Where's the Balance? Press Freedom and Privacy in the Modern World

This essay delves into the intricate relationship between freedom of the press and the right to privacy in contemporary society. It begins by outlining the background and rationale for examining this delicate balance, emphasizing the constitutional and legal protections afforded to both freedom of expression and individual privacy. The essay then reviews existing literature, exploring the inherent contradictions between these two principles and analyzing governmental regulations and privacy laws designed to prevent the leakage of confidential or personal information. The research methodology is described, including the research philosophy, approach, sampling, data collection, and analysis methods. The findings, discussion, and conclusion sections offer insights into the ongoing debate, assessing the current state of affairs and proposing measures to achieve a more equitable balance between press freedom and privacy in the modern era, particularly in the context of social media and digital information dissemination. The essay also includes a detailed structure of the dissertation, outlining each chapter's content and focus.

Where is the balance between freedom of the press
and privacy in the modern society?

Table of Contents
RESEARCH TITLE ........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Background of research..........................................................................................................1
Aim.........................................................................................................................................2
Objectives...............................................................................................................................2
Questions................................................................................................................................3
Rationale of research..............................................................................................................3
Significance of research.........................................................................................................3
Structure of Dissertation.........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................6
Balance between freedom of the press and privacy in modern society..................................6
Contradiction between freedom of the press and privacy......................................................8
Governmental regulation and privacy laws to prevent leak of confidential or personal
information...........................................................................................................................11
Measures to balance between privacy and freedom of press in modern era........................12
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................13
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................13
Research approach................................................................................................................13
Sampling...............................................................................................................................14
Data collection......................................................................................................................15
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................16
Ethical consideration............................................................................................................17
Reliability and viability........................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................23
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................26
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................29

