Financial Reporting: Context, Purpose, and Stakeholders Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of financial reporting, focusing on the context, purpose, and stakeholders involved. It explores the importance of financial reporting in business decision-making and examines the qualitative characteristics that make financial information reliable. The report includes a case study of The TaxCom Accountants, analyzing their financial statements and the benefits of financial reporting for meeting objectives and driving growth. It also covers the main financial statements, interpretation of financial performance, and the differences between IAS and IFRS, highlighting the advantages of the international financial reporting system and the degree of compliance. The report emphasizes how financial reporting aids in debt management, trend identification, and overall business development. It provides a detailed overview of internal and external stakeholders, their benefits from financial information, and the value of financial reporting in achieving organizational goals. References are provided at the end.

Financial
Reporting

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INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
QUESTION .....................................................................................................................................1
1. Context and purpose of financial reporting........................................................................1
2. Qualitative features of financial information.....................................................................2
3. Main Stakeholder and benefit to financial information......................................................4
4. Value of financial reporting to meet objective and growth................................................5
5. Main Financial Statements.................................................................................................6
6. Interpretation and communication of financial performance.............................................8
7. Differences between IAS and IFRS.................................................................................11
8. Advantages of International financial reporting system...................................................11
9. Degree of compliance with IFRS.....................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The concept of financial reporting mainly focuses on the accounting process and standard
in establishing and reporting company financial statements (Financial reporting, 2019). It is
related to the financial results of company which are prepared and presented to general public
and interested parties. The primary idea of financial reporting is related to the transparency of
significant financial data presented before stakeholders. Based on this data, in a specified period
of frame, they can examine the general performance and current business condition. In addition,
it present few typical factors of financial reporting such as annual report, crucial listing of
company, financial statements and essential decision related. In this report The TaxCom
Accountants have been selected in order to better understand the concept of financial reporting.
In this report, context and purpose of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics which
makes the financial information more reliable, main stakeholder of company and their benefit
from financial information, value of financial-reporting are discussed in this report. In addition,
income statements, statements of change in equity and statements of financial position have been
prepared. Apart from the difference between IAS and IFRS and its benefits with degree of
compliances are discussed.
QUESTION
1. Context and purpose of financial reporting.
In business world, it has been observed that financial reporting have a major role to be
played in developing and establishing world economy. The main objective is to make sure that
user have the effective and meaningful information so that important decision are made in order
to increase efficiency of business. Managers obtain an annual statement summarizing their
business's efficiency and situation to evaluate how often their business has been accomplished
over the accounting era (Belal, 2016). With the support of financial statements such as income
statement, balance sheet and equity change declaration, the crucial economic data is available.
They analyse general efficiency on the grounds of these accounts and then make efficient choices
to enhance profitability. There is a systematic manner to prepare these accounts such as financial
statement are produced annually and summarize the actual efficiency of several activities and
members of company. Financial reporting comprises of transparency of financial results to top
manager within an organisation organization over a particular span of moment.
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In addition, it is stated that it help in making valuable decision regarding most profitable
investment which ensure to make more profit in order to attain the desired results. It gets that
financial statements significant for The TaxCom Accountants to fulfil the requirement then
comply with a suitable management system (Burton and Jermakowicz, 2015). It provides the
correct data to create a potential investment judgement that is crucial. There are number of useful
purpose of financial reporting that are defined below:
 Financial reporting have the primary aim relates to efficient decision-making and
company goal and general policies.
 It will assist to provide accurate and relevant data to certain stakeholders who have been
attached to the business and assist in the method of decision making.
 This aid in multiple appearances such as credit-related data to a client, borrower lending
and either investing in a specific company or moving to a different option.
 A company's financial reports include significant data that has been linked through an
organisation to total net inflows and outflows. It includes adequate time and uneconomic
operations to assess a company's liquidity.
 Financial information assist leadership to acknowledge corporate achievements and faults
as well as general economic health.
