Forest Life: Detailed Report on Insect Species and Management

This report provides an overview of several insect species found in forest environments. It begins with a detailed look at Apis Mellifera, the western honey bee, covering its lifecycle, ecological role in pollination and biodiversity, and management options such as drone-flooding and recurrent re-queening. The report then examines Tectocoris Diophthalmus, also known as the Cotton Harlequin Bug, discussing its lifecycle, ecological role in the Hibiscus family and cotton, and management options like pictorial sampling. Finally, the report explores Cantharis lugubris, detailing its poorly understood lifecycle, ecological role in pollination and insect control, and management strategies. The report also provides references for further research.

Running Head: FOREST LIFE
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Forest life
Student
4/27/2019

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Contents
Apis Mellifera.............................................................................................................................................2
Lifecycle..................................................................................................................................................2
Ecological role.........................................................................................................................................2
Management option.................................................................................................................................2
Tectocoris Diophthalmus.............................................................................................................................3
Lifecycle:.................................................................................................................................................3
Ecological role.........................................................................................................................................3
Management options...............................................................................................................................4
Cantharis lugubris........................................................................................................................................4
Life cycle.................................................................................................................................................4
Ecological role.........................................................................................................................................4
Management............................................................................................................................................5
References...................................................................................................................................................6

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Apis Mellifera:
Apis mellifera is the western honey bee commonly found in European, Middle East, and African
region (Fries, 2010).
Lifecycle
There six different stages in western hone bee's lifecycle; primarily the queen honey bee
lays the egg in the wax cell, the worker honey bees then feed the hatched larva, after than the
pupa stage begins, and the larva reaches to the full growth and the worker seals the cell. Lava
becomes a pupa and after 21 days the full-grown been leaves the cell (Mayack, & Naug, 2009).
Ecological role
African honeybees play a key role in the ecosystem; they help the seed pollinations as
most of the plant seeds are transferred with the help of pollinators. They also eliminate the liquid
and sugary materials from the torn fruit. They also help in maintaining the plant biodiversity.
Apis Mellifera in the tropics openly affects 25 to 30 per cent of the reproductive achievement of
the system. The pollinations of crops can be endorsed if the area has been completely populated
by the African honeybees (Fries, 2010).
Management option
Beekeepers maintain the stock by using drone-flooding, which includes upholding large
numbers of bees in parts where the commercially-raised queen bees generally mate (Mayack, &
Naug, 2009). Another approach is recurrent re-queening, where the beekeeper substitutes the
queen bee of the colony, thus ensuring that the queen bees mating has happened. The Langs-troth
hive structures substitutable boxes (supers) with detachable frames (combs) that permit for

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colony examination, pest/illness treatment, and collection of honey without abolishing the colony
(Mayack, & Naug, 2009).
Tectocoris Diophthalmus:
Also called Cotton Harlequin Bug is the associate of the Jewel Bug family titled for their
colourization (Giffney, & Kemp, 2016).
Lifecycle:
After mating, female bug lay clusters of their eggs around the stems and guard them until
they hatch. The egg phase is around 19.2 days, and the main periods of the five nymphal instars
augmented increasingly from 8 days for the chief to 25 for the fifth (Fabricant, Kemp, Krajíček,
Bosáková, & Herberstein, 2013). The mature life-span prolonged to 144 days or around 5
months for the male bugs and nearly 176 for the female bugs, Adults positioned on cotton bushes
throughout May continued on the stubbles and old bolls till mid-September (Begin, 2010).
Ecological role
The Hibiscus Harlequin Bugs or Tectocoris Diophthalmus feed on numerous class of
the Hibiscus family (Malvaceae), in addition to refined cotton. They likewise eat the Illawarra
flame tree flowers, grevilleaand bottlebrush saplings. They have a key part in
determining biodiversity at the classes and community levels. They are also helpful in killing
other insects present on plants. Like other insects Tectocoris Diophthalmus also beneficial in
plant pollinations as they commonly found on plants they are the major carrier for transporting
the flower material (Begin, 2010).

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Management options
Pictorial sampling is the suggested method. Check a minimum of 30 plants or 3 distinct
meters of the row for each 50 ha (larger examples give additional accurate approximations)
(Ghoneim, 2013). Eggs are not unavoidably a good basis for verges as not all hatch and actually
small larvae have increased mortality rates. Measure numbers of beneficial insect and note the
parasitized eggs and larvae (Fabricant, Kemp, Krajíček, Bosáková, & Herberstein, 2013).
Cantharis lugubris
Life cycle
The life cycle of this mutual species is very poorly recognized. But some investigators
reported that similar to other insects Cantharis lugubris also have four stages that are fetching of
eggs, larval stage, end of the larvae stage and maturation. From the late August to September
eggs of Cantharis lugubris is laid, as crowds on the soil located under the leaves and other
protecting debris. The adults live for only a few weeks (Young, 2017).
Ecological role
Just like other insects this particular insects' species is helpful in pollinations and killing
other insects infectious for the plant and cause plant diseases (Ghoneim, 2013). They commonly
hunt for small type of insects. The larvae of Cantharis lugubris have black hairs and likewise, eat
minor bugs. Although this species can impact the plants at some levels. They can be used for
meditational purposes also (Graham, Tooker, & Hanks, 2012).

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Management
Cantharis lugubris is both beneficial and harmless it is needless to control them. Larvae
that reach inside a house, Entrance can be banned by weather-stripping, sealing and other events
that closure probable points of access. Spraying of either the external perimeter of the inner has
slight if any advantage. Cantharis lugubris already inside the house require only be cleared or
picked up and thrown away (Begin, 2010).

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References
Begin, M. (2010). Shining More Light on the Beetles. Homœopathic Links, 23(04), 234-238.
Fabricant, S. A., Kemp, D. J., Krajíček, J., Bosáková, Z., & Herberstein, M. E. (2013).
Mechanisms of color production in a highly variable shield-back stinkbug, Tectocoris
diopthalmus (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), and why it matters. PLoS One, 8(5), e64082.
Fries, I. (2010). Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of
invertebrate pathology, 103, S73-S79.
Ghoneim, K. (2013). Cantharidin toxicosis to animal and human in the world: a review. Stand
Res J Toxicol Environ H Sci, 1(1), 1-16.
Giffney, R. A., & Kemp, D. J. (2016). Maternal care behaviour and kin discrimination in the
subsocial bug T ectocoris diophthalmus (H emiptera: S cutelleridae). Austral
Entomology, 55(2), 170-176.
Graham, E. E., Tooker, J. F., & Hanks, L. M. (2012). Floral host plants of adult beetles in central
Illinois: an historical perspective. Annals of the Entomological Society of
America, 105(2), 287-297.
Mayack, C., & Naug, D. (2009). Energetic stress in the honeybee Apis mellifera from Nosema
ceranae infection. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 100(3), 185-188.
Young, D. K. (2017). Cantharidin and insects: a historical review. The Great Lakes
Entomologist, 17(4), 1.