RESEARCH TITLE
Where is the balance between freedom of the press and privacy in the modern society?
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of research
Freedom of press is related to media and privacy which implied principle of
communication and expression to people when sharing information on electronic and printed
media. It enables right to people for circulating information or individual opinions via electronic
media and publication material (Bjørnskov, 2018). Freedom of expression is protected by
legislation first amendment of constitution of United states. It is emerged to protect distribution
of opinion ideas and information of people. Balancing freedom of press and privacy in modern
society has thin line difference and therefore is considered as delicate approach to be managed.
According to Russian constitution freedom of press and speech are foremost concern of society
and are protected by various legal amendments. Apparently, convention of Human rights by
European union is also focused on protecting individual rights with the helps of Human rights
regulation. The focus of European government is to protect human rights against any wrong
doing and therefore there are millions of cases recorded for breaching of privacy which occurred
due to freedom of press and expression.
Social media has grabbed every area of globe and created a revolution among people. It is
the advancement which can move mountains. However, modern society use of social networking
site as tool of expression own ideas and opinion. Th expression of own speech and belief is not
restricted but is important for the people to ensure individual privacy concern where information
any idea can not be mislead (Roos, 2005). It is important for the people to respect privacy of the
information shred in public because it is expression on idea to influence people or with the
motive of promoting developing in society. The freedom of press and expression is argued in
many judgments and there are various cases of judgment which will be studies in further
research
In today’s digitization world media is playing an essential role in social life of people. It
has been analyzed in recent time media is playing an important role in providing news and
information about what is happening in society. It has also reached a point where they are
involved in entering in personal life of society. This has interrupted the privacy of people. Thus,
it has broken the line of balancing between social privacy and media. This has resulted in
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conflicts (Abel, 2018). Therefore, it is important to maintain balance so that privacy is not
interrupted. Also, freedom of media does not allow them to misuse privacy rights. There should
be retention of information so that balance can be maintained. There are certain laws which can
be defined as follows:-
Freedom of expression – It refers freedom to express views, thoughts, etc. Publicly via
social media without any interference. Media can share data and information to such an extent
that it does interrupt privacy of person.
Right to privacy- Under article 8 of Human rights everyone has right to respect for their
private and family life.
It is important for the society to keep a balance between freedom of press and privacy
because it is individual right to express own idea and beliefs via electronic media. In accordance
with the dilemma of freedom of press there is an amendment enforced by United states of
constitution where focus of parliament was to prevent interference of government in distribution
of opinion and information (Westin, 2013). In accordance with changes every person has liberty
to express there views and opinion in public regardless of fear and interference. The study is
conducted to determined balance between freedom of press and privacy where it is the right of
people to obtain information from varied sources. Accumulating types of information is the basic
facts that promotes critical views and advancement in society (How do we balance privacy with
freedom?, 2002). Availability of wide range of sources and information to people enables
developing of effective decisions, framing of unique opinion and communication of views which
can assist government in setting improvement for society as whole (Kagiaros, 2015). However,
there are a million of people who accuse the freedom of press but the dilemma of situation does
not prove that it needs to be restricted.
Aim
“To assess the right ways of balancing freedom of the press and privacy in the modern
society”.
Objectives
 To develop understanding over balance between freedom of the press and privacy in
modern society.
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 To ascertain contradiction between freedom of the press and privacy
 To assess governmental regulation and privacy laws to prevent leak of confidential or
personal information.
 To suggest measures by which there can be balance between privacy and freedom of
press in modern era.
Questions
 Discuss understanding over balance between freedom of the press and privacy in modern
society?
 Explain contradiction between freedom of the press and privacy?
 What are governmental regulation and privacy laws which prevents leak of confidential
or personal information?
 What recommendation can be made to set balance between privacy and freedom of press
in modern era?
Rationale of research
The motive of conducting this study is to gain insights over the fact of freedom of
expression which lack privacy in information. Further, the study is for academic interest where
the scholar will be able to gather factual information regarding legal restriction, term privacy,
freedom of expression, social changes, role of media, change in legislation and influence of all
terms in modern society (Altman, 2017). In addition, the study is for personal interest in
journalism of freedom of expression which legal eligibility to obtain privacy. Thus, the study
will help researcher in outlining relationship and contradiction between freedom of expression
and privacy which has become the biggest problem of modern era.
Significance of research
The study is significant because it is based on privacy laws which are effective and are
necessary part of freedom of expression. It will help in determining ways to prevent speech and
expression on electronic media (Bolton, 2017). Further, it will help in deriving ways to balance
two contradictory concepts of same page. Apparently, it is important because it is based on
exploring of different regions that is United Kingdom and America.
Structure of Dissertation
Chapter 1 Introduction: It is an introductory chapter in which researcher formulates aim and
objective of study which are based on research topic. In this study the focus of aim is to derive
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ways which can helps in maintaining balance between freedom of press that is expression and
media. Further, the chapter enables brief background of study which assist in gathering insight
about keywords and research objectives which can helps in making critical discussion of entire
study.
Chapter 2: Literature review: It is the summary and accumulation secondary facts and findings
which are collected by author to understand the insights of research aim and objectives. It is
written with the help of thematic analysis which helps in outlining very aspect of research. The
Literature review of dissertation will be based on four themes that is contradiction between
freedom of the press and privacy, governmental regulation and privacy laws, balance between
freedom of press and privacy in modern society and recommendation for managing changes
according to factual summary.
Chapter 3: Research methodology: It is discussion of different research methodological tools
which are part of methodology and which are used by scholar for the present study. The first four
research tools are research design, types, approach and philosophy which offers sequential
process of conducting systematic study. Further, there is determination of sampling method
where the scholar aim at deriving tool which can assist in choosing unbiased sample of the
research., In addition, it comprises data collection technique that is primary and secondary. Thus,
the chapter helps in understanding ethical adherence of scholar for maintain confidentiality of
accumulated and analyzed information.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis: Analysis of collected information help the scholar in determining
outcomes and results from primary collected information. It is the interpretation part which is
based on views of participants and helps in analyzing pros and cons of the study. In this part
scholar make use of thematic analysis which is based on research objectives or questionnaire
framed by researcher. It is the best way of segregating and discussing collected information to
derive valid outcome of the study.
Chapter 5: Findings and discussion: This chapter of study helps in outlining results to derive
findings of research aim. It is based on critical analysis of primary and secondary collected
information. It promotes contradiction and comparison of view of different people. This is the
final chapter which aid the scholar in outlining findings which can be used for academic purpose
and future similar studies.
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Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendation: It is the summary of entire research and
chapters which are included by scholar. This helps in understanding key aspects of study with
reference to chapters. This chapter of study is final but most important because it comprises
recommendation on the basis of entire study that is discussion and findings.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Balance between freedom of the press and privacy in modern society.
Evans, 2018, discussed about sensitive balance between individuals right to privacy and
freedom of expression of other person which is supported by Human Rights Act. In accordance
with Article 8, it analysed that individuals has right to respect and keep own and family concerns
private. The law supports individual right to privacy and freedom of expression with regard to
which people are supported to share their opinion and views without any interference. The
introduction of two contradictory principles always led to question on laws for putting two odds
with each other. The scholar outlined breach of privacy In 2006 where prince of Wales won a
case against Mail in which details of dispatch from Hong Kong were published. He gained
injunction against newspaper for breach of privacy which helps him in preventing publishing of
any other extracts.
As per the views of Benn, 2017, there has always been a traditional distrust which led to
conflict between two regulatory principles that is freedom of press and privacy. It is identified
that the collapse of two principles was supported by Human Right Act according to which all
individual of European Union have freedom to speech without interference. The freedom of
speech is supported by legal principles and right of privacy. As per article 10 of Human Rights
Act right to freedom of expression is basic human need which comprise freedom to hold opinion
and impart ideas and information without any interference. In case of unusual circumstances like
clashing or conflict between two regulator principles focus of judge is on setting balance
between freedom of privacy and press. In this focus of justice making body is to enable
individual right to expression of own opinion and ideas without any interference.
Zajonc, 2017, argued that freedom of press have long lasting history in American law and
according to these areas of conflict between two regulatory terms is limited to certain extent. The
laws are mutually supportive and have minor likelihood of conflicts. Freedom expression and
expression is related to digital advancement because the majority of interference is free to speech
is occurring because of misuse of information via social media or search engine optimization.
Right to express individuals ideas and opinion in modern society is becoming critical point of
discussion because the information shared by people is trolled which promotes negativity and
impacts stability of society and ways of thinking. It is determined that the balance between two
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likely terms has rose because of change in living patterns and critical thinking of society. The
freedom of expression can never be neglected or argued by any constitutional regulation but on
the other hand it is important fr the modern society to keep balance between freedom of press
and expression.
As per the views of Voltmer and Wasserman, 2014, privacy in modern society is for sale
and is recognised as commodity which obtains exposure from press. In accordance with this it is
becoming important to establish comparison between law of defamation and privacy. As per
constitution, freedom of expression is expression of own ideas, beliefs, opinion via speech. It is
kind of open communication which cannot be argued until it is misleading or hampering privacy
or safety of certain person. In modern era freedom of expression is enjoyed by society and
people are openly expression their opinion by sharing own view over one particular situation.
Social media is common platform on which individuals of modern era are discussion their views
over certain situation. It encourages wide opinion and ideas which can incorporated to improve
level of society. However, there a million of people who are accusing use of internet and
freedom of expression which creates conflicting situation of society.
However, Svensson and Edström, 2015, articulated about balance between freedom of
press and expression which is the basic regulation which promotes free to speech concept.
Integration of ideas and opinion of different people play and important role in development
because it supports generation of new ideas and support of society. Freedom of press also
encourages equality and diversity because it integrated different type of people on one platforms.
However, in case of argument over two regulatory principles focus of justice making body is on
setting balance between two situations because accusing one right can be questionable and
hamper peace. Moreover, in case of expression is accused then it is the only situation when there
is reach of privacy like misleading someone's personal information, display of unusual acts,
stealing of opinion and trolling one's opinion or ideas. Likewise, it is articulated that freedom of
speech, expression and press is restricted in case of security of state like on expression which
encourages commission of offence or, danger to security of nation or a part of nation.
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Contradiction between freedom of the press and privacy
According to Clifton, 2015, independent press standards organisation which is emerged
as protector of freedom expression. The organisation aim at balancing the approaches of freedom
of expression and press in modern society with own unique approach. PA is members of IPSO
and is known as independent regulator for magazine and newspaper industry of United Kingdom.
The focus of individual is on maintaining standards of freedom of expression and press with new
level approaches which are discussed below:
 Accuracy: In accordance with view of PA, it is necessary for press to consider care when
publishing information in newspaper and magazines. Like it is important for the people to
have clear understanding over misleading, inaccurate and distorted data. Likewise,
headline of the articles or new needs to properly frame in order to protect standards of
expression and speech. As per the member of IPSO it is determined that press own the
authority of bing a guiding light for the society and therefore it is essential for the people
to have ability of distinguishing between facts, comment and conjecture.
 Privacy: It is another measure which draws sensitive line between freedom of expression
and press for which member of IPSO stated that very person is entitled to family, friends,
immediate guardians, health and digital communication. The news publisher or the writer
of particular writer is responsible for answering own intrusion in case the press
interrupted to anyone's privacy. Like Mantelero, 2013, discussed about disclosure of
information, harm to beliefs are uninformed consent. Moreover, press can not make use
of individual photos or images without consent. Thus, it can be stated that there is rate of
expectation of society from press to assure privacy of matter or news.
 Harassment: As per individual's authority of IPSO it is clear that press can not interrupt
individual privacy intimidation, persistent pursuit and harassment. It is about security of
society and therefore the new and articles need to be accurate in way of pressing
information about anything or person. The people working for press are not allowed to
pursue person for questioning or photographing for certain information. The people
working for press are bound to respect privacy of people and can not follow people
around and if found guilty another it is considered as breach of privacy for harassment.
