Financial Accounting Report: FA, Stakeholders, and Statements

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of financial accounting (FA) principles, focusing on the operations of Taj Accountants. It begins with an introduction to FA, its purpose in recording, summarizing, and presenting financial transactions, and its importance for stakeholders. The report then delves into the roles and interests of both internal and external stakeholders, including managers, employees, creditors, investors, and government entities. It covers key accounting concepts such as consistency and prudence, along with depreciation methods like Straight-Line Method (SLM) and Written Down Value (WDV). Furthermore, the report contrasts financial accounting with management accounting and discusses the regulatory framework, including GAAP, IFRS, and the role of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC). The report also presents journal entries, trial balance, income statements and balance sheets for two clients, and it concludes with a comparison of financial statements for sole proprietors and limited companies.

Date assignment marked:__________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
Financial accounting (FA) is a procedure which is useful in tracking the financial
transaction of company for particular fiscal year. It is an effective tool which helps in recording,
summarizing and presenting the financial records in a systematic and efficient manner.
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This study will highlight, the purpose of FA, and also examine why stakeholders of the
organization are interested in financial records. This study will record financial transactions
using double entry book keeping. It will also prepare final accounts in compliance with proper
principles, standards and conventions. Furthermore, this study prepare bank reconciliation
statement and also reconcile control systems.
Taj Accountants is a small business accounting firm based in London. They provide
effective accounting services such as payroll, taxation services, advice, business planning, book
keeping, etc.
Part A
1. FA and purpose.
Financial accounting (FA) is a process which is useful in tracking the financial
transaction of the Taj Accountants for particular fiscal year. It is an impelling tool which helps in
recording, summarizing and presenting the financial records in a systematic and standard
manner. This information is presented in financial reports like statement of financial position,
stockholder's equity, income statement and statement for cash flow (Lawrence, 2019). Financial
accounting is done by keeping in mind all the financial reporting standards, conventions and
principles such as (Generally accepted accounting principle) GAAP. FA is useful in critically
analysing the fiscal reports of company and also allocating the resources. It helps in determining
the growth in the Taj Accountants by comparing it with the previous statements. Financial
accounting helps in presenting the financial information in the structured manner for better
understanding and effective decision making for future success and development of the business.
There various users of financial information which mainly includes internal and external
stakeholders and it helps in better decision making. It is useful because it aid in evaluating the
current financial state of the company in a snapshot. This helps in better understanding and
formulation of plans and strategies. FA plays a crucial role in determining the liabilities and asset
of organization. It also helps in comparing the financial position with its competitors in order to
attain desired goals and objectives.
Purpose of FA
FA helps in providing in- depth information of the organization fiscal state and it also
helps in sound decision making in an accurate and efficient manner. The aim of FA is to provide
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necessary data to stakeholders of the Taj Accountancy. It is beneficial in determining the
financial strengths of the organization. It is very useful in communicating the information to the
stakeholders by formulating various financial statements on a timely manner with utmost
accuracy. This provides the snapshot of the financial health of the Taj Accountants in order to
attain greater heights. The main reason of FA is that it helps in determining the best performing
sector of the organization in order to achieve desired objectives and leads to further growth and
success (Lawrence, 2019). It gives relevant and reliable information to the stakeholders which
helps in strategic decision making. It is useful in distinguishing the results with the past historic
statements to evaluate the profitability of the organization over the particular span of period
period. It helps in controlling the cost and increasing the overall productivity of the Taj
Accountants. FA is useful in determining the flaws and take necessary action to resolve the issue
in an accurate and systematic manner. It helps in ascertaining the areas which generates higher
profit and also focuses on evaluating the factors which leads to higher manufacturing cost. It is
very crucial because it helps in forecasting the needs of the future which leads to higher
operational standards and efficiency.
