Analysis of Financial Management in Tesco's Operations

This financial management report analyzes the financial and management accounting practices of Tesco, a major supermarket chain. The report is divided into two scenarios. Scenario 1 evaluates techniques and factors influencing organizational decision-making, including brainstorming and SWOT analysis, alongside stakeholder management and the management of conflicting objectives. It also examines the value of management accounting techniques for cost control and maximizing stakeholder value, and techniques for fraud detection and prevention. Scenario 2 focuses on how data informs operational and strategic decisions, compares and contrasts investment appraisal techniques, and demonstrates techniques used in financial decision making. The report analyzes how financial decisions support long-term sustainability and provides recommendations for management accountants to improve financial stability. The report covers various techniques like marginal costing, capital budgeting, standard costing, and historical costing, alongside auditing for fraud detection and prevention. The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of Tesco's financial management strategies, providing insights into decision-making, cost control, and stakeholder management.

Financial Management

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
SCENARIO 1..................................................................................................................................1
1. Evaluation of the range of techniques and factors which are contributing in the decision
making of the organisation..........................................................................................................1
2. Stakeholder management and the management of conflicting objectives of different
stakeholder groups.......................................................................................................................2
3. The value of management accounting techniques in cost control and maximising
stakeholder value.........................................................................................................................3
4. Techniques for fraud detection and prevention and the approach to ethical decision making5
5. Reflection for the understanding of above questions..............................................................6
SCENARIO 2..................................................................................................................................6
1. Identify how data helps to inform operational or strategic decisions for the company...........6
2. Compare and contrast the three investment appraisal techniques...........................................9
3. Demonstrate the value of techniques which helps in financial decision making..................10
4. Analyse that how financial decisions support the long term sustainability...........................11
5. Recommendations regarding the way in which management accountants can help to
improve financial sustainability.................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Financial accounting principles can be defined as various types of rules and regulations
that are required to be followed by all the organisations while generating final accounts. Some of
the financial statements that are formulated by entities on yearly basis are profit and loss account,
balance sheet and cash flow statement. All of them are used to analyse actual position and
performance of company. While formulating decisions for future all of them are used to evaluate
the past year’s situation and then effective strategies are formed to make sure that highly
effective policies for upcoming years could be formed (Dauderies and Annand, 2019). In order to
meet strategic objectives such as increased profits, higher customer engagement and enhanced
revenues it is essential or all the enterprises to make sure that they are able to formulate the final
accounts on the basis of financial accounting principles. Present report is based upon analysis of
management as well as financial accounting of a company. The organisation which is selected
for this report is Tesco which is one of the largest supermarket chains around the world. It was
founded in year 1919 by Jack Cohen. Its headquarter is in London, United Kingdom. This
assignment is segregated in two parts. First scenario covers topics such as evaluation of range of
approaches, techniques and actors contributing in effective decisions making, stakeholder
management, value of management accounting in cost control and techniques of fraud detection
and prevention. Second scenario is based upon calculation of ratios, comparison and contrasting
of investment appraisal techniques, value of BEP and cash flow to inform decisions making etc.
Apart from this, analysis of financial decision making and recommendations for management
accountants to improve financial stability are also covered in this assignment.
SCENARIO 1
1. Evaluation of the range of techniques and factors which are contributing in the decision
making of the organisation
Effective decision making is very important for all the organisations and the managers
are required to make sure that they are using effective techniques and approaches for the same
purpose. In Tesco the management team is using various types of them and all of them are
facilitating effective decision making. Description of them is as follows:
Brain storming: It is one of the common approaches of decision making in which all the
team members sit together and try to analyse the position of business so that effective ways to
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improve it could be determined. In order to analyse creative ways to meet the business goals it is
used by managers of Tesco so that they can find solution for the problems that are faced by the
organisation. It facilitates effective decision making because it guides them to determine the
steps that could be taken by them for betterment of business (Hayoun, 2018). It is beneficial for
the enterprise because it provides spontaneous solutions for difficult problems faced by the
organisation.
SWOT analysis: It is a technique which is also used in effective decision making by all
the entities like Tesco because with the help of it the managers get aware of strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats for business. By analysing all of them, they determine
position of the company and then formulate effective decisions for upcoming period. It facilitates
in strategy formulation because when the management team will be aware of all the positive and
negative aspects of business then it can help to form effective decisions. This technique is mainly
used for strategic management so that performance of business could be improved.
