SBM1300 Project: Future of Electric Vehicles in Australia Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the future of electric vehicles (EVs) in Australia. It begins with an introduction highlighting the need for sustainable transportation and the shift from internal combustion engines to EVs. The report defines EVs, explains how they work, and details energy storage systems, including electrochemical, static, and kinetic energy. It then explores different types of EVs in Australia, such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), providing examples of each. The report examines factors influencing EV uptake, including purchase incentives, procurement targets, import regulations, vehicle efficiency regulations, and the potential banning of internal combustion engines. It also discusses factors to consider when buying an EV, such as daily driving distance, charging options, battery life, electricity expenses, and resale value. The advantages and disadvantages of EVs are presented, along with reasons for potential success and failure in Australia. Finally, the report offers recommendations for the future of EVs in Australia, concluding with a summary of the key findings and insights.

THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN AUSTRALIA
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Table of Contents
2.0 FUTURE OF ELECTRIC CARS IN AUSTRALIA.................................................................5
2.1 Definition of Electric Vehicles..............................................................................................5
2.2 How Electric Vehicles work..................................................................................................5
2.3 Energy Storage systems of Electric Vehicles........................................................................5
2.3.1 Electrochemical energy...................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Static energy....................................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Kinetic energy.................................................................................................................6
2.4 Types of Electric Vehicles in Australia.................................................................................6
2.4.1 Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).....................................................................................6
2.4.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs).....................................................................7
2.4.3 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)....................................................................................8
2.5 Future uptake levers of electric vehicles in Australia............................................................9
2.5.1 Purchase incentives.........................................................................................................9
2.5.2 Electric vehicle procurement targets.............................................................................10
2.5.3 Electric vehicle import regulation.................................................................................10
2.5.4 Regulations on vehicle efficiency.................................................................................11
2.5.5 Banning of internal combustion engines (ICEs)...........................................................11
2.6 Factors to consider when buying electric vehicles in Australia...........................................11
2.6.1 The approximate distance one drives every day...........................................................11
2.6.2 The charging options that are available for the electric vehicles..................................12
2.6.3 The lifetime of the battery and maintenance of electric vehicles..................................12
2.6.4 One’s future electricity expenses..................................................................................12
2.6.5 Resale price tag for second-hand electric vehicles........................................................13
2.7 Advantages of Future Electric Vehicles...............................................................................13
2.8 Disadvantages of Future Electric Vehicles..........................................................................14
2.9.0 Why future electric cars will succeed in Australia...........................................................15
2.9.0 Why future electric vehicles will fail in Australia............................................................17
2.9.0 Recommendations for Future Electric Vehicles...............................................................18
3.0 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................19

Works Cited...................................................................................................................................20
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Globally, 26 % of energy is used in the transport industry thereby creating greenhouse gas
emissions levels of 23 %. Currently, street traffic can be used to indicate 74 % of the global
transport sector which comprises of vehicles, trains, aircraft and ships. Automobiles play a vital
role in the automotive sector in most countries of the world. Cars are the dominant feature of
modern street traffics (Blum, 2017). In order to meet the requirements of future mobility, there is
a need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using the technology available. This statement
implies that it is time to embrace advancements in the automotive industry that will lead to zero
or minimum emissions. People must, therefore, shift from internal combustion engines and
embrace new innovations.
Internal combustion engine vehicles Electric vehicles
They tend to be powered by gasoline which is
combusted internally to produce energy to run
the cars.
They run on electricity which is produced in
many ways including renewable energy
sources as well as fossil fuels.
They tend to create a lot of maintenance costs
more so depending on the age of the vehicle.
One needs to change the transmission fluid,
engine oil, as well as belts which is an extra
cost to the owners.
Electric cars are not fitted with internal
combustion engines as it derives its power
mainly from the batteries. The only expensive
bit of owning this car is the battery
replacement costs.
In most states in Australia, there is tax like
stamp duty that is applied to these vehicles as
In most states in Australia, there are
incentives and rebates when buying electric

the Australian government is trying to make
the people go green by buying electric cars
vehicles. This makes the cars more feasible
financially as there is a reduction in the prices
of these cars.
They have petrol tanks. They have battery packs.
Table 1.1 showing the comparison between internal combustion engine cars and electric cars
The current generation is thriving on big ideas like electric cars which are the new faces of the
automotive industry. The future of mobility is seen in electric vehicles as analyzed in this
research paper. The research paper covers all key areas concerning electric vehicles including
how the cars work, uptake levers, factors, types, advantages and disadvantages, as well as future
recommendations.