FA vs MA
Financial accounting is a process which is useful in examining the financial position of
the organization to achieve desired goals and objectives. It is very crucial for external
shareholders of the organization to determine the financial position and take strategic decision in
an efficient and timely manner. Financial accounting has to prepared while complying with
various standards such as GAAP, IFRS, etc. It has to be prepared every financial year ending to
determine the position of the company for a particular accounting year.
Management accounting (MA) helps internal stakeholders of the organization to take
appropriate decision. Management accounting helps in providing statistical information which
helps in short term decision making. It is not mandatory to prepare management reports and
statements. But can be prepared anytime during a particular financial year.
Regulatory framework
Regulatory framework is the authority given to the regulators which helps in aligning
various accounting standards in the accounting practice in order to generate accurate and reliable
manner. Their focus is to ensure that the company focuses on maintaining consistency in the
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approaches during a specific accounting period (Bennett, 2017). It mainly includes GAAP, IFRS,
IAS. Financial reporting council (FRC) set standards for motoring, reporting and enforcing
accounting standards.
Conceptual framework
Conceptual framework is a set of rules, regulations and standards which are developed by
the IASB (International accounting standard board) to make sure that the uniformity is
maintained in various accounting methods. It helps in setting concepts for guidance and
disclosures.
Going concern concept: This is a fundamental framework which states that the company should
be existing for the foreseeable future period to attain long term organizational goals and
objectives.
Accrual concept: This principle helps in recording of all the revenues earned when the cash is
received by the company in a particular financial year. It helps in determining the expenses and
revenues which has not been received and paid.
2. External and Internal stakeholders.
Internal stakeholders of the organisation are entities within the organization which mainly
includes employees, BOD, managers, owners, etc. they have financial interest in the company
and it mainly focuses on vesting interest on working of the organisation to take strategic decision
(Yarahmadi and Bohloli, 2015). It is useful for internal stakeholders which helps in downsizing
and expansion of the business and take necessary decision to structure the business effectively
for attainment of long run goals and objectives.
Managers: A manager is person who takes strategic decision to control the functioning
of the business concern. Financial accounting information helps managers in taking strategic
decision in relation with the operation of the company. It helps manager in assessing the
profitability and liquidity state of organisation. Financial information helps mangers in analysing
the most profitable units and prioritize the work to attain higher profits and economies of scale. It
is also useful in optimally utilizing the resources by controlling the activities and reducing
wastage.
Employees: employees are internal stakeholders of the business, and they are interested
in the financial reports of the organisation in order to determine the overall performance of the
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company and it also helps in analysing the company's ability to provide additional benefit and
salaries to the employees. It aids employees in evaluating the company's stability position to
access the expansion possibilities and future career growth opportunities to the employees (Users
of Accounting Information, 2019). It is useful to them to evaluate the compensation benefits and
also accurately determine the job security and future remuneration.
External shareholders of organization are entities outside of organization which mainly
includes investors, suppliers, competitors, government, creditors, customers, local community,
etc. every stakeholders have different interest in the fiscal interest of the business.
Creditors: Fiscal data helps company in evaluating the credibility and liquidity state of
the organization. It is useful in determining whether the company will be able to repay the
amount within the stipulated duration of time or not. In case the company is having good
credibility position then the creditors will lend money to the company that results in smooth
working of company. The creditors are interested in financial statement because they are curious
in determining the fiscal liquidity state of the organisation to meet their short term obligations.
Investors: They focus on ascertaining the viability and financial position. The fiscal data
is useful for investors in predicting the dividends of the company based on the profits earned in
the particular financial year (Cascino and et.al., 2017). For example, if the company is generating
higher profit, then the company will give higher dividends to the shareholders. On the contrary,
if the profits are fluctuating this indicates higher risk to the investor and helps them, in taking
strategic decision. FA information helps investor in taking investment decision accurately.
Government: They are external stakeholders and are interested in financial statements to
determine validity of the tax declared in financial reports of the organization. It is useful in
evaluating the tax returns. Financial statements of the organization helps government in tracking
the economic progress by thoroughly analysing the varied sectors of economy. They are
interested in the financial information of the company for regulatory purpose. It helps
government in determining the tax due and tax paid thereon.