While planning to formulate effective decisions for future different factors are also
focused by the managers. Description of them is as follows:
Risk: It is one of the main factors which is focused by the managers of Tesco while
formulating effective decisions. They determine all the risks for business which are currently
affecting the business or may leave adverse impacts in future. It helps them to be aware of all the
positive as well as negative situations for the organisation which guides them to make effective
decisions for betterment of the enterprise (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2018).
Market situations: For all the managers it is very important to determine the market
situation so that it could be determined that business will be able to grow positively or not. The
management teams in Tesco analyse the market conditions and then formulate decisions for
business so that possibility of attainment of future goals could be enhanced. All the managers of
the organisation try to make sure that they are having accurate information about the market
situations as it helps to form effective strategic decisions for development of business.
2. Stakeholder management and the management of conflicting objectives of different
stakeholder groups
Stakeholder management can be defined as the procedure which is mainly focused with
organisation, monitoring, improving and maintaining relations with the stakeholders. It also pays
attention towards assessment of needs and expectations of all the groups of them so that effective
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plans for meeting them could be formulated by the company. All the managers of Tesco are
focused with management of stakeholders such as employees, customers, government,
shareholders, creditors, investors etc. There are two main groups of the for the enterprise. These
are internal and external stakeholders.
Internal stakeholders are the individuals who internal part of the enterprise. Some of the
examples of them for Tesco are employees, shareholders board members etc. All of them are
focused with enhancement in profitability of the organisation and the main, objective of them is
to make sure that the profits and revenues of the enterprise are increasing continuously
(Mullinova, 2016).
External stakeholders are the parties who are the outsiders but having interest in the
business and its performance. It is very important for all companies like Tesco to make sure that
they are satisfied with the services that are rendered to them because it is very important to keep
them engaged in the business processes. Some of the examples of them are investors, creditors,
customers etc. Main purpose of them is to get higher returns on their funds and buy good quality
of products.
The objectives of internal and external group of stakeholders are conflicting and it may
create difficulties for the managers to manage their interests and objectives. In order to managing
their aims the managers try to formulate effective decisions for business as it can help to improve
the performance of business which will help to fulfil requirements of all of them. The managers
try to make sure that all the products are made with good quality so that profits could be
increased with higher sales. It will help to provide good returns to the investors. All these
activities are performed by the organisation to manage conflicting objectives of different
stakeholder groups (Narayanaswamy, 2017).
3. The value of management accounting techniques in cost control and maximising stakeholder
value
Management accounting is a process of analysing progress of operational activities and
then formulate effective decisions to make improvements in it. For large as well as small entities
it is very important to make sure that they are able to manage the operations as it is linked with
long-term goals. The managers in Tesco are also conducting it on yearly basis so that they can
control the cost and maximise the value of shareholders. Some of the key techniques of
management accounting which are used by them for these purposes are described below:
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Marginal costing: This technique is mainly focused with charging the variable cost per
unit and write off the fixed cost for all the items. It is used in Tesco by the managers to make
sure that they are able to analyse the cost of selling one additional unit to the clients. With the
help of it, they try to control the cost because when they will have detailed information of cost
then it will be beneficial for them to find ways to control it. It is also used to maintain
stakeholder’s value because it guides, management to get aware of factors which are resulting in
higher cost and if they will be controlled then value of shareholders will be increased (Pratt,
2016).
Capital budgeting: This technique of management accounting is used in investment
appraisal. With the help of it, managers of Tesco analyse different proposed projects so that one
of the which is best for growth of business could be selected. For example, if the entity is willing
to expand its business in a new location and it is having different alternatives for the same then
capital budgeting could be used to select the best option. With the help of it, the managers try to
maximise the value of shareholders because it will help to select the best project which will help
to grow the business. When The best project will be selected then it will provide benefits to
business and also help to increase value of shareholders.
Standard costing: This technique of management accounting is focused with the
analysis of variation between the actual and budgeted costs. In Tesco it is used by the managers
for the purpose of controlling the cost. It guides them to analyse that the estimations that were
made by them are able to meet the actual figures or not. Apart from this, the managers also try to
control the cost with the help of it because it guides them to determine future costs on the basis
of previous years. When the cost of operations will be controlled then it can help to increase the
value of shareholders within the enterprise.