If there is a range of subdivisions or partners operating within the parent company then
financial reporting has to be the primary component of a key contract between different segments
that makes it simple for stakeholders and investors to have sufficient understanding of cash
(Weil, Schipper and Francis, 2013).
2. Qualitative features of financial information.
Conceptual and Regulatory framework:
In business era, the main user of general financial reporting are different current and
potential capitalist, creditor and other lender. They acquire the collected information in concern
to make useful decision in context to buy, sell or preserve equity or any debt instruments. It
helps to offer or balance debts or other types of credit that might influence the actions of
executives affecting the need for financial assets within organization during an accounting year
(Che Azmi and Hanifa, 2015). The concept or idea of financial reporting is linked to annual
reports which describe the various economic kinds of accounts that contribute to potential
enhancement in judgement making processes. In context of making useful prediction which
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support to improve the effectiveness of economic norms and values, a company legislative
framework is useful. It will provide effective assistance for controlling financial operations. In
The TaxCom Accountants follow the standard and frameworks of IFRS which are discussed
underneath:
 Specific accounts provide useful thoughts that can help to ascertain the actual quantity
that is required and vital to successfully sustain company activities.
 It is beneficial to create and manage economic data in accordance with accounting
standards requirements.
 They support the development of a strong company image by enhancing development
and grasping chances available in the market.
Qualitative characteristics:
It is defined that financial-reporting consider various kind of features that are qualitative
in nature which provide valuable support to internal manager so that they can make meaningful
decision (Mio, 2016). With the help of these characteristics the collected information is consider
to be more reliable and faithful that help in making advance decision. Some of these are
elaborated below:
 Understandability: It is one of the most crucial features which state that information
must be promptly understandable to user of the financial reports. This states that
presented information must be clear, contain addition information with supporting
footnote that give essential knowledge about company .
 Relevance: The data must be applicable to users requirements, which is the situation
when the data affects users financial choices. So it is the duty of accountant to prepare
report with specific relevant information otherwise any kind of mistake and omission can
impact the decision of investors.
 Reliability: It is important that financial information must be free from any kind of error,
not be misleading so that information must be faithfully describe the transactions and
other events which makes these report reliable for user within an accounting framework.
 Comparability: It is observed that financial information should be prepared in
significant manner so that user can easily compare the previous report with current one
and analyse the trends in the performance and financial status of company.
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3. Main Stakeholder and benefit to financial information.
An individual or a group of people or any company those are influenced by the results of
a certain project of a specific company is termed as stakeholder. These parties have a high
interest in the success and results of a project and stakeholder might be operate from inside or
outside of business firm. In business term, a stakeholder is a party that hold certain engagement
within company and there action might have impact on the overall performance during a year.
The main stakeholder to a regular business entity are investors, customer, employee and
suppliers. They are categorised into internal and external stakeholder those can be affected due to
results of company (Jaya and Verawaty, 2015). Internal stakeholder are individual who have
concern within company and it comes with the direct relationship like employees, owner and
investors. On the other side external stakeholder are the group of people those do not have a
direct connection with company but at the same time can be influenced by the annual results. For
example supplier, creditor and general public are some main external stakeholder. These are
discussed underneath:
Internal stakeholders
 Directors: These internal stakeholder are mainly concerned about functioning and
controlling of different function and operation of company. Board of director are usually
involved in decision making process so that effective strategies can be made in order to
increase profitability and performance of company. In The TaxCom Accountants these
stakeholder are regard as first line of defence as they use to make decision about
employee engagement, prepare principle and policies and crucial agreements.
 Employees: They are referred as main stakeholder for a company and have a direct
relation with the business activities of company. In respective firm there are number of
employees those have been appointed by management on different crucial activities.
They put their entire efforts and ability to meet the desired results in order to increase
overall profitability of business (Trucco, 2015).