2.0 FUTURE OF ELECTRIC CARS IN AUSTRALIA
2.1 Definition of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles are cars that have onboard batteries which can be charged electrically. The
batteries then store this power and use it make the electric motors operational (Chau, 2015). The
cars possess a 59-62 % efficiency rate of converting electrical energy from the wheels to the
batteries.
2.2 How Electric Vehicles work
First, the controller receives electric energy from a battery. The controller, in turn, takes the role
of supplying the electric power to the electric motor when there is its demand. Furthermore, the
accelerator and a variable switch are connected thus sending signals to the controller of the
amount of power it is to release to the electric motors (Kettlewell, 2016).
Figure 1.0 showing an Electric Vehicle Works
The power output normally can range from zero to any value depending on the power that is
required. Consequently, the power supplied allows the motors to propel the car forward.

2.3 Energy Storage systems of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles tend to have onboard energy storage systems. These systems are of 3 types and
are discussed one after the other as follows;
2.3.1 Electrochemical energy
This system allows the storage of energy due to chemical properties the cars have. The chemicals
that are in the car batteries cause a reaction thereby causing the production of electric charges
which is follows a circuit thereby making an electric current. The typical chemical energy
storage systems in electric vehicles are the batteries (Jiang, 2015). In most cases, manufacturers
of batteries use lithium ion in making battery systems due to the long life cycle as well as high-
density properties that lithium possesses.
2.3.2 Static energy
The result of electron build-up allows the energy produced to be stored in the form of static
energy. This electron build-up tends to create a charge imbalance in objects which when released
is able to produce an electric current. Electric vehicles use electrolytic capacitors as the static
energy storage system in order to not only maximize the driving range but also conserve the
battery so that it can last longer (Larminie, 2013). Grapheme super capacitors in some cases take
the role of being the primary source of power in electric vehicles as they possess ultimate power
density properties and the fact that they recharge within a short period of time.
2.3.3 Kinetic energy
This is energy that is stored as a result of the momentum produced. In electric vehicles, the
flywheel disk rotates on an axis that is fixed thereby allowing the storage of energy in rotational
momentum form (Henry, 2014).

2.4 Types of Electric Vehicles in Australia
By 2014 there were the following types of electric vehicles in Australia and they will be
discussed one after the other below;
2.4.1 Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
These types of vehicles use both electricity and petrol to power them. The car produces electric
power using the braking system which is used to charge the battery using a process termed as
regenerative braking. This process allows the electric motor to slow down the car using the heat
energy that is produced and converted by applying brakes. HEVs normally start the journey by
applying the electric motor to produce energy but the switches to petrol mode with an increase in
speed and load (Mi, 2017). The car has an inbuilt computer that controls the actions of the engine
and electric motors thereby offering the best driving conditions. The best examples of HEVs
models in Australia include the Toyota Camry Hybrid as well as the Honda Civic Hybrid.
2.4.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Similarly, this type of electric vehicle uses both petrol and electricity to power its motors.
PHEVs allow battery recharge using ‘plugging in’ to an external electricity source like a socket
as well as the application of regenerative braking. The use of petrol allows the car to have a
maximum range as it recharges the battery when it is low for later use (Scrosati, 2015). The best
examples of PHEVs models in Australia include the Mitsubishi Outlander and the Toyota Prius.
Model of PHEV Motor / Engine size Number of times car
recharged
The distance the
car ran
BMW i8 The engine has a 96
kW electric motor as
well as a 3- cylinder
petrol engine with
The battery can reach
80 % if recharged for 2
hours and attain 100 %
35 km on electricity

about 170 kW that
approximately 231
horsepower.
if charged for 4 hours.
Mitsubishi Outlander The car has a 2.0-litre
petrol engine plus
twin motors that can
reach 60 kW.
The battery can charge
to 100 % in just 4
hours.
50 km on electricity
Holden Volt The car has a 1.4 liter
plus an electric motor
that can reach 63 kW.
240 amp / 10 amp =
between 6-10 hours for
full charge.
240 volt / 15 amp = 4
hours for full charge.
87 km on electricity
and 600 km on
petrol.
Table 1.2 showing a comparison of different kinds of PHEVs
2.4.3 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
These cars only use electricity to rum their motors making the go forward. Their main source of
power is electricity and thus lack exhaust systems, petrol tank and internal combustion engine in
comparison to HEVs and PHEVs. Their batteries are recharged using regenerative braking and
also external plug- into a source of electricity (Lowry, 2012). The best examples of BEVs in
Australia include the Nissan Leaf and BMW i3 which emit zero percentage of carbon dioxide to
the environment.
Model of BEV Amount of fuel consumed Time is taken to charge
Nissan Leaf Zero liters for every 100 km 240 volt / 15 amp = 6 hours
for full charge.