Historical costing: This technique of management accounting is also focused with
recording all the assets and liabilities on their actual value in the balance sheet. They should not
be recorded on the basis of the market price in the statement of financial position. It is used in
Tesco by the managers for the purpose of making sure that value of shareholders will be
maximised (Rutherford, 2016). When all the assets and liabilities will be recorded on the basis of
their actual cost then it will help to reduce the possibility of negative impacts of changes in
market prices of them.
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4. Techniques for fraud detection and prevention and the approach to ethical decision making
Fraud Detection can be defined as the process which is followed to analyse the frauds in
the final account on the other hand, fraud prevention is focused with the ignorance of any type of
fraud in the books of accounting. It is very important for all the organisations to make sure that
they are focused with both of them so that the possibility of mistakes in the records could be
ignored. There are various types of techniques that are used in Tesco for both the purposes.
Description of them is as follows:
Auditing: It is one of the main techniques of fraud detection because when all the
records of accounting will be audited in regular basis then it can help to analyse any type of fraud
which is being made by the accountants while recording information. With the help of it, the
managers in Tesco try to make sure that they are bale to determine all the frauds so that the
possibility of inaccurate financial statements could be ignored. By using it, on random basis it
will be very easy to detect the frauds and formulate strategies for resolution of them (Schroeder,
Clark and Cathey, 2019).
Assessment of records: It is also a technique which could be used by the organisations
for the purpose of detecting frauds. When all the records will be assessed then it will be very
easy to detect all the frauds which are made in the reports. In Tesco it is used by the managers to
make sure that they are able to analyse all the frauds that are made in the books and for this
purpose they assess each and every transaction which is recorded in the reports. Proper
assessment guides to analyse the mistakes.
Some of the specific techniques which are used by Tesco for the purpose of fraud
prevention are as follows:
Implementation of internal controls: It is one of the main techniques which are used
for the purpose preventing the frauds. It is used in Tesco by the managers by taking control over
all the activities so that they can reduce the possibility of frauds in the books. They also make
sure they check all the reports personally so that all the frauds could be prevented and transparent
report could be generated.
Hiring trustworthy staff members: It is also a technique which is focused by Tesco for
preventing the possibility of fraud. All the employees who are hired by it are trustworthy so that
the information of business could be shared by them without any specific restriction. With the
help of it, the organisation ignores the frauds in the books of accounting.
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Tesco is one of the largest entities which are carrying out operations at global level. The
managers of it are using various ethical approaches to formulate ethical decisions. Description of
them is as follows:
Fairness or justice approach: This approach is focused with formulation of fair
decisions and it guides managers of Tesco to be fair with all the staff members so that they can
work with higher engagement. It guides all the members in management team to unbiased with
all the employees and formulate ethical decisions for betterment of business (Sithole, 2016).
Rights approach: It is also focused with ethical decision making. It states that all the
managers in organisations such as Tesco are required to make sure that they are providing all the
rights to the employees and carrying out operations ethically.
5. Reflection for the understanding of above questions
All the above questions are mainly focused with management accounting which is required
to be conducted on yearly basis to analyse accuracy of internal records. While completing the
first question my knowledge regarding the approaches and techniques of effective decision
making was enhanced. Some of them which are used in Tesco are SWOT analysis and brain
storming. The factors that are focused by the organisation while formulating decisions are risk
and market situations. While answering second question I understood that there are various types
of stakeholders and all of them are having different objectives It is very important for the
companies to make efforts so that their expectations could be met. Third question is mainly
based upon management accounting techniques and it helped me to improve the understanding
regarding the approaches which could be used to control cost and maximise shareholder value.
The examples of them are marginal costing, standard costing, capital budgeting and historical
costing. Last question is based upon fraud detection and prevention (Suryanto and Ridwansyah,
2016). It helped me to understand the importance of them and the techniques which could be
used for them. Apart from this, I also gained knowledge of ethical decision making for an
organisation and importance of it.