External stakeholders
 Investors: These kinds of shareholders, including debt managers and shareholders, invest
their cash in the corporation. Good return rates are expected on their investment cash. It
depends primarily on a company's market value. In context of The TaxCom Accountants
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the investors are proportionate to debt equity ratio so that they make meaningful
investment decision.
 Government: They have a major impact of the functioning of company because their
action might create problem or gives necessary advantages to company during an
accounting year. There are crucial regulation of government in different area of business
such as competition, taxation, consumer protection etc. that can have a greater influence
on business of The TaxCom Accountants.
 Customer: These are consider as the main external stakeholder of company because they
are the one those are exposed to risk. Their decision have a major impact on the
profitability of company such as in case if respective firm is unable to provide effective
financial services than they might move to other option in search of more desirable
accountability services.
4. Value of financial reporting to meet objective and growth
The financial statement is useful to each organization that can assist to achieve an
organization's goals. In almost every company the management use different crucial financial
accounts to examine the entire performance and real conditions in current accounting year. This
further support to create effective plan and policies according to the need of company so that
financial report can be easily interprets the overall financial status during an accounting year. In
context of The TaxCom Accountant there are number of financial statements that are develop in
order to maintain financial information which enables to meet the desired aims and objective.
Financial reporting has been used to create significant company choices by owners, executives,
staff, shareholders, organizations, government, and many others. This help to make following
investment decision within company that aid to generate more and more funds inside business
firm so that financial goals and objective can be accomplished (Trotman and Carson, 2018).
Financial Reporting and development of organisation
Using financial reports, company develops various kind of crucial business activities and
operation because it impacts on the company's economic situation. These help to make efficient
decisions for additional funds. Like an organization wishes to distribute its business in different
part of world with the main motive to increase the overall profitability. There are number of
benefit to of financial reporting that assist respective firm to expand their business at reach
predetermined objective (Jin, Shan and Taylor, 2015). Some of these are discussed below:
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 Improved debt management: Objective of various kinds of financial reporting is nearly
to alternatives that will assist manager to monitor its current liabilities separated by
current assets on yearly balance sheet which further gainful to measure total cash flow
and handle entire debts properly. Therefore with the improved debt management The
TaxCom Accountant are able to operate business in meaningful manner so that yearly
goals are meet.
 Trend identification: Financial reporting is valuable for company in tracking and
identifying trends for both past and current that enable the management of respective
company to tackle every weakness and make better improvement which is beneficial for
complete health of company (Mullinova and Simonyants, 2016).
 Real time tracking: By giving access to extensive, real-time ideas, manager of The
TaxCom Accountant would be prepared to create precise, educated choices quickly,
removing prospective obstacles at all moments while preserving company financial
liquidity.
 Managing liabilities: One of the critical part of business in to manage liabilities such as
business loans, credit card, bills from vendors etc. Financial reports are used for effective
planning so that it can be applied for expansion of business loan. It also benefit to explore
information on the financial statements and evaluate whether current liabilities need to be
reduced before creating an official request (Velte and Stawinoga, 2017).
5. Main Financial Statements
Profit and Loss statement: This is also named as income statements that have the main
purpose to record the total revenue and expenditure of company within a specific period of time.
In accounting term this is consider to be most crucial statements which display the actual
profitability of business in a defined accounting period (Schroeder Clark and Cathey, 2009).
GODWIN Plc Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December 2018
£
Revenue 585100
Cost of Sales w1 -403639
Gross Profit 181461
Operating expenses w1 -92139
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Operating Profit 89322
Investment Income 9600
Finance cost -1200
Profit Before Tax 97722
Taxation -9500
Profit for the Year 2018 88222
Working Note:
W1
Cost of sales Operating expenses
balance as per TB 391700 80500
add adjustment in closing inventory 300
depreciation on Property 2969 2969
depreciation on Plant and Equipment 8670 8670
403639 92139
W2
Land and Property P&E
Cost/valuation 150000 148000
Accumulated Depreciation as at 1
Jan 2018 32400
current depreciation charge -5938 -17340
144062 163060
B) Statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 December 2018
Statements of change in equity: It is consider to be valuable document that shows the
total of equity or changes in balance of equity from beginning and end of the year. The main
objective of preparing this statements is to summarises the operation that includes equity
accounts for a specific time period (Rutherford, 2013).