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 Reporting suicide: It is foremost rule per concern for the press for which IPSO focused
on key facts that when reporting case of suicide it is important for the people to avoid
taking excessive details because it can harm individual privacy and health. Further, when
dealing with case of suicide, murder, etc. It is necessary for the individual to seek for
legal permission because it is responsibility of media to right to report legal proceedings.
 Encroachment into shock or grief: These kinds of situation are sensitive and therefore
it is important for the press to be sensitive when approaching person who experienced
grief. In these cases press needs to be focus on two factors that is discretion and
sympathy.
 Children: The individuals are vulnaerabble to information or strangers therefore its I
responsibility of press to value their privacy and do intrude the generation with
unnecessary poking and approaching. Further, according to Kokott and Sobotta, 2012,
children should not photograph without permission of school, parents and immediate
guardians. In addition, press can not publishing any information stated by child instead
the individual needs to seek for justification of family or immediate guardians for
publishing.
 Discrimination: The individual publishing information are bounded by regulation and
rules of IPSO where it is necessary for press to ensure that information published should
no focus on any facts which promotes discrimination on the basis of race, case, creed,
seems, identity, sexual orientate, beliefs, values, etc. Press own the ultimate power of
influencing society and therefore information published needs to be accurate and leading
with the motive of promoting development and stability in society. Likewise, Mendel and
et.al., 2012, discussed about discrimination which is critical topic which can break the
sensitive line between freedom of expression and press therefore PA of IPSO focused on
approach of press where the individual are liable to publish less detail about colour
religion, sex, sexual identity, etc. of the person.
 Financial journalism: In this journalist can use information with the on finances like
own profit or advances but can not intrude or publish other personal financial information
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as it is the matter of safety and security of people. According to Freund, 2017, Press can
not write about shares, profits, securities, dividends, which can hamper financial interests
of individual or family. Press is not liable to sell any person shares and security which the
person is wanting to sell in the future. It is individual personal concern and will which
depends on person interest and therefore can not be published.
Thus, it can be said that it is the responsibility of press to ensure confidentiality of information
from every source because very information is sensitive at own concern and therefore the major
responsibility of maintaining thin line between freedom of press and privacy in modern society is
partially a responsibility of press which is responsible for publishing information. However, in
United states of America there are certain limit for freedom of press like reporters and publishers
like relying on confidential sources for exclusive information which can exposes government or
corporate corruption. Judith Miler reporter of New york times spend 85 days in jail when she
refuse to reveal the blame of source from where she got to know about identify undercover CIA.
Similar situation occurred with two reporters of San Frnacisco who refused to reveal information
about sources from where the individual got information about closed grand jury testimonies
from the Barry Bonds perjury case (Roos, 2005). Further, in America defamation is also
prohibited in may cases because it is considered a damager or injury to someone's good will
which is caused by spoken words.
Apparently Brock, 2016, outline the case of Gonzales Gripe which was in 2009 of
Barcelona residents namin Mario Costeja Gonzales who complained against Google because in
first search for his name news appeared from newspaper item of 1998 where it is notified that his
properly has been sold because he had to pay debts. According to person the news was outdated
and unfair prominence. The news was intruding his privacy concerns and therefore h asked La
Vanguardia to remove particular news. However, the google that is search engine and newspaper
both rejected his complain for erasing item. Further, the case went to court where justice system
approached a question for search link to EU court of Justice. In accordance with this court relive
the statement by stating that Gonzales has right to question search engine in case of following
term that is and there’s a degree of irony that he fought a battle over the roght for this small story
to be forgotten only to become a global cause célèbre over the issue (How ‘right to be forgotten’
puts privacy and free speech on a collision course, 2016). The case went to argument when
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judges rule about privacy for individual data or privacy rights which are outranked for public
right or commercial interest. In this it was argued that individual private rights can be harmed
and therefore Google taken down 1.72 billion URLs after 56600 request as per argument of case.
Further, the court also stated about defamation that case was not related to defamation because
the information public quite legally but there is scope of accuracy in information.
In accordance with this case, it clears that privacy rights of people are prevailed against
commercial interest and no press own the right or authority of leaking personal information for
an individual. The case clearly reflect the break in thin ling between right to privacy and press in
modern society. European union focuses on recognising free expression and privacy because
these are colliding right of modern society as it a digitalization age where every information is
public.
Governmental regulation and privacy laws to prevent leak of confidential or personal
information
According to Trottier, 2016, privacy laws pay a crucial role in protecting confidentiality
of information related to any person. Privacy is focused on four factors that is appropriation of
name, falls light on certain situation, public disclosure of personal fact and intrusion on
seclusion. Privacy Act 1974 was enforced to establishing fair code of practicing fair information
which governs individual rights and privacy at public places. Further there is Data protection
Act which focuses on accuracy of information, fair and legal processing of data, securing
individual right of information and expression, adequacy of information, enabling projecting
against confidential information.
According to Wessels, 2012, data protection principles aim at transparency, fairness, data
minimization, purpose limitation, lawfulness and transparency. Apart from this freedom of press
and privacy is regulated by human right's act which is regulated by European union in order to
prevent exploitation of human rights. Human Right Act 1998 article 8 aim at denoting respect to
individual family and private life. In accordance with this every person is society is free to share
own opinion and ideas without getting judged or mislead. It is responsibility of press to not
intrude on personal life of people until the particular feels so.
As per the views of Thierer, 2013, freedom of information Act 2005 offers clear
justification of balance between freedom of press and privacy in modern society. In accordance
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with this act the individuals' data can be publicly accessed in only case where information is
important for the public to know. If the information is leading, inaccurate or harming privacy of
any person then written request can be filed which is processed within 20 days of working.
Further, there is information technology Act 2000 which aim at protecting privacy concerns in
electronic data. This act plays a crucial role in modern society because the world is digitalis-ed
and the management of information, expression of opinion is done via electronic media (Data
protection, 2018). The act enables cyber rules and act which aim at protecting individual privacy
concern when approach internet for speech.
Measures to balance between privacy and freedom of press in modern era
According to Zemmels, 2012, freedom of expression is basic right of modern society
because everyone connect on internet for spreading views and opinion over certain situation.
Social media is considered as best mode of creating awareness about concerns as it involves
accumulation of wide range of information is useful for development of society. In accordance
with digitization age it can be recommended that social media platform should have own
regulation of information concepts which should be rated. However, the major concerns will be
on ranking of information which will creating awareness among people and will help in boosting
individual morale of publishing information.
According to Straubhaar, LaRose and Davenport, 2013, social media platforms can focus
on developing higher security standards like views of individual profile or page which will help
in keeping a synchronized balance between freedom of press and privacy. In this thee will be
minimum restriction of individual expression of information will be kept private. On the
contrary it is important for the government to focus on enforcing digital regulation to control
concept upload on electronic media because in modern society it is considered a most influential
source of publishing information.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is the most crucial chapter of dissertation because it derives ways of conducting
systematic study with the helps of research tools and techniques. It is accumulation of different
methodologies relevant scope of research. It is based of philosophy and approach of research
that belief of gathering and analysing information and system of accumulating and presenting
information. The tools used by research to derive balance between freedom of press and privacy
are discussed in further points.
Research philosophy
It is the phenomenon of gathering and analysing information to study aim of research. It
is important for the scholar to make use appropriate philosophy as it determines stability of
investigation. It is the research tools which aid in analysing appropriate positioning of research
elements which enables systematic reasoning of different aspects of study. Realism, Positivism,
and Interpretivism are some common philosophy of researcher which are chosen by scholar
according to type of study.
Positivism is used by research in case scientific research where data is analysed in
quantifiable measures with the help of numerical terms. It is implied by researcher in case of
social surveys, structured questionnaires, and in case of use of official statistics (Positivism and
interpretivism in social research, 2015). In this focus of scholar is on deriving relationship
between two factors which can be variables or correlation of independent and independent
variables. On the other hand, realism philosophy is aim at providing view of certain situation on
basis of individuals beliefs, vales, ideas and concerns towards social process or phenomenon.
Interpretivism is implied by researcher in case of human interest topic and social research
where data is analysed in qualitative forms. The motive of using this type of philosophy is
objectifying reality with the use of different methods. It is implied with the motive of
understanding human action. However, in present study where research is of using analysing
balance between freedom of press and privacy scholar implied incorporated use of interpretivism
philosophy where data will be analysed to understanding human interest in topic to derive
changes for balancing two regulatory facts.
Research approach
Approaches in study derives planned procedure which comprise steps for making
assumption, prediction which will be made by scholar, problems which will be addressed and
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ways data will be collected. It is based on logical reasoning which helps in making study reliable
and viable (Deductive Approach (Deductive Reasoning), 2018). Logical interpretation of study
helps in deriving difference in facts and contradicting study to gaining insights of research topic.
Deductive, abductive and inductive are some commonly use research approaches which offers
different of interpretating research information.
Deductive research approach is implied by researcher in case of analytical reasoning of
numerical data which is quantified with the helps of statistical tools like SPSS, It helps the
scholar in deriving casual relationship between variables and concepts. Further, it helps in
generalizing research findings which is the best way of outlining conclusion and deriving
findings of study.
Inductive approach is used by scholar in case of observation and deriving learning from
some experience. It is done with implication of models, theories, and approaches which helps in
outlining findings. It is known as bottom up approach which use in research which is subjective
in nature. It is based on open ended questions which are related to research topic and offers
process oriented approach of outlining research findings. On the other hand, there is Abductive
research approach is based on incomplete observation on the basis which the best prediction is
made but are not viable in many cases. It starts with surprising facts ad puzzles which are
confusing to be analyzed therefore when using this approach scholar aim at making devoted
explanation.
Apparently, in this study scholar will make use of inductive approach because the study
is based on observation of old facts and findings therefore it is important for the researcher to
imply use of theories and models to derive research outcomes. Inductive approach will assist
investigator in understanding dynamics of issue which is balance between freedom of press and
privacy in modern society.
Sampling
Sampling is a process of sorting group of people of sources with regard to research topic.
It is done on the basis of methodology chosen by researcher. It can be said that it is
predetermination of number of observation from large number of sources or population. It is
critical process of study because int his it is important for the scholar to choose viable sample as
it is the base of data collection and analysis. The sample of study indicates population of sources
on the basis of which findings are outlined. There are different types of methods which use for
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sampling like probability sampling which consist of random sampling, systematic sampling and
stratified sampling (Bernard, 2017). On other hand, there is non probable sampling which
comprise snow ball sampling, convenience and purposive sampling.
However, simple random sampling is unbiased way of choosing population and
determining results. With the help of this method scholars is able to select small group of objects
from large available sources. In this every person or source owns equal and opposite chance of
getting selected. In addition, there is stratified sampling methods in which sub groups of sources
are made by researcher on the basis of which conclusion are drawn (Definition of 'Stratified
Sampling', 2018).
On the other hand, three is snow ball sapling which is implied by scholar in case of
experiments or certain test. In this sampling method only viable a reliable people or sources are
chosen because it aims at drawing accurate outcome of the research. It is generally chosen in
case of experimental studies, randomized control trials, etc. It offers specific research outcomes
on basis of test (Biernacki and Waldorf, 2014).
Thus, in this research where the motive of scholar is to outline balance between freedom
of press and society investigator will make use of simple random sampling where research will
focus on analysis and discussion relevancy sources with regard to topic of study. IT is implied by
scholar because it helps in outlining viable results outcomes and there is no chance of getting
biased results which is the best ways to summarizing discussion and outlining findings on
research aim. The sampled sources will scholar in developing understanding over freedom of
press and privacy which is getting disrupted in modern society.
Data collection
It is the most crucial part of research on the basis of analyzing and discussion is done.
Gathering relevant data whelps the scholar in addressing research objectives and question which
aid in fulfilling aim of research topic. It is the process of gathering and measuring information
on variable of interests. With the help of this gathered information hypothesis is tested and
outcomes are evaluated (Grossoehme, 2014). There are two types of data collection process that
is primary and secondary which offers completely different way of gathering information.
Secondary data collection is based on analysis of facts ad findings which are outlined by
scholar and various researchers in the past. There are wide range of secondary sources which
offers different types of studies and information like governmental publication which are
15