For fast charge mode, the
battery can reach 80 % in
about 30 minutes.
Tesla Model S Zero liters for every 100 km It has its own charger which
takes about 3 hours and 30
minutes to fully charge.
Mitsubishi I-Miev Zero liters for every 100 km 240 volt / 15 amp = 7 hours
for full charge.
For fast charge, the battery
can reach 80 % in 30
minutes.
BMW i3 101 Zero liters for every 100 km The battery can reach 80 % in
about 6-8 hours using the
normal electric power.
When using the car's pure
charger then the battery
reaches 100 % for 4 hours.
Table 1.3 showing a comparison of different kinds of BEVs
2.5 Future uptake levers of electric vehicles in Australia
2.5.1 Purchase incentives
In most cases, financial incentives may provide the indication that the sale of electric vehicles is
on the rise in Australia. But when compared to other markets, it shows a completely different
scenario. In Norway, incentives have allowed the electric cars to take up to 8.3 % of the total

market in the automotive industry. This is because the country has 33 % more incentives than
Australia (Perrin, 2015).
Based on a report by Energia, it is also true that the availability of some electric vehicle models
tend to be a vital factor when it comes to consumer demand (Scrosati, 2015). Also, the report
found that people tend to make their purchasing decisions based on the financial incentives that
are available. For instance, California tends to offer the highest number of incentives in the
world. This allows the entry of many electric vehicle models. This scenario is a complete
contrast to the case in Australia where there is lower number of incentives (Nerad, 2014). Thus
there should be changes in financial incentives which will allow people to adopt electric vehicles
more plus the numbers of models as these are the main factors that affect consumer demand.
2.5.2 Electric vehicle procurement targets
The actions of the Australian government can have a positive impact on the sale of electric
vehicles. This is more so if the government uses bulk buying strategy as a tool to have some
targeted electric vehicle models in the market which when left to manufacturers may never reach
the Australian market (Linde, 2012). These actions will, in turn, increase the demand for these
vehicles.
Based on research done by Energia, 200 units is the minimum value of expected sales that the
manufacturers require in order to bring a new vehicle model into Australia (Larminie, 2013).
This shows that the government should buy in bulk if it finds a better overseas model that will
more than match their fleet demands. This action will encourage the introduction of more electric
vehicle models to the market thereby increasing sales.

2.5.3 Electric vehicle import regulation
When compared to the other markets that use the right-hand drive model, Australia tends to have
much lower electric vehicle model choice. Coupled with this are the third party import
restrictions that are imposed by the Australian government that tend to regulate the sale of
vehicles in the country (Blum, 2017). These restrictions were put in place as a means of
protecting local car manufacturers.
Luckily, the Harper Review of Competition Policy of 2015 provided recommendations that have
forced the government to relax a bit on the issue of import restrictions imposed on third parties
(Shnayerson, 2016). The recommendations were adopted in 2016 by the Australian government
allowing third parties to import more vehicles without incurring custom import taxes. If the same
scenario is applied to electric vehicles then there will be an influx of all manners of models
hence increasing the sales.
2.5.4 Regulations on vehicle efficiency
The automotive sector is listed as the top notorious emission source in almost every country.
This means that these emissions need to regulate or reduced as the adverse effects on human
health, as well as climate change, has taken the driving seat on the need for change (Dhameja,
2014). Based on research by Energia, the imposing of vehicle emission regulations will be seen
as a factor that will make people buy and use electric vehicles.
2.5.5 Banning of internal combustion engines (ICEs)
Globally, countries have welcomed the idea of stopping the use of ICEs by setting time frames
on the deadlines of the use of such vehicles. Consequently, the act will leave a vacuum left to fill
in the automotive industry with electric vehicles seen as the best substitutes for ICEs (Jones,
2014).