Godwin Plc Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31 December 2018
Ordinary
Share
Revaluation
Reserves
Retained
Earnings Total
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Capital @
25p
£ £ £ £
Balance as per TB 86700 40000 45500 172200
Profit for the year 88222 88222
Preference dividend -2500 -2500
Ordinary dividend -4500 -4500
Total Equity 86700 40000 126722 253422
C) Statement of financial Position.
Balance sheet: It is often called statements of financial position that includes each and
every financial components of business such as liabilities, assets, equity within a specific period
of time. In general, it is consider to be a list of obligation, resources and vital detail for
ownership about business firm at a particular time (Rupley, Brown and Marshall, 2017).
Godwin Plc Statement of Changes in Equity for the year ended 31 December 2018
ASSETS £
Non-Current Assets
Land and Property w2 144062
Plant and Equipment w2 98260
Investment Property 28000
Total Non-Current Asstes 270322
Current Assets
Inventory note (i) 24700
Trade receivables 78000
Total Current Assets 102700
Total ASSETS 373022
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
EQUITY
Ordinary Share Capital @ 25p each 86700
Revaluation Reserve 40000
Retained Earnings 126722
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Total Equity 253422
Non-Current Liabilities
10% Preference share Capital of £1 each 26500
Deferred Taxation 10000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 36500
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 62700
Tax Payables 9500
Bank Overdraft 10900
Total Current Liabilities 83100
Total EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 373022
6. Interpretation and communication of financial performance.
To the board of management TESCO
Reference: Interpretation of the financial statements (performance appraisal) for 2019 and
2018
Dear sir
It is stated that different kind of financial statements are significant, as it hold the entire
information about company business during a year (Krismiaji, Aryani and Suhardjanto,
2016). These statements are crucial to interprets meaningful information about the financial
performance of company and aid to determine the gap or unprofitable activities so that
impressive plans are developed to remove any kind of disparities. To better understand the
importance of financial statements Tesco have been selected and its profitability is
interpreted with the help of following ratio analysis.
Profitability Ratio: Such kinds of ratios is used by each firm to recognize a company's
profit margins. It is primarily based on financial indicators and measures a ability of respective
company to calculate revenue over a certain period. In context of Marks & Spencer management
use to ascertain the profitability as per period grounds which help to present faithful information
to shareholder (Marshall, McManus and Viele, 2011).
Ratio 2019 2018 Change in %
Gross profit margin 6.48% 5.83% 0.65% ↑
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Operating profit margin 3.37% 3.20% 0.17% ↑
ROCE 7.59% 7.17% 0.42% ↑
ROE 8.90% 11.50% 2.65% ↓
Gross Profit: Gross profit / Business revenue * 100
Interpretation: From the above table it has been determined that gross profit margin for
year 2018 is 5.83% because the sales for the period was 57493. In the consecutive year the sales
figure increase up-to 63911 but at the same time expenses also increased so GP ratio is 6.48%.
Operating Profit Margin= Operating Profit/ Turnover *100
Interpretation: In the above table the operating profit for year 2018 was 3.2% because
the net operating profit for the year was very low approx 1839 GBP. In year 2019 the figure of
net profit were 2153 and the ratio of net profit was 3.37% because company is performing well
to generate more amount of income in that year.
Return on capital employed = Operating Profit / Total capital employed *100
Return on Equity = PAT/ Total Equity*100
Interpretation: ROCE of company in 2019 is 7.59 which was 71.17 in year 2018 such
increase is due to increase in total capital employed from 25651 to 28367. While return on equity
of company is declined from 11.55 to 8.9 in 2018 to 2019, due to major decline in total equity
14834 to 10480.