Customers: They are concerned in financial reports of the organization as it is useful in
analysing the stability position of the organization (Cascino and et.al., 2017). It is also essential
in determining whether the resources of the organization are effectively utilized in order to attain
desired goals and objectives.
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Client 1
1. Record and proper classification of the journal entries
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A le x e n d r a s t u d y ' s o p e n in g jo u n a l a s a t 1 s t ja n u a r y 2 0 1 9
D e b it ( £ ) C r e d it ( £ )
A s s e t s : -
Pre m is e s 2 4 0 0 0 0
V a n 5 1 2 5 0
F ix tu re s 8 1 0 0
In v e n tory 2 3 9 0 0
R e c ie v a b le s :-
P Mu lle n 4 4 0 0
F L a n e 6 1 0 0
C a s h a t B a n k 6 8 4 0 0
C a s h in H a n d 1 5 6 0 0
L ia b i liti e s : -
Pa y a b le s
S .H ood 1 2 1 5 0
J. B row n 1 6 6 0 0
E q u it y O p e n in g C a p it a l 3 8 9 0 0 0
T ota l 4 1 7 7 5 0 4 1 7 7 5 0

7
Jo u r n a l E n t r ie s
D a t e P a r ti c u l a r s L . F . D e b it ( £ ) C r e d i t ( £ )
0 1 -Ja n -1 9 S tora g e c os t a /c D r. 4 5 0
T o B a n k a /c 4 5 0
0 2 -Ja n -1 9
Pu rc h a s e a /c D r. 6 0 8 0
T o S H ood a /c 1 4 5 0
T o D Ma in a /c 2 0 6 0
T o W T on e a /c 9 6 0
T o R F oot a /c 1 6 1 0
0 3 -Ja n -1 9
J.W ills on a /c D r. 1 2 0 0
T .C ole a /c D r. 1 6 5 0
F .S y m e a /c D r. 2 1 0 0
J.A lle n a /c D r. 1 0 2 0
P.W h ite a /c D r. 2 5 2 0
F .L a n e a /c D r. 9 8 0
T o S a le s a /c 9 4 7 0
0 4 -Ja n -1 9 Motor E x p e n s e s a /c D r. 4 7 0
T o C a s h a /c 4 7 0
0 7 -Ja n -1 9 D ra win g s a /c D r. 1 5 0 0
T o C a s h a /c 1 5 0 0
0 9 -Ja n -1 9 T .C ole a /c D r. 6 8 0
J.F ox a /c D r. 1 3 1 0
1 1 -Ja n -1 9
R e tu rn In w a rd s a /c D r. 6 8 0
T o J.W ills on a /c 2 7 0
T o F .S y m e a /c 4 1 0
1 6 -Ja n -1 9
B a n k a /c D r. 7 0 2 0
T o P.Mu lle n a /c 1 4 0 0
T o F .L a n e a /c 3 1 0 0
T o J.W ills on a /c 8 5 0
T o F .S y m e a /c 1 6 7 0
1 9 -Ja n -1 9 R .F oot a /c D r. 5 0
T o R e tu rn O u twa rd s a /c 5 0
2 2 -Ja n -1 9
Pu rc h a s e a /c D r. 3 7 4 0
T o L .Mole a /c 1 8 3 0
T o W .W rig h t a /c 1 9 1 0
2 4 -Ja n -1 9
S .H ood a /c D r. 3 6 0 0
J.B row n a /c D r. 4 6 0 0
R .F oot a /c D r. 1 4 0 0
T o B a n k a /c 9 6 0 0
2 7 -Ja n -1 9 S a la ries a /c D r. 4 8 0 0
T o B a n k a /c 4 8 0 0
3 0 -Ja n -1 9 B u s in es s R a te s a /c D r. 1 3 2 0
T o B a n k a /c 1 3 2 0

8
D R . C A S H B O O K C R .
