Forensic Accounting: An Analysis of Practices and Trends

This forensic accounting report provides a comprehensive overview of the field, examining the impact of gender differences on fraud and forensic accounting practices. It explores the diverse knowledge components and skills essential for forensic accountants, along with the tools and techniques available to them. The report delves into the role of forensic accounting in fraud detection and prevention, while also considering current trends in Sri Lanka. The literature review covers various aspects, including the impact of gender on accounting, the skills and knowledge required by forensic accountants, the tools and techniques they use, and the effects of forensic accounting on fraud detection and prevention. It also touches upon the development of a framework for forensic accounting and current trends in Sri Lanka.

Running head: FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note

1FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Literature review.............................................................................................................3
1.1 Impact of gender difference on frauds and forensic accounting practices.......................3
1.2 Difference knowledge components and skills possess by forensic accountant...........5
1.3 Difference tools and techniques available for forensic accountant.............................7
1.4 Impact of forensic accounting on fraud detection and prevention..............................9
1.5 Developing a framework / model for forensic accounting........................................11
1.6 Current trend in Sri Lanka.........................................................................................12
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
References................................................................................................................................15

2FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Introduction
In the current emerging accounting and economics scenario, forensic accounting has
become an essential tool for revealing or examine the financial crime and for the related
justice, providing the fact related to the financial fraud. Forensic accounting is a fast growing
part of the accounting practice in the today’s scenario especially in the accounting practice,
education and certification as well as in research and publication (Ozili, 2015). The
increasing demand for the forensic accounting is one of the common characteristic of the
many organization. This is arises due to the effect and cause of fraud and technical error
performed by human in the performing the accounting practices. In is a newly developed
concept in the accounting but the companies, banks, financial institution, even the police
rapidly demanding for the forensic accounting as well as taking its help to solve the various
accounting disputes (Olaoye, Ogundipe & Dada, 2018). The growing importance of forensic
accounting motivates exploring forensic nature as well as fraud accounting investigation,
scholarly and practical.
Forensic accounting is a special branch of the accounting, which investigates frauds in
the financial information that can be used in the legal proceedings. It is a mix process of
judicious, accounting, auditing and investigative skills, which perform investigation of frauds
in financial practice and information (Wang & Crumbley, 2016). As per the Arokiasamy and
Cristal, “Forensic accounting is the application of financial skills and investigative mentality
to unsettled issues, conducted within the context of the rules of evidence.” In 1987, Bologna
and Lindquistn, explained the forensic accounting as the process of developing the fraud
information, financial expertise along with the understanding of the reality of the business as
well as the working legal system (Enofe, Ekpulu & Ajala, 2015). Williams, states “forensic
accounting is recognised as having a particular form of professional expertise and endowed
with identifiable attributes among which are rationality, neutrality and independence.” In the

3FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
basis of the Journal of Forensic Accounting, “Forensic accounting is sufficiently through and
complete so that an accountant, in his/her considered independent professional judgement,
can deliver a finding as to account, inventories, or the presentation thereof that is of such
quality that it would be sustainable in some adversarial legal proceeding, or within some
judicial or administrative review.”
1.0 Literature review
1.1 Impact of gender difference on frauds and forensic accounting practices
Research have studied the issues related to gender parity in the accounting
industry is present from than 20 years. Study also found the various issues in retention
and promotion of the female. The 2012, AICPA’s result of issues of women in
accounting study are very similar to the result of the research conducted in the 1993.
The result and findings of both the study shows that a minor percentage of the women
hired in the public accounting firm (Adebisi & Gbegi, 2015). As per the AICPA study
related to professional staff conducted in 2012, reveals that the firm with the
employees of 10 – 49 consist the 21 % of women workforce, firm with the employee
strength of 50 to 200 have 40 % of the women employees and the firm with the
employee strength of more than 200 consist the 33 % of women employee. Lastly, the
study found the companies with more than 200 employees have 17 % of female as the
partner.
There are various program related to the women’s initiative started becoming
famous in early 1990s yet, the percentage of the female employee as well as the
partner in the accounting professional and practices has not increased in the last two
decades. Apart from that, various other initiative also have implemented to assist the
women to report the progression in terms of leadership position.

4FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
According to the number of studies, gender pay gap also present in the
accounting. In the basis of the study conducted by the Bloomberg Business week in
2013, found that the female MBA graduates in accounting from the top schools of
business studies and MBA collages earn 84.7 cents for every $ 1 paid to their male
colleagues (Ehioghiren & Atu, 2016). Another study in the basis of the survey
performed by the Institute of Management Accountant in 2012 categorised the gender
pay gap not only in the basis of the total compensation but also in the terms of age,
experience and their level in management. Further this data are studied by the Schiffel
et al in 2013 and they concludes that there is overall 22 % compensation pay gap
between the men and women and the men get high compensation. The researchers
also analysed that gap in the gender pay by the management level (Bhasin, 2016). The
outcome showed that men in accounting profession constantly earn more than women,
by 7 % in the lower level of management, 18 % in the middle level management, 19
% for senior level and 17 % in top level of management.
A study also found that the female leaders are very interested in increasing the
gender diversification in the accounting profession within the industry. This could be
explain by using the example of the Moira Elms, the Chair of Global Diversity and
Inclusion Council at Price water house Coopers ( PwC ), says, “her interest in gender
diversity has increased with each stage of her career.” Further, she recognized that
“she got to a stage in her career where there were not many working women and that
was when she became passionate about the gender diversity.”
The most update and comprehensive assessments related to the gender
difference in the accounting till date is the Accounting MOVE Project. Here, the
MOVE stands for Money, Opportunity, Vital Support for Work – Life, and
Entrepreneurship. This measures both the demography data and work – place culture

5FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
to understand the issues related to gender faces by the industries. The sponsors of the
MOVE project conducted a research in 2012 to find the answer of why do more
women leave mid – career compare to the male in the public accounting firm? The
main purpose of the research was to observe and understand the dynamics between
women employee who have the potential to reach the partner and the public
accounting firm (Bhavani, Mehta & Amponsah, 2016). As per this report, “culture
trumps programs, which explains why so many employers repeatedly re- launch
women’s initiative. Programs and ‘commitment from the top’ are announced with the
best of intentions…. Then fizzle out because the efforts to advance women are rarely
translated to an everyday business advantages for specific client engagement, teams,
and growth.”
The above findings and results of the different research and the studies shows
that the gender difference deeply affect the accounting profession in each and every
perspective of accounting professional, practice, fraud as well as in forensic
accounting. As the results and the finding of the various research shown that, the
presence of gender inequality also affect the perception of the persons in respect of
the gender in respect of the forensic accounting (Bhasin, 2015). As the main purpose
of the forensic accounting is to investigate the accounting information provided by the
firm by using the accounting rule and regulation hence this required an extensive
research work. This also increase the gender inequality in the forensic accounting.
1.2 Difference knowledge components and skills possess by forensic accountant
Popoola et al., explain the forensic accounting as integration of the developed
skills as well as the specialized accounting knowledge which helps to solve complex
financial and accounting issues and frauds in front of any public domain or the court
laws. Boleigha argues that the forensic accounting is not “accounting for dead

6FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
people”, while it is for the wide range of auditing, accounting and investment skills
which is used to verify and measure the accounting as well as economic damages and
try to resolve them.
The specialized knowledge required for a forensic accountant in the field of
accountancy profession are the fraud detection, prevention and responses. Apart form
that the computer forensic analysis, valuation, economic damage calculation, family
law, financial statement misrepresentation, bankruptcy as well as the insolvency and
reorganisation are the some other services for the forensic accountant (Hamdan,
2018).
A research shown that the person who is versatile in using the available
information, investigative, psychology, technology, criminology, accounting and
legal, will perform better in the area of the gathering and evaluating financial
statement evidence, analysing the accounting record, analysing the case by
interviewing all the party related to the case or the fraud, and offers as an expert
witness in a case of fraud.
However, the forensic accountant or the public sector accountant require a
specialized skill to look and analyse the evidence from the every possible point of
stand to recognize the different possible aspects of the evidence and also the
implication of that interpretation in every possible way. The literature of the forensic
accounting from its very beginning, reported the shifting scope of concern related to
the skills, traits and characteristics of the forensic accountant (Enofe, Omagbon &
Ehigiator, 2015). The need of the forensic accountant is increased due to the weak
performance of the auditor in the organisation, as they are not able to find and fix the

7FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
error in the accounting system of the organisation both internal auditor as well as the
external auditors.
As per the IFAC – IES 3, skills are the attributes that relate to competence in
the area of knowledge and ability. DiGabriele states, forensic accountant skills
represents an exceptional skill sets and techniques developed for detecting the
evidence of fraud amongst other specialised knowledge areas. Unlike an auditor and
the accountant, who is only liable to disclose that the financial report is prepared
fairly and the information in the statement is free from the material misstatement.
The forensic accounting specially requires the persons who can apply the
information, investigate and analyse the areas of accounting records, collect and
understand financial statement evidence, analysing the accounting record, analysing
the case by interviewing all the party related to the case or the fraud, and offers as an
expert witness in a case of fraud (Grubb, 2015). According to DiGabrielle, the
forensic accountant knowledge is different from the knowledge of the auditor in
respect of identifying frauds and malfunction practices. The auditor only need to
verify the transaction recorded and the information reported by the organisation in
their financial report but the forensic accountant need to understand the each and
every aspect of the each transaction to detect the fraud hidden behind those
transactions.
1.3 Difference tools and techniques available for forensic accountant
The financial statement of the firm presents the value and the profitability of
the firm. The financial statement also represent the formal record of the financial
activities performed by the firm for a given period of time. This also shows the effect
of the financial transactions of the firm in the economy of the firm (Ijeoma, 2015). A

8FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
financial report is a written which shows the financial performance, strength and the
liquidity of the firm for a period.
According to Dada, forensic accounting determined on both reporting and
evidence of the economic transaction of the accounting system including the legal
framework, that permit the same evidence to be permit same evidence as the basis of
the valuation as well as for accounting. Okoye and Gbegi researched and found that
“the contribution and importance of Professional Forensic Accountant cannot be
overemphasized, whether to the public sector or to the private sector.” Their study
found that the using the forensic accounting does effectively minimizes the fraud
cases related to the public sector (Kranacher & Riley, 2019). Hence, these are the
distinguish between the professional forensic accounting and external auditor. The
forensic accounting is better is identifying the frauds and solving it compare to
external auditors.
In the basis of the research conducted by the Gbegi and Adebisi on skill and
techniques of forensic accounting in fraud investigation of the Nigeria public sector,
founds that the forensic accounting techniques and skills have an important effect on
detecting as well as minimizing the frauds in Nigeria public sector (Huber &
DiGabriele, 2015). Another study shows that they accepted the premise that “the bone
of contention in some unhealthy business environment is the inability of an auditor to
track frauds and concludes that the idea that frauds have been least detected by
auditors begins to gain shape as auditors are more adequately trained to detect frauds
instead of emphasizing the traditional segregation of duties and safeguard of assets.”
The Chartered Institute of Management Accounting identified two major tools
for the forensic accounting in the respect of the fraud detection and resolving it. Those

9FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
tools are experience and training along with the necessary mind set. According to the
Losey (2016), computer assisted review and the document review is also one of the
techniques of the forensic accounting. Losey (2016), further states that the computer
assisted review is the review of documents using the computer and software, which
are specially designed for the legal search and review and for the well - established
practice. According to the Galvanize (2015), data mining is also an important
technique requires for the forensic accounting. Galvanize (2015) states, “Data Mining
is an important process designed to explore data. Much like the real life process of
mining diamonds or gold from the earth, the most important task in data is to extract
non – trivial nuggets from large amount of data.” The task of data mining have the
two aspects; one is create predictive power and the second one is to create a
descriptive power (Rezaee & Wang, 2019).
Apart from the above mention finding and the result of the various research
and studies, there are numerous other study and researches are perform to determine
the techniques and skills of the forensic accounting. The all research and study
reported their own techniques and skill of forensic accounting as per their research.
The above mention techniques are most common and popular techniques of the
forensic accounting hence there are many other techniques like data matching, ratio
analysis and Benford law are also the important required techniques for the forensic
accounting to detect and resolve fraud in accounting.
1.4 Impact of forensic accounting on fraud detection and prevention
Credit for developing term forensic accounting had given to the Maurice E.
Peloubet in 1946 for his essay titled, “Forensic Accounting: Its place in today’s
economy.” Forensic accounting is a specific area of the accounting, which describe
the area of engagement that brings the actual or anticipated disputes and allegations

10FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
(Osho, 2017). While, Arokiasamy and Cristal describes the “forensic accounting as
science of dealing with the application of accounting facts and concepts gathers
through auditing methods, techniques and procedures to resolve legal problems,
which requires the integration of investigative, accounting, and audit skills.”
On the other hands, defining fraud is difficult as detecting it. There is no rule,
which define the fraud properly as this includes surprises, tricks, cunnings and unfair
way by that another is being cheated. It is a legal term, which refers to the intentional
misrepresentation of the truth or facts with the motive of cheat or manipulate the any
individual or organisation (Olukowade & Balogun, 2015). David states “fraud is not a
possibility but a probability.” Further, he explains that the fraud can be prevented if
the decisions are made by the group rather by the individual.
Albrecht argued that the fraud is rarely seen while its symptoms are usually
observed. The symptoms of the fraud is not usually means that the actual fraud is
undergone, sometime it may be observed due to some mistakes. Further, Albrecht
advices are basically to bring the caution when the fraud is detected as it can be a
wrong allegations. Ramaswamy states that weak corporate governance as well as the
failure of accounting is the main reason behind the growth of the fraud cases in the
accounting field (Hegazy, Sangster & Kotb, 2017). Hence, the lack of honesty as well
as transparency in the financial information reporting is another reason or the problem
in frauds in accounting. Main duty of the auditor is not to uncover the fraud this can
be agreeable but auditor should perform their duty fairly to ensure that the interest of
the employee and the public are protected.
As per the study performed by the Okoye and Gbegi on valuation of forensic
accountant for developing fraud risk related to management detection procedure

11FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
reveals, as this reconstruct extent including the nature of the audit when risk of fraud
in the management is higher (Crain et al., 2019). This propose an unique procedure
which are not proposed by the auditor when risk of fraud is higher as well as it modify
the audit planning too, which help the forensic accounting to leads a better result than
the auditors.
Eze (2015) noted that the “forensic accounting, involve investigative
accounting and litigation that have to do with any wrong doing found during or after
activities involved in organization.” Auditor with knowledge and skills of the forensic
accounting also have important role in the preventing the fraudulent activities in the
organization. In addition, some company also prefer the uses of the computer software
and other electronic gadgets to report and avoid the irregularities in their activities.
In the basis of the various research works, the forensic accounting deeply
affected the fraud detection and prevention. As forensic accountant come up with the
specialized skill of detecting an resolving the frauds in the accounting information by
using the proper knowledge of accounting standards and rules, hence this help to
reduce the number of frauds by reporting them in the earlier stage (Enofe, Olorunnuho
& Okporua, 2016). This also change the perception of the performer of the fraud,
because the auditing and accounting rules were not as strong as they detect the fraud
activity easily, but the forensic accounting is specially for detecting the frauds in the
accounting. Even the forensic accounting is successfully solving the accounting fraud
cases, but the number of frauds is also highly observed in the recent time too.
1.5 Developing a framework / model for forensic accounting
In general, the fraud can be very complex to identify as it is performed in
many ways such as corporate fraud, occupation fraud, international deception,

12FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
management fraud, crime fraud and likes. Hence, theft, fraud, white collar crime,
embezzlement and irregularities are almost same (Simeunović, Grubor & Ristić,
2016).
The forensic accounting process is differ from regular accounting auditing
process. The forensic accounting procedure involves many steps such as identifying,
setting, recording, sorting, extracting and reporting exceptions, irregularities, oddities
including the suspicious transaction, and verifying digital financial data including
other accounting activities, to make the evidence of firm for legal procedures (Kumari
Tiwari & Debnath, 2017). Unfortunately, there is not any proper procedure for
detecting the fraud yet, as every fraud is different from the other frauds.
As the most of the fraud are related to the financial matters, hence the best
persons to investigate the frauds are the accountant. However, the fraud can be very
complex and it may require the implementation of the digital forensic analyst in the
process of identifying those frauds (Jones & Dosanjh-Zucker, 2018). Therefore, the
accountant is most appropriate person to investigate the financial fraud case as they
appropriately value the assets and liabilities and understand the expenses and losses
which can not be possible with the uses of the digital forensic analyst.
The forensic accounting process model involve the dual processing that is both
accounting as well as the digital forensic analyst (DFA) work together on same
accounting fraud. Accountant need to collect all- available physical as well as
electronic data firstly and then prepare resources for analysing. Digital forensic
investigation process firstly takes image of suspected computer hard disk including
the financial software as well as all other information related to forensic. (Huber,

13FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
2017). Hence, both work separately although interactively at every point of decision
making.
1.6 Current trend in Sri Lanka
The forensic accounting has emerge as one of the main focuses to business
world because of the globalization, complex transactions, advancements of
technology, competition among firms and occurrence of business fails. Forensic
accounting provides road to investigate the earlier term of asset misappropriation,
creativity accounting, various financial crimes as well as frauds, window dressing,
money laundering and other white - collar crimes. The necessity of the forensic
accounting is increased rapidly because of the changing economy and society. The
increase in the number of government regulation and the pressure of the stakeholders
force the companies to keep their eyes on the forensic accountant who have the ethical
values and specific skill set of the traditional accountant.
In Sri Lanka, firms are now become more determinant to their operation that
those must be free from any legal obligation and frauds. This results the increasing
demand for the forensic accounting whenever firm need to identify the signs of the
susceptive financial activity as well as fraud by personal or organisation (Smith,
2015). According to the Report to the Nation (2016) published by Association of
Certified Fraud Examiner, “The world is suffering from fraudulent activities to a
considerable level, and the world wealth is being misused where financial systems
become corrupted.”
Forensic accounting has reported a tremendous growth in the recent past.
Number of major parts have been sated by forensic accounting discipline in its
evaluation in the last few years. The forensic accounting claimed that glory in the

14FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
accounting and firstly used as the expert witness in court in the case of Meyer v
Sefton in 1817. After that, many more fraud cases have been observed in which the
forensic accounting played an important role to identify and resolve those cases.
In Sri Lanka, the forensic accounting become an lucrative career opportunities
in recent years which means fraud cases and event are also increasing day by day in
field of the accounting as this increases demand the forensic accounting
(Wickramasinghe & Anthony, 2017). In context of Sri Lanka, the investigate
allegation commission of bribery was established through Act No. 19 of 1994 to
ensure fix commission to the investigator of the allegation of corruption. As well as,
the institution of prosecutions for offences under the Bribery Act and the Declaration
of Assets and Liabilities Law, No. 1 of 1975 will make more demand to forensic
accountants in the future. The president of Sri Lanka (2015), emphasized that
“accountants must at all times maintain fiscal discipline and good financial
management when carrying out their duties.” Hence, it can be said that the vision of
the Sri Lankan government will require more development of accountants in the
discipline of forensic accounting.
Conclusion
This paper concludes that the forensic accounting is the process of detecting frauds in
accounting field by using the knowledge of the rules, regulation and standards of the financial
accounting. Process of the forensic accounting is different form process of auditing. The main
process of the auditing is only to verify the accounting information reported by the firm and
ensure the interest of the employee as well as the stakeholders.
The auditor and the audit process is very weak due to the poor standards to identify
the frauds, hence the demand for the forensic accounting is being increasing day by day.

15FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Although, the term forensic accounting is very old as firstly introduce in the 18th century but
the it become popular in the current trends as both the internal and external auditing is
performed very poor in term of detecting the financial frauds performed by the both private
and public companies. The forensic accountant come up with the specialized skill set and
knowledge along with the various technique to detect the financial frauds.

16FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
References
Adebisi, J. F., & Gbegi, D. O. (2015). Fraud and the Nigerian public sector performance: The
need for forensic accounting. International Journal of Business, Humanities and
Technology, 5(5), 67-78.
Amani, F. A., & Fadlalla, A. M. (2017). Data mining applications in accounting: A review of
the literature and organizing framework. International Journal of Accounting
Information Systems, 24, 32-58.
Bhasin, M. (2016). Forensic Accounting in Asia: Perspectives and Prospects. International
Journal of Management.
Bhasin, M. L. (2015). Contribution of Forensic Accounting to Corporate Governance: An
Exploratory Study of an Asian Country. International Business Management, 10(4),
2016.
Bhasin, M. L. (2016). Communion of Corporate Governance and Forensic Accounting: A
Study of an Asian Country. British Journal of Research, 3(1), 14-40.
Bhavani, G., Mehta, A., & Amponsah, C. T. (2016). Forensic Accounting Education in the
UAE. Available at SSRN 2899481.
Chew, B. L. (Ed.). (2017). Forensic Accounting and Finance: Principles and Practice.
Kogan Page Publishers.
Crain, M. A., Hopwood, W. S., Gendler, R. S., & Young, G. R. (2019). Essentials of forensic
accounting. John Wiley & Sons.
Ehioghiren, E. E., & Atu, O. O. K. (2016). Forensic accounting and fraud management:
Evidence from Nigeria. Igbinedion University Journal of Accounting, 2(8), 245-308.

17FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Eisenberg, P. (2018). Application of the net worth method in forensic accounting
investigations. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(10), 1-
23.
Enofe, A. O., Ekpulu, G. A., & Ajala, T. O. (2015). Forensic accounting and corporate crime
mitigation. European Scientific Journal, 11(7).
Enofe, A. O., Olorunnuho, M. S., & Okporua, A. D. (2016). Forensic accounting and
fraudulent financial reporting in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Financial
Management, 2(1), 21-34.
Enofe, A. O., Omagbon, P., & Ehigiator, F. I. (2015). Forensic audit and corporate
fraud. IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management, 1(7), 1-
10.
Grubb, F. (2015). Colonial New Jersey's Paper Money Regime, 1709–75: A Forensic
Accounting Reconstruction of the Data. Historical Methods: A Journal of
Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 48(1), 13-34.
Hamdan, M. W. (2018). The Role of Forensic Accounting in Discovering Financial
Fraud. Int J Account Res, 6(176), 2.
Hegazy, S., Sangster, A., & Kotb, A. (2017). Mapping forensic accounting in the
UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 28, 43-56.
Huber, W. (2017). Forensic accounting, fraud theory, and the end of the fraud
triangle. Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 12(2).
Huber, W. D., & DiGabriele, J. A. (2015). Topics and methods in forensic accounting
research. Accounting Research Journal.

18FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Ijeoma, N. B. (2015). Empirical analysis on the use of forensic accounting techniques in
curbing creative accounting.
Jones, C. G., & Dosanjh-Zucker, K. (2018). Using a Forensic Accounting Novel to Increase
Student Engagement with Accounting Ethics and the Profession. Journal of Forensic
& Investigative Accounting, 10(2).
Kramer, B., Seda, M., & Bobashev, G. (2017). Current opinions on forensic accounting
education. Accounting Research Journal, 30(3), 249-264.
Kranacher, M. J., & Riley, R. (2019). Forensic accounting and fraud examination. John
Wiley & Sons.
Kumari Tiwari, R., & Debnath, J. (2017). Forensic accounting: a blend of
knowledge. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 25(1), 73-85.
Olaoye, C. O., Ogundipe, A. A., & Dada, R. A. (2018). Formal Education and Forensic
Accounting Development in Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Danubius.
Œconomica, 15(2).
Olukowade, E., & Balogun, E. (2015). Relevance of forensic accounting in the Detection and
prevention of fraud in Nigeria. International Journal of Accounting
Research, 42(2437), 1-11.
Osho, A. E. (2017). Impact of Forensic Accounting on University Financial System in
Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 13(31).
Ozili, P. K. (2015). Forensic Accounting and Fraud: A Review of Literature and Policy
Implications. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 3(1), 63-
68.

19FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Rezaee, Z., & Wang, J. (2019). Relevance of big data to forensic accounting practice and
education. Managerial Auditing Journal, 34(3), 268-288.
Simeunović, N., Grubor, G., & Ristić, N. (2016). Forensic accounting in the fraud auditing
case. The European Journal of Applied Economics, 13(2), 45-56.
Smith, G. S. (2015). The past, present, and future of forensic accounting. The CPA
Journal, 85(3), 16.
Wang, J., Lee, G., & Crumbley, D. L. (2016). Current availability of forensic accounting
education and state of forensic accounting services in Hong Kong and mainland
China. Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting, 8(3), 515-534.
Wickramasinghe, L. L. S., & Anthony, C. S. W. (2017). Forensic and investigative
accounting education in accounting curriculum in Sri Lanka (A survey of course
outlines).