authorized and are viable and reliable. On the other hand, there various discussion and facts
available in books, journal, online blogs, articles. Magazines, newspaper, etc, which helps in
addressing research topic (Bell, Bryman and Harley, 2018). Studying and gathering data from
secondary sources is not fresh but helps in developing understanding over issues. It helps in
analyzing the reason behind increasing problems because of certain idea and concepts of
improvement.
Further, there is primary data collection which is based on freshly collected information
and helps the scholar in putting present issues arising with regard to chosen research topic
(Jamshed, 2014). In this information is gathered via interview, observation, survey, focus group,
etc. This data collection promotes discussion of researcher with sampled participants which helps
in outlining views of different people over research topic.
However, in this study scholar will collect information from secondary sources helps in
developing critical understanding over research topic In this focus of researcher outlined
different studies and articles discussion balance of freedom of press and privacy decline in
freedom of press, factors to be considered by media and publications, Regulation which needs to
be compelled for managing confidentiality in freedom of press to main gap between freedom of
expression and press. The focus of scholar in secondary sources because it helped the person in
gaining insight over research topic which is very important for making analysis and discussion.
The sample of this study will be books, articles, journals, online blogs, media reports, case
analysis and governmental publications.
Data Analysis
It is the captious process of research because in this focus of scholar in on analyzing
collected information and different sampled sources which will helps in addressing research
topic. It is phase of research which helps in determining motive of conducting research the basis
of highlighted information (Daneva, Damian and Pastor, 2014). It offers process of cleaning,
investigating, transforming and modeling information in order to filter collected facts for further
discussion. Analyzing data is a process of implying logical techniques and statistical tool to
derive outcomes of research. There are two way to analyze collected information that is
qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative analysis of research is determination of non numeric information. It is implies
in case of data collection process like, transcripts, notes, videos, interview, images or text
16