Liquidity Ratio: It is deemed to be an important category of profitable metrics used to
examine debtors' capacity to pay off present debt liability without the emergence of external
assets. It is primarily used to assess a company's liquidity and safety margin. A determination of
Tesco liquidity ratio if it has sufficient cash to fulfil the need of cash in the shorter term (Liao,
Morris and Tang, 2013).
Ratio 2019 2018 Change in %
Current Ratio 0.61 : 1 0.71 : 1 0.10 ↓
Quick ratio 0.48 : 1 0.59 : 1 0.09 ↓
Current Ratio: = All Current Assets / All Current Liabilities
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Interpretation: The above table describe the current ratio in two consecutive year, such
as in year 2018 current assets was and current liabilities were 19233 so current ratio is 0.71. On
the other side the value of current assets and liabilities was 12570 and 20680 respectively, thus
the current ratio was 0.61. The idle current ratio is 0.61 in year 2019 which company was not
able to meet in both years.
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / All Current Liabilities
Interpretation: From the above table it has been determined that quick ratio for the
period 2018 was 0.59 as quick assets were 11336 and in year 2019 the quick ratio was 0.48
because the value of quick assets were decreased to 9953.
Stability ratio: This is the long-term relative to the liquidity. Analysis of stability
explores the total debt that can be maintained by the business or even whether equity and capital
are compatible (CHERSAN, 2015).
Gearing ratio = (Net debt) / (Net debt + Shareholders’ equity)
Gearing Ratio = Total non-current liabilities / Total Capital Employed*100
Ratio 2019 2018 Change in %
Gearing ratio 47.71% 59.14% 11.43% ↓
Interest cover 4.02 times 3.07 times 0.93 times ↑
Interest coverage ratio
Interest Cover = Operating Profit/ Interest Cost
Interpretation: From the above table it has been analysed that company is sightly facing
problems within its liquidity such as the interest coverage ratio was 4.02 times in 2019 that was
3.065 times in 2018 net increase in interest coverage is 3.11%. On the other side, gearing ratio
also decreased to 47.71 in year 2018 which was 59.14 in 2018 net decrease here is of approx
2.33%.
Efficiency ratio
Ratio 2019 2018 Change in %
Inventories days 15.98 15.24 0.74 % ↑
Receivables days 9.37 9.64 0.096 % ↓
Payable days 57.13 60.03 0.04 ↓
Working capital cycle 31.78 35.83 11.30% ↓
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Conclusion
The above discussed different ratio such as profitability, liquidity, stability help to define
that present financial position of Tesco is better than previous year. The main reason of this
improvement is that they are delivering best quality product as per the demand of customer.
7. Differences between IAS and IFRS.
The International Accounting Standard (IAS) was the very first applied accounting norms
to be published by the IASC. It was established in 1973 to render companies around the globe
making simpler to compare for them with other companies. It is described as one of the most
authorized structure providing significant laws and principles relating to a company's financial
framework (Ji, Rozenbaum and Welch, 2017).
International financial reporting standards are defined as the reporting frameworks those
are set and established by an autonomous IASB. It is among the norm of which is used for
accounting that can assist to analyse precious outcomes within the company. These norms are
recognized worldwide to create a company's trustworthy condition and culture to produce
revenue (Leung, 2016).
IAS IFRS
It is recognized as the earlier accounting
regulation that furnish the business with
appropriate rules to manage and prepare
accounts. This will approach how to conduct
various kinds of operation at the International
Accounting Board.
IFRS establish for financial reporting and
prepare in effective manner. It might further
beneficial in processing of the report that will
use by managers as well as accountants.
It as very first developed by international
accounting standard committee in 1973.
These accounting norms was issued by IASB
in year 2001 in order to attain the goals of
company.
The main purpose of IAS is to established a
meaningful pathway IFRS.
