University Financial Accounting and Reporting Assignment

This report examines financial accounting policies and estimates concerning property, plant, and equipment, focusing on the application of professional judgment by accountants. It begins with an overview of the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies according to AASB 108. The report then analyzes the accounting policies and estimates of Commonwealth Bank, specifically regarding property, plant, and equipment, and evaluates the appropriateness of the professional judgments made. It identifies areas for improvement in accounting estimates and policies, offering recommendations based on industry standards and accounting principles. The report emphasizes the importance of accurate financial reporting and the role of accountants in providing a clear and reliable financial picture for stakeholders.

Running head: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
Financial Accounting and Reporting
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................3
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
Body...........................................................................................................................................4
Summary of the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies according to AASB
108..............................................................................................................................................4
Explanation of the accounting policies and estimates used by the company.............................5
Critical evaluation of the appropriateness of the professional judgement.................................6
Recommendation for the improvement of the accounting estimates and policies of property,
plant and equipment...................................................................................................................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................8
Appendix....................................................................................................................................9

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Executive Summary
The report intends to highlight the importance of accountants for applying the professional
judgements that would be significant for constructing the accounting policies of the financial
statements. Keeping this aspect into focus, the report centralises on the discussion of the
principles and regulations that are related to the construction of these accounting policies by
different organisations of Australia. The report begins with a general discussion of the criteria
that is laid down by AASB 108 for the selection and change of accounting policies of the
organisations. At the next section the topic gets narrowed down to a specific company of
Australia, that is Commonwealth Bank. The accounting policies and the estimates that are
used by the company are detailed in the report focussing on the plant, equipment and
property. Next, the report talks about the evaluation of the professional judgements given to
the accounting policies. At the end section the report suggests suitable recommendations for
the highlighted issues that have been detected in the policies of accounting of the company.

4FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
Introduction
The objective of this report is to bring about a discussion regarding the professional
judgements provided by the accountants while explaining the accounting policies related to
property, equipment and plant. In this context, a general description of the changes
highlighted in the accounting policies are detected and noted down. The regulations are
described following the principles laid by Australian Securities Exchange Board (AASB). A
company is selected which is listed in the securities exchange and the accounting policies and
estimates are thoroughly studied. Any misrepresentation detected in the financial statements
regarding the professional judgement is noted down and appropriate recommendations are
given in addressing these issues.
Body
Summary of the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies according to
AASB 108
An Australian Accounting Standard is specifically applied to a transaction in such a
condition that all the other events or the accounting policies related to the transaction are
determined through this accounting standard (Aasb.gov.au 2019). The Australian Accounting
Standards normally come with a guidance description that is required to be followed by the
organisations for carrying out their requirements (Carey, Potter and Tanewski 2014). Due to
absence of any Australian Accounting Standard for any particular transaction, the
management is free to use its own professional judgements in developing the accounting
policies of its organisation (Aasb.gov.au 2019). However, the information should be relevant
as well as reliable. There are certain other conditions imposed on the management for
providing the judgement regarding the accounting policies. The management should consider
the application of the requirements which are stated in the Australian Accounting Standard
and also take into account the definitions, criteria for recognition and the measurement
concepts that are related to assets, liabilities, expenses and incomes.
The Australian Accounting Standard also sets out rules regarding the changes in the
accounting policies of the different entities (Carey, Potter and Tanewski 2014). According to
the principles of the standard an entity can change its accounting policies only under certain
conditions. It should be ensured by the entities that the implemented change is required by
one of the Australian Accounting standards (Nobes 2014). It should also be ensured by the

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entities that the change results in the construction of a reliable financial statement. Such
financial statement should possess relevant information about the effects that are reflected
through performed transactions all over the financial year. The information should also
discuss in details about the events and conditions that determine the current financial position
of the entity. The changes policy should also explain the cash flows of the entity over the
financial year which would automatically signal its financial performance.
Explanation of the accounting policies and estimates used by the company
The company chosen for the purpose of analysing the accounting policies and
estimates of the financial statements is Commonwealth Bank (Commbank.com.au 2019). The
company is an ASX listed company. The annual report of the company for the ending year is
properly analysed and evaluated for carrying out the explanation of accounting policies and
estimates regarding property, plant and equipment.
The different accounting policies and estimates that have been suitably found out from
the financial statements consist of the following points.
1) The net gain or the net loss that is generated from the disposal of the property,
plant or equipment is estimated to be the difference between the proceeds which
are received and the carrying value of these items.
2) The plant, property and the equipment are classified under non-current assets by
the company. These assets have been held by the company to be used for later
years and for leasing through the asset finance businesses (Commbank.com.au
2019). These assets are regarded in the column of “other assets” which are not
prone to risk exposure.
3) Considering the revenue recognition of the company, the net gain or loss that is
obtained or incurred by the company through the sale of plant, equipment and
property is also measured (Commbank.com.au 2019). The measurement is done
through the difference among the received proceeds with the carrying value of
these assets.
4) Depreciation of these assets is calculated through the straight line method. The
calculation is done over the useful life of the assets and also at the rentals from the
operating lease. The estimated values are recognised based on a straight line over
the entire term of the lease.