D a t e R e c e ip t s C a s h ( £ ) D a t e P a y m e n t s C a s h ( £ )
0 1 -Ja n -1 9 T o B a la n c e b /d 1 5 6 0 0 6 8 4 0 0 0 1 -Ja n -1 9 S tora g e c os ts 4 5 0
1 6 -Ja n -1 9 P.Mu lle n 1 4 0 0 0 4 -Ja n -1 9 Motor E x p e n s e s 4 7 0
F .L a n e 3 1 0 0 0 7 -Ja n -1 9 D ra win g s 1 5 0 0
J.W ills on 8 5 0 2 4 -Ja n -1 9 S .H ood 3 6 0 0
F .S y m e 1 6 7 0 J.B rown 4 6 0 0
R .F oot 1 4 0 0
2 7 -Ja n -1 9 S a la rie s 4 8 0 0
3 0 -Ja n -1 9 B u s in e s s R a te s 1 3 2 0
3 1 -Ja n - 1 9 B a la n c e c /f 1 3 6 3 0 5 9 2 5 0
1 5 6 0 0 7 5 4 2 0 1 5 6 0 0 7 5 4 2 0
# # # B a la n c e b /d 1 3 6 3 0 5 9 2 5 0
B a n k ( £ ) B a n k ( £ )
S a l e s D a y B o o k
D a t e D e t a ils £
0 3 -Ja n -1 9
J.W ills on 1 2 0 0
T .C ole 1 6 5 0
F .S y m e 2 1 0 0
J.Alle n 1 0 2 0
P.W h ite 2 5 2 0
F .L a n e 9 8 0
0 9 -Ja n -1 9
T .C ole 6 8 0
J.F ox 1 3 1 0
C r . S a le s a c c o u n t 1 1 4 6 0
S a l e s R e t u r n s D a y B o o k
D a t e D e t a ils £
1 1 -Ja n -1 9 J.W ills on 2 7 0
F .S y m e 4 1 0

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ii. Trial balance
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Client 2
a. Income statement
Profit and loss statement of Munteanu Limited for 31st December 2018
b. Balance sheet statement.
Balance sheet statement of Munteanu Limited for 31st December 2018
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Revenue w1 135,000
Cost of Sales w2 -55,300
Gross Profit 79,700
Distribution Costs w3 -36,000
Administrative Costs w3 -36,000
Operating Profit 7,700
Finance Cost -1,500
Profit before tax 6,200
Tax Payable -2,000
Profit for the Year 4,200
Munteaunu Plc Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended 31st December 2018
£
Ordinary Share Share Retained Total
Capital Premium Earnings
£ £ £ £
40,000 20,000 22,000 82,000
4,200 4,200
40,000 20,000 26,200 86,200
Munteanu's Plc Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31st December 2018
Balance B/d Profit for the year

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ASSETS £
Non-current assets
Property, Plant and Equipment w4 81,200
Current assets
Inventory note (i) 20,000
Trade receivables 26,000
Prepayment note (iii) 3,000
Total current Assets 49,000
TOTAL ASSETS 130,200
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Ordinary Share Capital at £1 each 40,000
Share Premium 20,,000
Retained Earnings 26,200
Total Equity 86,200
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 22,000
Accruals Note (iii) 2,000
Tax Payable note (iv) 2,000
Bank Overdraft 18,000
Total Current Liabilities 44,000
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 130,200
Munteanu's Plc Statement of Financial Position as at 31st December 2018
w1 REVENUE
SALES 138,000
Less returns Inwards -3,000
Revenue 135,000
w2 Cost of Sales
Opening Inventory 15000
Add Purchases 61000
Less returns Outwards -1500 59500
74500
Less closing Inventory note (i) -20000
54500
Dep on Buildings 800
Cost of Sales 55300
w3
ADMIN
costs DIST costs
TB 30000 35000
Dep on P and Machinery 4000 4000
admin salary accrued 2000
rent prepaid -3000
36000 36000
w4 PPE
L and B P and M
as per TB cost/valuation 60000 60000
acc dep at 1-Jan-18 -10000 -20000
note (ii) current year Depreciation -800 -8000
Carrying Value at 31-Dec 18
18 49200 32000 81200

c.) Accounting concepts
Consistency
Concept of the consistency is referred to as the accounting method where one has adopted
the method and it has been applied consistently future. For any of valid reason the policies of
accounting has been changed and also the business has been disclosed all the nature of the
changes, reasons for changing and it also directly affects the part of the financial statement.