documents. In accordance with this analysis is done in two types that is content and narrative
analysis. Content analysis is processing and summarizing of behavioral and verbal data which is
given in various forms (Kavoura and Tomaras, 2015). Narrative analysis is implied by scholar
when the focus of scholar in outlining discussion and stories shared by different respondents who
are part of data collection. On the other hand, there is thematic analysis which is done by scholar
on the basis of collected information with the motive of outlining relevant in form of critical
arguments to draw appropriate findings of research.
Quantitative analysis is based on quantifiable and numerical terms which are
incorporated by scholar to outline results which are calculated or denotes accurate results from
gathered data (Choy, 2014). Quantifiable results are outlined with the help of statistical tools that
is SPSS which comprise co relational analysis, descriptive, analysis, average result on the basis
of view of participants, etc. The results helps in deriving significant relationship between two
dependent or independent variables of study. Comparison on the basis of results helps the scholar
in critical evaluation of findings which assist in outlining reliable and viable data.
Thus, in this research with the aim of identifying balance between two regulatory terms
that is freedom of press and privacy researcher implied use of qualitative analysis because the
study is based on secondary text ad facts which will be critically evaluated via thematic analysis
where arguments of different study are presented systematically on the basis of themes.
Ethical consideration
Adhering to ethics is foremost concern of scholar where the researcher ensures right and
wrong of the situation when collecting and analyzing information (Israel, 2014). It is necessary
for the researcher to adhere to ethical concerns because it is obligatory and helps the scholar in
managing research process without any barrier. In this study research focused on seeking
permission from every authority who own secondary information like books, journals, articles,
etc. It is important to seek for permission before making sue of any secondary information in
present findings. Apart from this, research ensured that information included or argued will have
justifiable arguments which will help in protecting balance between freedom of press and
privacy (Myers and Venable, 2014). It is important for the scholar to make proper and unbiased
use of information during review, analysis and discussion because it can formulate individuals
opinion over any terms. Thus, it can be said that every study lay impact on mind of reader
therefore making unbiased and relevant analysis is the best way to adhered to ethical concerns.
17