2.6 Factors to consider when buying electric vehicles in Australia
The factors are discussed below one after another;
2.6.1 The approximate distance one drives every day
Electric vehicles usually move an average distance of about over 220 miles using a single charge
but in most cases, some cars offer shorter distance ranges. For instance, the Nissan Leaf can only
go 86 miles while the Hyundai Iconic and eGolf can go 120 miles when the battery is 100 %.
Therefore, the electronic vehicle range should match than the distance one needs to travel daily
(Erjavec, 2012).
Based on the report released on 15th June 2018 by the Australian Vehicle Council, there was a
slight growth in the electric vehicle industry. Also, the report tabled that in 2017 alone the sale of
electric vehicles amounted to a total of 2284 cars that shows a massive 67 % increase from 2016.
This is due to the slight advancements in the range of electric vehicles. Such a number of sold
electric vehicles represent only 0.2 % of the total vehicles sold (Linde, 2012).
2.6.2 The charging options that are available for the electric vehicles
It is vital to consider the recharge options that are available before buying electric vehicles. This
should involve prior planning as well as making additional constructional and electrical changes
at one's property or workplace since the battery takes more than 3 hours to recharge (Henry,
2014). Currently, there is a new innovation that allows electric vehicle owners to recharge at
home using the available household socket. One should know where to find the available public
electric vehicle charging stations in case there is a need to recharge the vehicle while travelling.
A report presented by the Australian Vehicle Council shows that there was a great increase in the
number of points which in 2017 were around 476 stations in total to over 783 locations in 2018.
This indicates a massive growth of 64 % in just a single year (Chau, 2015).

2.6.3 The lifetime of the battery and maintenance of electric vehicles
The longer a battery lasts the more economical the electric vehicle will be to the owner. This is
because batteries cost thousands of dollars to replace since without it the car won't function at all.
The car manufacturers have stated that the batteries can go for over 100000 miles before the need
to replace them arises, this is more so in cases where one sticks to the daily mileage of the car
(Jiang, 2015). The batteries also need to be charged less often as persistent charging will reduce
battery life. For example, one needs a minimum of £ 5000 to replace the battery of a Nissan Leaf
while that of a Tesla Model S will cost up to £ 10000.
2.6.4 One’s future electricity expenses
Using petrol as fuel in our cars means that people frequently visit the petrol stations thereby
incurring fuel costs. But since we can be able to charge electric vehicles even using household
sockets this will mean there will be an increase in people’s electric bills (Chau, 2015). This is
more so if one over uses the car hence the need to charge the car daily. For instance, the
approximate cost allowing an electric car to charge overnight is at £ 3.0 but that of a long-range
Tesla Model S can go as high as £ 9.0. a driver who travels an average of 16 miles in a day shall
incur about £ 20 in a month as the electric bill for using an electric vehicle which is much
cheaper in comparison to petrol/ diesel engine cars.
2.6.5 Resale price tag for second-hand electric vehicles
Even though electric cars have been in the markets for some time now, there is no set resale price
tag/ value of the advanced new models. One should expect a low resale value as the number of
miles the vehicle has taken will come into account while selling a used electric vehicle. Many
buyers will tend to be concerned with only one factor which is the replacement costs to be
incurred in buying new batteries.

2.7 Advantages of Future Electric Vehicles
Firstly, electric cars mainly use the rotor and do not need many parts like radiators, starter
motors, exhaust system, as well as fuel injection systems that are vital for diesel or petrol cars.
This means that they require minimal service hence is economical to the users.
Also, electric vehicle owners are in most Australian states offered stamp duty exemption.
Owners in the Victorian state tend to be offered an annual registration fee reduction of $ 100.
Similarly, electric cars cause zero or minimal emissions hence reduce the rate of air pollution.
This is in contrast to diesel engine cars that cause massive air pollution by emitting massive
amounts of carbon (II) oxide to the atmosphere. Also, if electric vehicles are recharged using
green energy sources like solar power and electricity there will be a massive reduction in the
emissions of greenhouse gases (Shacket, 2012).
In addition, the production of electric vehicles is daily moving towards the use of eco-friendly
materials in manufacturing. The Ford Focus Electric is a product of materials that have been
recycled and is also made of paddling that is 100 % bio-based. The bodywork and interior of the
Nissan Leaf mainly consist of recycled green materials like plastic bags and water bottles (Jones,
2014).
Alternatively, electric vehicles tend to cause minimal air and noise pollution which is a health
benefit to humans. Minimal health problems cause minimal health costs.
Also, based on recent research findings it is possible to improve the safety features of electric
vehicles. The design of electric cars makes them have a centre of gravity that is low thus
reducing the likelihood of rolling over in case of an accident (Lowry, 2012). Also, their bodies
are constructed with added features that reduce the risk of fatalities in case of collisions.