SCENARIO 2
1. Identify how data helps to inform operational or strategic decisions for the company
Ratio analysis is widely used method, it is an essential method to analyze the financial
statement. Based on the financial information, the estimates build a qualitative or quantitative
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equation between two evidence and facts to determine the strengths and limitations of an entity,
the cash aspects and overall results (Blums and Weigand, 2017). This allows other shareholders
to analyze some aspects of a company’s performance. Tesco Plc and its evaluation support the
earnings and organizational key decisions of a firm in the regard. A few of the ratio analysis are
given below:
Gross profit ratio:
Formula: Gross profit margin = Gross profit / Net sales *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Gross profit 250000 280000
Revenues 650000 700000
Gross profit margin ratio 38.46 % 40 %
Net profit margin ratio:
Formula: Net profit margin = Net profit / Net sales *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Net Profit 30000 45000
Revenues 650000 700000
Net Profit Margin (%) 4.62 % 6.43 %
Mark up ratio:
Formula: Mark up ratio = (Sales – COGS) / Cost of goods sold *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Sales – COGS 250000 280000
Cost of goods sold 400000 420000
Mark up ratio 62.50 % 66.67 %
Return on capital investment:
Formula: Return on capital investment = Net profit / Capital invested *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Net profit 30000 45000
Capital invested 520000 565000
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Return on capital invested 5.77 % 7.96 %
Return on assets:
Formula: Return on assets = Net profit / total assets *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Net profit 30000 45000
Total assets 600000 640000
Return on assets 5 % 7.03 %
Return on equity:
Formula: Return on equity = Net profit / shareholder's fund *100
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Net profit 30000 45000
Shareholder's equity 435000 485000
Return on equity 6.90 % 9.28 %
Current ratio:
Formula: Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Current assets 155000 165000
Current liabilities 80000 75000
Current ratio 1.94 2.20
Quick ratio:
Formula: Quick ratio = Quick assets / current liabilities
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Quick assets 65000 75000
Current liabilities 80000 75000
Acid test ratio 0.81 1
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Debt Ratio:
Formula: Debt ratio = Total liabilities / Total Assets
2019 (£’ M) 2020 (£’ M)
Total liabilities 165000 155000
Total Assets 600000 640000
Debt ratio 0.28 0.24
With the help of above ratio analysis, managers of Tesco plc can formulae strategic and
operational decisions. Collected information helps the organization to compare their
performances with industrial standards or able to make decisions accordingly (Choudhary,
Merkley and Schipper, 2019). From the above calculation it has been observed that profitability
of the company increases, liquidity also improved and financial leverage of Tesco also enhances.
Basically, overall performance of the company is increasers from 2019 to 2020 duration. It also
help the managers to make operational or strategic decisions to achieve business goals &
objectives and it further maximise the productivity as well as profitability throughout the year.
2. Compare and contrast the three investment appraisal techniques
In order to select the profitable project, management should adopt or implement
investment appraisal techniques which help in indentifying that which project is profitable or
which one is not (Habib and et.al, 2018). There are major three investment appraisal techniques
which are used by the most of the organizations to check the profitability of the proposals. Such
as payback periods, net present value (NPV) and accounting rate of return (ARR). There are lot
more but, in order to address this question, it is sufficient to analyse such methods and compare
and contrast them with each other. With the help of it, managers of Tesco Plc able to make their
decisions that which technique is appropriate to evaluate project efficiency. Some of the
contrasts are as follow:
Basic Payback period NPV ARR
Selection basis Lower the recovery
period is selected and
higher one rejected.
Higher the NPV
value selected and
lower or negative one
rejected.
In this case, higher
return project is selected
and lower one is
rejected.
Time value of It does not consider the NPV consider the It also does not consider
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money time of value of money
which can differ the
results.
time value of money
until the project life
cycle is ended.
the time value of money
which can provide
higher returns.
There are some basic similarities among the three investment appraisal techniques that all
are used to identify the profitability of the project and how much worth they provided to the
organization (Liang, Marinovic and Varas, 2018). All are very simple to calculate and further
help the managers to make their investment decisions accordingly. These are the most crucial
techniques which are used by the most of the organization beefier taking any decision in respect
of their future investments. With the help of it, they can easily compare the project or select the
most suitable project which provides more benefits in terms of profitability or higher returns.
3. Demonstrate the value of techniques which helps in financial decision making
There are several management accounting techniques which helps the organizations to
make financial decisions and make sure that it will be appropriate which maximise the overall
efficiency as well as effectiveness of business operations. Use of such techniques create value for
the organizations such as Tesco Plc, it help the managers to formulate financial decisions as per
the financial information by using below mention techniques:
Cash flow statement: It is a financial report which documents cash inflows and cash
outflows at a particular time in a business. It is among the most significant factors of a firm's
earnings management as it is a significant indicator of the company’s liquidity. It statement
supports the organisations in making financial decisions. Predict potential cash shortages, and
then make a spending plan in advance. Establish a sound foundation for taking credit;
incorporate it, for example, into our strategic plan of action by management or organizational
strategy. When in every time frame they have accrued positive balances, part of this surplus will
be deposited in the stock market to produce an extra stream of income. Under one of the income
sections, the money is reported as interest income (Obradović, Čupić and Dimitrijević, 2018). It
could also be investing in technology or machinery to enhance the performance of the firm. The
important aspect of the cash flow statement would be that it allows businesses to know its
liquidity quickly, providing key knowledge that enables to make financial decisions.