Reliability and viability
Reliability and validity of research outcomes play crucial role for researcher because it
denotes effectiveness of data collection and analysis. In this focus of scholar is one including use
of relevancy sources to justify data collection for which individual will add more than 30
references in the study which will justify argument and will denote validity of collected
information. Referencing in study helps in deriving ways and source from which information is
collected. On the other hand, scholar will focus on citing crucial information which will helps in
deriving sources from which particular arguments in outlines or taken. Adding in text citation in
dissertation is play a vital role in denoting reliability of information and every information
included. Further, the process assist the researcher in making study viable and reliable for future
researches related to similar research topic.
18

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
Theme 1: Balance of freedom of press and privacy
In accordance with theme 1, it can be said that balance between freedom of press and
privacy in modern society has become sensitive issue to learnt and discussed. In accordance
with Martinson, 2017, article review it is determined that digitization has taken entire generation.
Every person believes in sharing their opinion ideas and beliefs on social networking site which
is become cause of privacy concerns and confidentiality of information. In accordance with
study it is determined that media hold strong power over people and the content and networks of
social networks are promoting many voices and opinions which is hindering a gap between
freedom of press and privacy. However, as per Martinson, 2017, article it is determined that
bridging gap between freedom of press and privacy needs to be based on specific rules and
regulation like accuracy, individual willingness and informed consent. Thus, it can be articulated
freedom of press freedom of expression to society and is good will it is for commercial purpose
and social cause. No person has right to mislead opinion shared by people on social media
handles, search engines, newspaper, magazines, etc.
Theme 2: Dramatic decline of freedom of press in UK
As per theme 2, it is evaluated that freedom of press and privacy are two equally
regulatory terms which can be changes on any behalf. However, the regulation been always in
argument because of conflicting interests. However, media of UK is known for its concentrated
structure. According to Gore, 2018 it is analyzed that media needs to be held accountable for
unreasonable conflicts in society because it is discussed that press is unable to meet ethical and
legal responsibility of society. On the other hand, Dawes, 2014, stated that UK holds 40th
position in alarming world press freedom. One critical example has been outlined by scholar
about Harold Evans, editor of Sunday times argued on inquiry of Leveson Inquiry where Rupert
Murdoch interfered with content of paper. Evan the editor admonished for not doing what was
asked by Murdoch in political terms. The arguments outlined conflicting interests two regulatory
terms that is freedom of press and freedom of privacy.
Theme 3: Balance between freedom of press and privacy in modern society
According to theme 3, it is outline that freedom of press are two contradictory terms but
on one same page where it is important for the media to ensure confidentiality of particular
information. Modern era is on electronic media which is making difficult for the society to
19

manage a balance between privacy of people because everybody is focused on presenting their
views, ideas and opinion own social networking sites which is making difficult to maintain
privacy of information. Picard, 2014, discussed about cyber spying which was threatening of
privacy of people where in 2014 Bureau came up with the case to European court of Human
rights where aim was to force government for providing adequate safeguard and protection for
journalist. In accordance with any argument above freedom of media it has been analyzed and
that confidentiality of people lives is ignored and privacy concerns of people are getting
hampered.
Theme 4: Contradiction between freedom of press and privacy
As per theme 4, it is outlined that independent press standards organization raised a issue
for freedom of expression where the focus of associates of and managing head of organization
was to portending the right of people who willing to share information with press. In accordance
with organization accuracy is the core concerns which needs to prioritize by media. In this it is
necessary for the people of press to publish relevant and accurate information which do not
hamper right and security of any person in society. Further, it is responsibility of press to
approach people with dignity and respect (Abokhodair and Vieweg, 2016). Press cannot publish
any information which can be mislead or can harm anyone's personal right of living in society.
Further, it is the duty of press to ensure that when approaching for case of suicide, murder or
kidnapping than the people can not ask personal question without individual will to answer any
one of them. Thus, from the discussion it can be said that freedom of press and privacy are two
contradictory terms but need to be managed in one line by keeping in mind confidentiality,
security and misleading concerns of information.
Theme 5: Case analysis which reflects thin line difference between freedom of press and
privacy in modern society
In accordance with theme 5, various cases can be articulated that the case of Gonzales
Gripe which was in 2009 of Barcelona residents naming Mario Costeja Gonzales who
complained against Google because when he was typing his name of google search the first link
was of newspaper headline where it was shown that he sold his property of paying off bad debts
which was partially true but was old news and according to him no search Engine or newspaper
has right to publish information like this because it is hampering his goodwill (Foot, 2014).
However, the case undoes several hearing where in final hearing courts considered importance of
20

