vehicle. Its operation includes the semi floating
design which carries the weight of the vehicle on the axle shaft.
b) Three quarter floating live axles
It applies to take the end loads as well as the driving torque for the purpose of supporting the hub
assembly through the circumference edge of the bearing at the outer level (Podell, et.al. 2014).
These axles are used in some trucks, but not in all the cars of people. These are more reliable &
used in the industry vehicles.
c) Fully floating live axles
The application of these axles is being retained by the flange bolted to the hub. The operations of
these axles do not include the weight of the vehicles. The operations of these axles include the
medium & heavy trucks or vehicles, mostly for the purpose of the agricultural applications, such
as the agricultural machinery for self-propelled (Podell, et.al. 2014).
Answer 27:
a) Drive
The driving faults can be isolated or detected on the basis of the residuals, which are being
provided with the dynamics of wheels. These dynamics are being composed of the torque of
motor driving.
b) Coast
The different ranges of coast can result into the harmful conditions of driving. Many people
travel to the different coasts for spending their weekends, which resulted in the tougher situations