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Critical evaluation of the appropriateness of the professional judgement
According to the professional judgement provided by the accounting policies of the
organisation, there has been no trace of the model that has been used by the company
(Worthington 2016). According to AASB 116 standard, the accounting policy of the entity in
the application of property, equipment and plant should be chosen either through the cost
model or through the revaluation model.
It can be assumed through the criteria of estimation, that the company tends to use the
revaluation model for properly accounting the property, plant and the equipment. The criteria
used for estimation also do not talk about exclusion of the accumulated depreciation and the
accumulated losses of impairment (Del Giudice, Manganelli and De Paola 2016). The
industry standard states that the accumulated depreciation and the losses of impairment
should be excluded from the fair value in order to revaluate the assets.
The classification of the property, plant and the equipment is done correctly and the
entire class has been classified under non-current assets (Lourenço et al. 2015). The disposal
of the item belonging to property, land and equipment is done correctly through the entry into
a financial lease. The net gain or loss of the plant property and equipment is also done
correctly. The industry structure states that the derecognition of the items belonging to
property, plant and equipment should be determined according to the difference between the
process of the net disposal as well as the carrying amount of the item.
Considering the depreciation of the property, plant and the equipment, the
depreciation charge has not been specifically mentioned in the accounting policies.
According to AASB, the charge of the depreciation should be determined as a profit or a loss
(Trifan and Anton 2014). However, the method of depreciation that is used by the company is
straight-line depreciation. This is a standard method that has been stated in the industry
standards. This method is a convenient method for allocating the depreciable amount of an
asset systematically over its entire useful life.
Recommendation for the improvement of the accounting estimates and policies of
property, plant and equipment
The accounting policies and estimates that have been stated in the financial statement
of the company should be more elaborate considering the perspective of property, plant and
equipment (Carnegie and O’Connell 2014). Some of the policies that are estimated and

7FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING
judged are correct to a certain extent. However, there are other criteria as mentioned in the
industry standards which should be incorporated into the accounting policies of the
organisation. The different models that have been used for estimation should be stated. Out of
the two convenient models, that is, cost model and revaluation model, the policy should
highlight at least one (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015). Certain other small modifications should be
done in order to properly the judge the recognition and derecognition of the plant, property
and equipment. Some of them could be charge of the depreciation and accounting for the
accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
Conclusion
From the above report, a conclusion can be made regarding the accounting policies
related to the property, plant and the equipment. These assets should be properly presented
and well-judged by the professional accountants in order to present a healthy financial picture
of the company in front of the stakeholders. In this context, criteria for selection and change
in the accounting policy is extracted from AASB. Accounting policy of Commonwealth Bank
is analysed for getting a more detailed view of the criteria and suitable recommendations are
provided regarding any loophole that is detected.

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References
Aasb.gov.au (2019). [online] Available at:
aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_08-15.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Carey, P., Potter, B. and Tanewski, G., 2014. AASB Research Report No.
Carnegie, G.D. and O’Connell, B.T., 2014. A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate
collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early
2000s. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), pp.446-468.
Commbank.com.au (2019). [online] Available at:
commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/CBA-
2019-Annual-Report.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].
Del Giudice, V., Manganelli, B. and De Paola, P., 2016, July. Depreciation methods for
firm’s assets. In International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications(pp.
214-227). Springer, Cham.
Lourenço, I.C., Sarquis, R., Branco, M.C. and Pais, C., 2015. Extending the classification of
European Countries by their IFRS practices: A research note. Accounting in Europe, 12(2),
pp.223-232.
Nobes, C., 2014. International classification of financial reporting. Routledge.
Trifan, A. and Anton, C., 2014. ACCOUNTING TREATMENT FOR PROPERTY, PLANT
AND EQUIPMENT REVALUATIONS. Management & Marketing, 9(2).
Worthington, A.C., 2016. Financial literacy and financial literacy programmes in Australia.
In Financial Literacy and the Limits of Financial Decision-Making (pp. 281-301). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham.
Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. and Hu, F., 2015. Fair value accounting for non-current assets and
audit fees: Evidence from Australian companies. Journal of Contemporary Accounting &
Economics, 11(1), pp.31-45.

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Appendix
Accounting Policies for Property, Plant and Equipment for the calculation of net gain or loss

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Classification of Property, Plant and Equipment
Revenue Recognition concerning Property, Plant and Equipment

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Calculation of depreciation for Property, Plant and Equipment