human right more in comparison to commercial interest. The results of case led to acceptance of
complain of Gonzales because of which Google taken down 1.72 billion URLs after 56600
request as per argument of case. On the other had, there was a case of Murray v Express
Newspapers where photo of 18 moth old son with his mother and father was poster while they
were walking roadside. In this court accepted the request where no person has right to target
child for taking photos of public place. With regard to this court of appeal refused to share by
lower court views that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to everyday
routine. While court of appeal emphasize the case by outlining article 8 to 10 which focuses on
child privacy right and the picture in newspaper were focusing on child and not on parents which
can be threat to child security (Miltgen and Peyrat-Guillard, 2014). Hence, on the basis of case
analysis it can be stated that freedom of expression in UK is protected by Human rights Act
1998.
Theme 6: Reason of conflicting interest of freedom of press and privacy in modern society
As per theme 6, it can be stated that freedom of press and privacy were always been a
critical point of discussion because media is responsible for publishing every update for
commercial interest and for the purpose of creating awareness. Moreover, the people are
becoming more aware about freedom of expression where the individual expresses their views,
ideas and opinions via electronic media (STRIKING THE BALANCE BETWEEN PERSONAL
PRIVACY AND MEDIA FREEDOM, 2011). Expression of ideas and opinion on social
networking sights is public and therefore creates conflicting views because no person is ready to
accept changes. However, one's expression becomes point of offense of other person which is
major barrier or reason of contradictory difference between two terms.
Theme 7: Two competing rights: freedom of privacy v\s speech
As per theme 7, it can be articulated that freed of privacy is always argued because of
freedom of speech. Human Rights Act 1998 focuses on free speech and privacy which own s
basic need of balancing. In accordance with Article 8, every person in UK has right to private
life, family and home. While article 10 focuses on publication of unofficial photographs. Like
Tony Blair prime minister claimed against press for publishing photos of his young children
which was not ethical and could have harm security for his young children and personal life.
This intrusion of media in personal life which is against human right Act of country (Sun, 2006).
On the other hand, prince Charles against files a charge against media for covering sports injury
21

of Prince Hary. Further, Naomi Campbell the super model compliant against media for
publishing news of her visiting to drug rehabilitation clinic. This the discussion supports harm of
private life of many people which demonstrated wrong and unethical way of performing rights
and responsibilities.
22

CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The study outlined different text discussion about balance between freedom of press and
privacy which are two regulatory terms always in conflicting arguments. Human right in UK are
protected by regulations of Human rights Act 1998 in which it is important for the people to
ensure right to private life of people where no press or media mislead any personal information.
However, freedom of press is principle of communication that depicts published or printed
information via newspaper, magazines or electronic media (Lam, 2016). It is necessary for the
media to create awareness of the issues which are of public interest but on the other hand, it is
necessary of the press to ensure that the information which is published can not intrude in
someone's personal life like misleading of personal information, photographs, etc. Freedom of
press is circulation of opinions in print media where it is important for the publisher firm to seek
censorship by government. In UK there is no strict guidelines controlling freedom of speech but
is important for the people to ensure that no personal information is taken into consideration of
mislead for any purpose.
The article 6 of European convention Human right denotes that every person has right to
private life where no personal can publish information about individual personal life without
consent In addition media right to seek for information about any case are also regulated by some
standards like accuracy. In this media is liable to ensure that when information about any person
or any situation is published is not misleading to other concerns which can be harm to individual
security and personal life (Kotschy, 2014). Further, the study rented various argument where it is
analysed that in modern era it is becoming difficult for the countries and government to maintain
a balance between freedom of press and privacy because free expression is the idea which give
right to people to openly express own ideas and beliefs but social networking sites are public and
therefore it leads to various ethical concerns.
Balance of freedom of press and privacy is majorly hindered by ethical concerns arising
in modern society Social media is considered as watchdog of modern society which is source of
seeking person information for media and source of expression for public. In Willinsky, Murray
and Palepu, 2014, article intellectual discussed that publisher are in critical and crazy situation
where information is clearly available online and print media and newspaper are unable to use it
as or European convention of Human rights. There are many cases' which reflects violation of
Human rights where print media published photographs of children without seeking consent
23

form families which was complaint and handled by court of appeal where no person has right to
click images of people when clicking public area of particular location (Bolton, 2017). It is
necessary for the media to ensure that right to privacy of no person is harmed by publishing any
information. The top 5 countries which enjoys right freedom of press are, Norway, Sweden,
Finland, Netherlands and Switzerland.
From the study it is articulated that balance of freedom of press and privacy will be in
legal porcupine where focus is to retain human autonomy and freedom. It is determined that
intrusion of media in personal life of people can cause tremendous damage and therefore right
and freedom of press is governed by government and its amendment. It is important for the
media to ensure that no information should harm people privacy and security (Benedek and
Kettemann, 2014). Further, privacy rights of human will always be prevailed over commercial
interest therefore freedom of press and privacy in modern society show conflicting interest.
There are some damages which are cause to public because of freedom of press where people
undergo several hardships which are not discussed or revealed. In accordance with various
privacy concerns it is argued that freedom of press for public awareness own the right over
information but it is important for the media to ensure that no misleading information or personal
information is published (Picard, 2014). Further, seeking consent over information from
authorities and to the person about whom information is, the foremost responsibility of print
media in modern society.
Increasing use of social media and intruded in privacy concerns of people because it is
the platform where people are able to express own ideas and opinion but it is necessary for the
public to ensure the idea discussion needs to ethical in order to protect freedom of expression of
society (Sullivan, 2015). Freedom of press Act of 1766 governs published expression and
ensures equal treatment to all individual about whom information is published. However, it is
necessary for the information in any media is not intruding people right to private life.
Hence, from the analysis and review of various privacy protection within the Human
Rights Act which deals with diverse issues with its application. In accordance with discussion it
is articulated that there needs to separate regulatory act which focuses son public interest for
privacy and privacy because creating awareness for the issue is also the foremost duty of press
which is further restricted by privacy concerns (Howells, 2012).
24

In accordance with analysis and discussion, it can be articulated that right way of
balancing freedom of press and privacy is crediting media to cherish freedom of press and
private life. Human rights play a crucial role in assisting people n understanding importance to
balancing press and privacy because both are of public interest (Altman, 2017). Media is
responsible for creating awareness and keeping society updates while privacy is important to
prevent threat to individuals security and right of living in society. Regulation of laws against
media and privacy of people equally is another way of balancing responsibilities for both the
regulatory bodies on same page (Media freedoms in the balance, 2011). Hence, it can b e said
that media needs to be set free for exercising free speech and expression can be governed by
standards like, accuracy, financial concerns, harassments, etc. Setting standards to setting free is
the best way of balancing freedom in society for conflicting regulations.
25