Consistency accounting concept refers to the accounting principles and also continues the
method for following the consistency for the future period and time of accounting (Gödel,
2016).
Prudency
The Prudency accounting concept doesn't overvalue the cost of the revenues, underestimating the
cost of expenditure and also the recognise the revenues. It is always be unprogressive for
transacting the sum of assets & not underestimating the liabilities. The result of this be always
conservatively stated for all the fiscal reports. In accounting, it has been ensured that according
the Prudency all the financial statements presenting the fair and realistic picture of the
organization liabilities and revenues (Hiller and Humes, 2016).
d) Purpose of depreciation.
Depreciation purpose
Depreciation is achieving the coordinated accounting principles. Company has been
attempting to matching the historical cost of the productive assets and things from the revenues
that has been attained from using the possession.
The two methods of depreciation
SLM
It is basically a approach which calculate the depreciation. It is one of the simplest way for
working out the failure of the values of the assets over the time and period. Straight line method
generally calculating the depreciation by dividing the differences between the cost of the assets
and also the expected salvage values by the number of years which has been expected for using
(Li and Hall, 2016).
WDV method
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The rate of the reduction has been fixed already and it has been charged according to the
publication values of the liability. It is the total sum of the depreciated value of all the assets and
liabilities (Everhart, 2018).
E) Difference of financial statements of limited companies and sole proprietor.
Sole proprietor Limited companies
A sole proprietor is generally self-employed
person and also the single owner of the
organization. It is one of the simple structure of
the company.
Limited company is basically type of business
structure where it has own legal identity,
separated from the share holders and managers.
It is very easy to set up and also relatively few
paperwork's. It has yearly self assessments
taxes of the return.
The benefits of the limited company is it has
limited and less liability and assets. Limited
companies is only responsible for what they
have been putted in the company.
It has greater secrecy then the incorporated
business and also all the details that has been
found the companies houses.
Once the limited company has been registered
then nobody can use it (Everhart, 2018).
Client 3
a.) BRS.
Bank reconciliation system (BRS) is an effective process of integrating data between
company's financial records and bank records. It focuses on matching the balances of both the
financial records to ascertain financial state of the organisation. This helps in outlining the
withdrawal, deposits and other activity which majorly affect the bank statements for the specific
period. It gives summary of all the financial transactions and business activity by reconciling the
business records with bank records (Sunarya, Nurhaeni and Haris,2017). It helps in checking the
accuracy of the data and finding the cause of deviation.
Purpose of BRS
This is a useful tool which helps in analysing the fraud in the company. It is very useful
in detecting various errors and helps in checking the accuracy of the data. It is very useful in
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tracking receivables by avoiding awkward situation. It helps in tracking interest and fees by
effectively evaluating the results.
b.) Reasons for variation in BRS.1. Unrealized and un- presented cheques: Cheques are presented into the bank and debited
into the firms account immediately, but it is not realized. This results in variation in
financial statements (Ahmed, 2016).2. Deposit in transit: It states that the cash is accepted by the individual and it has been
recorded, but the transaction has not been made in bank statements.3. Errors in recording of financial transaction: Recording of wrong amounts and
recording of transaction in other person's account leads to disagreement between bank
and company records.4. Time difference in recording of entry: Due to difference in recording of transaction
because of time difference. This leads top difference in bank and company records.