Break-even analysis: This is the stage at which the profits of the company provided
sufficient income to offset all of its operating costs and expenditures. At this point, all received
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income from the company is gain as far as the expenditures and taxes are not raised and the
selling volumes are not decreased. The break-even point describes the minimum quantity of
revenue the company has to receive before profit. The break-even measurement also allows the
company to recognize high operating expenses when evaluated closely. It is closely linked to
fixed costs, higher and managing these costs allows the company to hit a lower break-even point
for greater productivity. It will allow the management to make decisions, but it cannot be used
it alone. Analysis of break-even does not require taking cash flow or various uses for spare
capacity, human labour or cash. Break-even technique is beneficial as an instrument of
confirmatory decision-making. Company's executives used these techniques to create financial
decisions that improve both total productivity and effectiveness as well.
4. Analyse that how financial decisions support the long term sustainability
In an organization, financial decision-making process is a critical process which about the
organizational growth. The technical skills of business managers rely on the knowledge to
attempt to build a strategies that will allow improve the future success of the organization. The
financial decision has been used to maintain long-term sustained growth for the organization.
Executives take decisions about the capital, stock market policy, investment, financial reporting,
and inventory control and implementation responsibilities of their institution. The primary
objective of a working corporation is to secure its competitive advantage in the market for a long
time (Duvanskaya, 2016). If a company has a proper organizational culture and great financial
management, it may prosper in attractive routes for a long time. If businesses make misguided
acquisitions or new technologies, they cannot succeed in the international market.
The reputation of a company depends on how effectively its managers make economic
decisions regarding their business practices. It means a solid business image and a defence of
competitors. Organizations take strategic actions using effective methods and are able to track
the company's employees. Tesco plc’s management needs to follow an optimized organizational
strategy which enhances their profitability and giving them comparative edge in maintaining the
profitability of their company.
5. Recommendations regarding the way in which management accountants can help to improve
financial sustainability
Most of the organisations are focused with improvement in the financial stability.
Management accountants of the companies can help to improve the same. There are various
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recommendations that are provided to them for the same purpose (Warren and Jones, 2018). All
of them could be understood with the help of following discussion:
 The management accountants can help to improve financial sustainability of the
organisation by creating value of the enterprise. For this purpose, the management
accountants will be required to monitor all the reports properly and resolve all the issues
that are related to them.
 It has been recommended to the management accountants to make sure that they are
generating accurate reports of internal operations so that the progress of business could
be measured. It can help to enhance financial sustainability by taking initiatives for
measurement of all the business procedures (Zeff, 2016).
 In order to contribute in the improvement of financial sustainability the management
accountants are suggested to motivate staff members to work harder because when they
will be highly engaged in work then it will result in higher productivity. Apart from this,
it will also help to generate higher profits because the highly engaged staff will resolve
all the issues of clients systematically.
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it has been concluded that financial accounting principles
are the set of regulations that are required to be followed by all the organisation while
formulating final accounts. For all the mangers it is very important to use different types of
techniques to formulate effective decisions. These are brain storming and SWOT analysis. The
factors that are also required for the same purpose are market situation as well as risks for the
business. It is also very important for the managers to determine and fulfil requirements of
stakeholders and deal with conflicting objectives of the all the groups of stakeholders. It can help
to meet all their expectations and requirements. There are various types of management
accounting techniques which could be used for the purpose of cost controlling and maximisation
of value of shareholders. Different types of techniques which could be used for fraud detection
and prevention are auditing, assessment of records, implementation of internal control and hiring
trustworthy employees. Ratio analysis is a technique which could be used to analyse that the
business will be able to meet all its objectives or not. Different types of investment appraisal
techniques could be used to formulate best decisions for business. Cash flow statement and
break-even analysis are some of the techniques that are valuable for the organisation and help to
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deal with all the business issues. Apart from this, financial decision making also help in
supporting long-term sustainability.
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