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The dissertation summarized on the core concern of modern society that is balance
between free of privacy and press. These are to regulatory terms which are separated by thin line
difference of expression. From the introductory phase of study it is determined that freedom of
privacy and press in conflicting interest because of social media platforms which has widened
the opportunity for the people to expression their views, ideas and opinion on public platforms.
The expression is public to ll and is intruding to various ethical concerns because every person is
society is different from each other has own unique beliefs, ideas ad perception which are getting
influenced and dominated by freedom of press. The chapter introduced two basic terms for the
entire study that is freedom of expression and right to privacy. These terms govern the aim of the
dissertation which is to assess the right ways of balancing freedom of the press and privacy in the
modern society. The further study is conducted on the basis of determined objectives which are
framed by scholar to address all the aspect of aim.
Further, the review is outlined by scholar in which views of many authors are discussed
on the basis of objectives like in deriving balance between freedom press and privacy it is
summarized that thin line between two regulation are interrupted by electronic media in modern
society which is leading to dilemma of private life of people. It offers platform to express own
beliefs and idea openly which is somewhere mislead and is concerning threat for freedom of
press. In accordance with this it is discussed that it is important for the government to focus on
establishing comparison and different laws for defamation and privacy.
However, from the discussion, it is determined that it is necessary of the press to enjoy
freedom of expression because in modern society it is basic change which is helping in managing
improvement in society and level of thinking of people. Apart from this, from objective of
contradiction between freedom of privacy and press it is outlined that independent press
standards organisation act as a saviour for freedom of expression. In accordance with standard of
news publishing organisation, it is important for the people of press to ensure accuracy of
information when publishing. It discussed about various concerns which neds to be considered
by news publishing firm like way of approaching person to is in grid or shock, appropriate way
to approach children like seeking consent from families, etc.
Further, in review chapter scholar analysed case which depicts clear understanding over
balance in freedom of press and privacy that is case of Gonzales Gripe in which he complaint
26

gain search engine google and newspaper agency. His argument was on search for his name on
google where with first search a news headline was popping according to which he paid his
property to pay off his bad debts which was true but 2 years back. Therefore, he filed a case in
returns of which curt argued that legal proceeding from where it was found out that the news is
true but still no search engine has newspaper has right to harm person privacy without consent.
The court stated that privacy right will be prevailed first in comparison to commercial interest.
Thus, the case concluded that in favour of Gonzales Gripe due to which Google taken down 1.72
billion URLs after 56600 request. Hence, the chapter concluded with recommendation to
maintain a balance between freedom of privacy and press where it is impotent for the
government to obligate power and authorities of freedom of fees and privacy with some ethical
legal bindings like freedom of information Act 2005, cyber rules, etc.
The study was based on different research methodologies like research philosophy for
managing smooth process of data collection and analysis. The dissertation is supported by
interpret-ism philosophy because it helps in developing clear understanding over the topic which
are of human interest. With the helps of this philosophy research is able to evaluate action of
people to derive right way of managing balance between freedom of press and privacy. Further,
the scholar incorporate use of research approach which helps the intellectual setting step wise
procedure for conducting sooth process. This dissertation is base on inductive approach which
helped the scholar in managing step wise and smooth process of study on the basis of different
case analysis and evidence. In addition, the dissertation is based on simple random sampling
which helped the researcher in exploring different aspect of study without limiting with evidence
and cases. Random sampling was assistance for intellectual incorporating us of wide range of
sources because the study was based on secondary data which are already available. The scholar
choose secondary study with the motive of outlining wide variety of information to derive
relevant outcomes. Secondary sources act as base of entire dissertation and assisted research in
exploring ways to maintain balance between freedom of press and privacy in order society. Thus,
the study is based on qualitative analysis where themes are use of justifying different aspects of
aim.
Further, the research adhered to ethical consideration which assisted the scholar in
managing effective and relevant study in which scholar articulated views of various scholars on
similar topic. The secondary sources are seeked after seeking permission which helped in
27

managing smooth and systematic study. Th entire study is based on in texting which presents
clear outline of evidence and gathered data.
From the analysis of study it has been concluded that balance of privacy and press is
hindering because of freedom of expression on digital media which do not restrict speech of
public. In accordance with this it is outlined about freedom of expression to people is for
commercial purpose and not for misleading private life of people. Apart from this, analysis is
based on theme which discussed about dramatic decline in freedom of press because of excessive
intrusion of media in personal life of people. In addition, case analysis denoted about prevailing
of private rights over commercial interest. On the other hand, themes outlined about cyber crime
which is major cause of intrusion in privacy of people. From the analysis it is clear that it is
important to gather balance between freedom of privacy ad press because controlling one aspect
can be lead to various social concerns and causes because freedom of press helps in creating
awareness and supports expression of people on different concerns. In contrary freedom of
privacy aid in protecting individuals way of living, family and personal interests.
The findings concluded by stating that balance between freedom of privacy and press has
become a crucial concern of modern society because both the terms have thin line different and
understanding over each other. No regulation can be restricted because both are equally
important for managing freedom of expression and living in society. Media play crucial role in
creating awareness and managing social causes. It is outlined that freedom of privacy of society
is protected by European convention of human rights and right to way to mange balance between
both the terms is cherishing freedom of press and private life. In accordance with discussion
some relevant recommendation can be made of managing balance between two conflicting terms
which are given below:
 The media should have clarity over information before publishing.
 The government should set strict standards for regulating privacy concerns of people
which is the best for balance freedom of press and privacy.
 Information of Human right needs to considered before publishing any information.
28

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