Lastly, based on recent findings it is true that electric vehicles can be of great assistance in
sustaining energy security of Australia. This is because Australia tends to be a high dependant of
petroleum imports from other nations. Since electric vehicles can be easily powered using the
available renewable energy sources like solar power, there will be a great reduction in foreign oil
dependence.
2.8 Disadvantages of Future Electric Vehicles
Firstly, the recharging process of the batteries of electric cars takes too long which is
approximately 3 hours which is too slow in comparison to petrol refuel.
Similarly, electric vehicles are limited to the distance that they can travel as most cars can only
travel an average on of 100 miles on a fully charged battery. But innovations have led to better
batteries that are capable of covering even greater distances. For example, the Tesla Model S
can now travel an approximate distance of 337 miles on a single charge.
Also, electric cars are very expensive. The batteries that are used in these cars tend to cost more.
They use long-lasting batteries like lithium-ion batteries that tend to last long but each battery
has a price tag of thousands of dollars making the cars very costly (Jiang, 2015). This is due to
the low amount of lithium metal which is the main component in making batteries and the fact
that it is only found in a limited number of nations.
In addition, electric vehicles cause indirect air pollution. The batteries tend to have some toxic
substances that emit some toxic fumes that cause pollution. Also, most electric cars are charged
using electricity which in most cases is produced by fossil fuels. The ever-growing demand for
electricity to recharge these vehicles means that the cars will be contributing to air pollution
indirectly.

Lastly, electric vehicles tend to be very heavy. An electric car carries a battery pack that can
averagely weigh 1000 pounds (450 kg). This has a negative effect on the car as the weight
disadvantage exerts extra pressure on batteries making them lose energy faster (Mackenzie,
2014).
2.9.0 Why future electric cars will succeed in Australia
Firstly, the prices of commodities are usually a key factor in studying the behavior of consumers.
Fallacy seems to be the main actor in studying behavioral economics of people, but it lies in
contrast to the idea that people are never cushioned when it comes to the point of giving
commodities price tags (Jones, 2014). When one observes and analyzes the electric vehicles of
the 20th century, one can depict that they were mainly based on the idea of affordability. This
made internal combustion vehicles to dominate the markets.
Car size BEV PHEV
Small This size is best in the markets due
to its practicability as well as the
size of the battery and the buying
costs.
The vehicle, in this case, is limited to
packaging problems and high price in
manufacturing and in terms of its price tag.
Medium Will be somehow useful even
though some models are expected
to enter the market in a few years
time.
This vehicle will attain maximum output as
it fits in with the car size description and is
more economical especially in travelling
long distances thus giving value for money
to the owner.
Large Here, the cars will be only for
certain markets like for luxury
This vehicle will attain maximum output as
it fits in with the car size description and is

purposes making them expensive as
they have limited range.
more economical especially in travelling
long distances thus giving value for money
to the owner.
Table 1.5 shows possible markets sections of PHEVs and BEV
With the current changes in the 21st century, there has been the rise of hybrid electric vehicles
that are able to match the internal combustion engine vehicles in terms of price and performance.
In future, the prices of many electric vehicles will be equivalent to that of the other types of
vehicles especially when purchasing in large scale. Currently, the Tesla S, X and 3 models are
dominating the markets due to the fact that their prices are competitive and the trend is like to
continue I many parts of the world, Australia included.
Similarly, the worldwide price of gasoline is seen as a huge factor that will promote the success
of electric cars. In the 1970s there was an introduction of policies that were aimed at limiting the
global supply of gas (Henry, 2014). This was in order to maximize the profits of oil producing
and exporting countries. Due to such policies, there will be a sharp rise in demand for electric
vehicles as more and more people will try to avoid the next oil crisis which might happen in
future.
Furthermore, the range of electric vehicle has been seen to be on the rise due to continuous
innovations in the automotive sector. In the 1980s the range of electric vehicles was between 40-
60 kilometers which were a major factor to consumers due to charging concerns. But as a result
of innovations, there has been the introduction of hybrid electric vehicles. The result of this is a
rise in a current range which is now at approximately 300 kilometers (a number which is on an
upward trend) and thus will make electric vehicles popular to Australians (Kettlewell, 2016).