5. Direct debits: In case direct debit is made by bank and there is no malformation regarding
it to the firm. This leads to disagreement between bank and company records.
c.) “Imprest” in petty cash system.
This means that the company has detailed statement of accounts of where the cash will be
spent. It helps in evaluating the cash spent on small day to activities such as stationery, petrol,
transportation, etc. The person is appointed to distribute small amount of funds and maintain
cash receipt of each and record the transaction in a petty cash system (Kemp and Waybright,
2016).
Imprest system focuses on reserving the fixed amount of cash for the particular period in
order to carry out the activities. All cash distributions in made from the petty cash fund by
effectively documenting it with receipts. It helps in paying small expenses and maintaining
proper record of each transactions. The key advantage of imprest is that it is useful in reserving
fixed amount of money in order to control the expenses effectively. This helps in reducing the
burden of cashier. It also helps in reserving the cash for small day to day expenses without
disturbing the cash reserves of the company. It helps in more control over the cash which leads
to higher operational performance and productivity of the business.
d. Preparation of BRS.
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Client 4
a. Preparing sales and purchase ledger account
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b.) Control accounts
It is known as the sum-up of the account which records all the transaction in a summary
in order to provide clear understanding and accurate results. This account contains sum total of
all the ledgers (Kuznetsova and Kuznetsov, 2017). This account is also referred to as controlling
account. It helps in checking the fraud against various activities. It is useful in summarizing the
activities which results in higher operational standards and strategic decision making. It helps in
preparation of company's financial statements for higher operational standards. It helps in
summarizing the data and also focuses on identifying the errors by providing accurate and
reliable data. Control account is also useful in extracting the trail balance from the general
ledger.
Client 5
a). Suspense account.
It is an account prepared in general book which records financial transactions
temporarily. Those entries are recorded which are doubtful in nature. Suspense account is
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referred to the account which is prepared because of the presence of the unclassified credits and
the debits. These accounts are been cleared out on regular basis as per the internal accounting
process of business. This account is created when the credit and the debit balance of any account
in the trial sheet does not agree (Kumar, 2018). In respect of the accounting business, suspense
account is counted as the temporary account that holds the place for the transactions which is not
been found in context of which account it is to be attached. In other words, it is an account which
is created when the balances of the transaction does not match or couldn't be identified. Suspense
accounted is been located in general ledger and is used for separating the amount till it could be
identified and is placed into the correct account. Mainly there are two major reasons when the
suspense account is opened as follows-
 At the time when the bookkeeper is unsure about posting of an item
 Because of the deviation occurs in the trial sheet
Thus, suspense account helsp in finding out the error made in the recording or in the
classification of the financial transactions.
b. Trial balance
c. Rectification of errors
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CONCLUSION
The study concludes that, FA helps in tracking fiscal transaction of the organisation. It is
useful in recording, summarizing and presenting the financial records which are very useful for
shareholders of the business to take strategic decision. FA is useful in determining the best
performing sector of the company. It also helps in evaluating the performance, profitability and
financial state of the organisation. The study further evaluates, the users of financial statements.
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W o r k i n g N o t e s : -
1
R e c ie v a b le s 3 2 0 0
(a d d ) S a le to Jon e 4 2 0 0
T o t a l R e c i e v a b le s 7 4 0 0
2
Pa y a b le s 3 5 0 0
(a d d ) Pu rc h a s e from W h ite 7 5 0 0
T o t a l P a y a b l e s 1 1 0 0 0
DR CR
Date Details £ Date Details £
T Whites 7,500 Balance b/d 3,300
Johns 4,200
7,500 7,500
Suspence Account

This study further determines, various accounting concepts. This study also examines
difference between sole proprietor and limited companies. Furthermore, it helps in examining the
Bank reconciliation system (BRS) is an effective process of integrating data between company's
financial records and bank records. It also evaluates the reasons for variation in BRS. This study
examines, “Imprest” in petty cash system. It also concludes, meaning of control accounts and
suspense accounts.
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