It is created and processed for the accounting
method at a specific time span.
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8. Advantages of International financial reporting system.
In resent time it is define that for each and every company those are business-related,
international financial reporting standards are most useful accounting norms (Whittington, 2016).
It is linked to increasing global shares and methods of mutually beneficial trade. It offers a
popular language to prepare business accounts that is understood by each organization and will
help company to make accounts for each operations and create differentiation from previous
year. By adopting and implementing IFRS companies are able to examine significant accounting
information as these are clear, descriptive, highly accountable. The concept of international
financial reporting standard were developed by IASB in order to ensure that global need of
accounting must be accomplished. There are number of advantages of IFRS to companies that
are discussed below:
 Improve financial reporting and tax scheduling in order to prepare standardized and
consistent accounting set for business firm (Benefit of financial reporting, 2019).
 Implementation of IFRS in an enterprise capable of assessing and shaping accounting
systems all around the enterprise and deducting audit costs.
 In order to make stronger choices, by adopting IFRS companies are able to gain quicker
access to more in-depth financial results data.
 IFRS' strategy helps to manage economic operation costs and to reduce the risk of issues
with punishments and compliance.
9. Degree of compliance with IFRS.
The level of company compliance with IFRS differs with several company according to
particular features (Mukhlisin, Hudaib and Azid, 2015). Major features of this is company size,
as it is suggested that to safeguard their image and reputation and also prevent public
involvement; bigger firms would have a greater level of compliance than smaller companies. The
agency theory promotes only an assertion that bigger companies are supposed to have a greater
level of compliance with reporting standards, since bigger companies have greater agency prices
due because of a more complex organisational structure, transparency is used to decrease market
competition among the management and equity suppliers of the company.
Profitability is one of the crucial features that is related with the level of compliance. It is
stated that management of higher profitable company desire to communicate their strength and
achievement to potential and present shareholder. Manager in higher gainful organisation are
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also supposed to confirm their current duties and position and discloses larger quantity of
information as compared to manager of lower profitable companies. In resent time it is also
observed that companies those are operating from a longer period of time represent detail
information because they are well established and have skilled staff in preparation of financial
statement. These companies have more developed accounting system that is capabler to meet the
detailed requirement of IFRS compliance. Therefore it is stated that the signalling theory is used
to give support to the connection among the age of business firm and the level of disclosure
requirement compliance (Kotas, 2014).
Many emerging nations in Africa belonging to the British Commonwealth and creating
their accounting systems depending on the job of British businesses, where some of the cultural,
economic, financial, social and environmental factors relying on these works vary greatly from
the unique financial circumstances. As some other developing economies, Libya is unable to
create powerful qualified accounting rules through an accounting training scheme that generates
professionals that is more effective and is well-trained and has sound understanding of the
accounting field. Libya is dependent on UK and America and the specialists of the United
Nations to develop the university's bookkeeping system of education. Even though English is a
broad-based language, that's not the primary language in Libya and therefore the language can be
a issue in adopting and applying IFRS. The availability of teaching facilities and the organization
of courses and the use of accounting professionals to improve accountants ' effectiveness in order
to be prepared to develop financial statements in the context of IFRS.
CONCLUSION
In the end of this report it have been founded that crucial financial reports plays a vital
role in any kind of business entity. This is because it aid to provide general and faith financial
information about financial transaction of company during an accounting year. As per different
statements manager use to communicate with internal and external parties those have curiosity
within different operation of company. The primary intent of annual report is to provide faithful
and dependable business information to administrator of The TaxCom Accountants. These
reports are available to meet business goals and truthfulness and consistency are qualitative
reporting features which can actually achieve growth over a specific time period. To reduce the
risk of mistake and misleading transactions, the annual reports for every company should be
ready by evolving released accounting standards. IFRS accounting standards were introduced
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primarily by the organization and this is useful for the observation of the degree of compliance
inside the firm in different part of world.
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