Lastly, climate change, as well as air pollution awareness, is on an upward trend. Even the
Australian Government has seen the need to form transport models that use internal combustion
engines to vehicles that cause zero emissions to the atmosphere. Electric vehicles have been seen
to be the next best alternative and the government has reaffirmed this by offering incentives and
rebates to the owners of electric vehicles.
2.9.0 Why future electric vehicles will fail in Australia
Firstly, one needs to observe if the government offered incentives like exemptions from stamp
duty will be here for in the long term or short term. Does this mean that without the incentive the
markets for electric vehicles will collapse or will it be able to sustain itself and fight for a piece
of the pie in the automotive industry? The main idea is that subsidies tend to be very addictive
and once they are offered it is hard to end. With the ever-growing budget tightness, the
magnitude of such incentives piles extra load on the available public funds and withdrawal of
such an incentive will be detrimental to the success of electric vehicles (Leitman, 2013). The
removal of incentives will make these cars very expensive thus people will avoid them.
Similarly, the ever increasing use of electric vehicles will make electricity be the main source of
energy in the automobile sector thus replacing the use of fuel. This means that there will be
lesser barrels of diesel and petrol used daily thus resulting in loss of revenue amounting to
billions that were from fuel taxes (Shacket, 2012). These taxes are mainly used in financing
many government development projects. Alternatively, the Australian government will have to
look for other sources of revenue thereby increasing the tax on other commodities.
2.9.0 Recommendations for Future Electric Vehicles
The various electric vehicles manufacturers should encourage modern and innovative methods in
making batteries. We should not forget how 1st generation mobile phones looked like and

compare them with the current smart phones that we have I the market now. With new
innovations, battery making technology will evolve as time goes by and battery packs will be
much smaller in size thus reducing the weight strain that applies to electric cars (Warner, 2011).
The idea that electric car batteries tend to be overloaded with car accessories like air conditioners
and radios is very inaccurate. In most cases, this tends to be applied as a disadvantage of using
electric cars but that is not the case. With the technologies, available power distribution it can be
advanced to be better. People should learn to embrace electric cars to maximize its potential in
the automobile industry in the same manner they did to gasoline which took over 100 years to
reach its full potential (Kettlewell, 2016).
The debate that electric cars lack the ability to quickly climb and accelerate is inaccurate.
Innovations like the application of brushless electric motors allow electric vehicles to instantly
unleash unfettered energy making them accelerate much faster.
A new innovation in battery making has allowed an electric vehicle to increase the average mile
it can cover on just a single charge. The average distance covered has moved from 100 miles to
approximately between 250-340 miles covered on a single charge depending on the electric car
model. The Chevrolet Bolt can cover over 238 miles and these ranges are going to be even
higher with the constant innovations in the automotive sector (Erjavec, 2012).
3.0 CONCLUSION
On the positive side, currently, electric vehicles are the trend when it comes to the future of
mobility. They have more advantages than the internal combustion engine vehicles but the main
point is that they will try to reduce climate change by causing zero or minimal greenhouse gas
emissions. Also, the idea of embracing innovations should be highly supported by these cars to

succeed. The electric vehicles are at the pioneer phase and it would be very encouraging to see
the success of these vehicles in future as a means of going green as well as welcoming
advancements in technology.
On the negative side, on paper, the idea of electric cars acting as substitutes for internal
combustion engine vehicles seems to be 100 % possible. The Australian market for electric cars
shows only a figure of 2 %. This means that a whopping 98 % is controlled by the internal
combustion engine vehicles (Shnayerson, 2016). With such figures is there any likelihood of
electric cars taking control of the markets any time soon? Similarly, people should ask
themselves what if the government incentives are taken away. Will we still have electric cars?
Since the prices of commodities tend to scare people it won’t be any different with electric cars.
Also, the factors that are considered before buying electric vehicles seem to bend towards the
negative side rather than the positive. When one looks at the vehicle range and battery costs limit
people from buying cars. Alternatively, in this part it seems that these cars still have a long way
to go before dominating the future of mobility in the automotive industry.

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