University Gambling Policy Analysis: A Kingdon's Framework Review

This report analyzes gambling policies in Australia, particularly within the context of New South Wales, employing Kingdon's Multiple Streams Theory to understand the development and implementation of gambling-related regulations. The report begins by providing an overview of responsible gambling and its significance. It then delves into Kingdon's framework, exploring its three streams: problem, policy, and political. The sociocultural standings of gambling participation in NSW are examined, alongside the framework established by Liquor & Gaming NSW. Government inquiries into gambling, the roles of regulatory bodies, the Responsible Gambling Fund, and legislative provisions are discussed. The analysis highlights the factors influencing policy decisions, the challenges in promoting responsible gambling, and the penalties associated with non-compliance. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and implications of the analysis.

RUNNING HEAD: GAMBLING AND POLICY
GAMBLING AND POLICY
Name of Student
Name of University
Author note

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................2
UNDERSTANDING RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING................................................................3
POLICY ANALYSIS USING KINGDON’S MULTIPLE STREAMING THERORY...........4
The Sociocultural standings...................................................................................................5
Liquor and gaming New South Wales framework.................................................................5
Government inquiries into gambling.....................................................................................6
Role of NSW gaming industry regulators..............................................................................6
The Responsible Gambling Fund (RGF)...............................................................................7
NSW Police............................................................................................................................7
Legislative provisions............................................................................................................7
Penalties.................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................9
References................................................................................................................................11

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INTRODUCTION
Gambling leads to harm that result from primarily the financial losses. Globally -
Australia peaks on gambling products and gambling activities. This would then suggest that
the Australian gamblers pose highest risk of harm to themselves, even after two decades of
strict regulation. There has been investment in education and treatment frameworks.
However, decrease in contribution rates, expenditure, disposable income and household
expenditure has influenced the gambling (June, 2016) rates. It was seen after analyzing the
national data that despite a decreasing participation rate - the overall gambling numbers
remained the same and numbers are increasing with consumption of casino games, sports
betting and race wagering. There was an increase in average of gambler expenditure, in total
across gaming machines. The potential risks in average expenditure was monitored during the
periods spent in casino table gaming, electronic gaming and race wagering. Changes in
income’s proportion expensed at gambling (Thomas et al. 2016) tasks showed an increased
rate for EGMs. Finally, when the problem of these gambling statistics could not be compared,
the study analyzed the qualitative figures gambling aspects (Bestman et al. 2018) with
moderate – to high risk. Their findings were implied for public health resourcing and policy.
The expenditure statistics were interpreted by the researchers, the government and the
industry within framework of Australia and outside.
Victorian Commission for the Gambling and Liquor Regulation released the sixth
review which made 20 new recommendations, 11 were provisioned for the “responsible
gambling”. The announcement of this assessment came at an odd time for the Crown. A
casino was convicted of wrongdoings and misconducts in earlier part of the same year. A
machine tampering allegation followed, which was penalized at AU$300,000. The situation
went down in the historical pages.

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UNDERSTANDING RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING
Responsible gambling can considered as the cornerstone of gambling policy in
Australia’s governmental level since the 90s. Concept is that a gambling industry invention
can be a legalized gambling and that is expanding globally. Industries are assessed on
circumvent of stricter regulations in a response to chronic disease proneness associated with
spread of gambling. The effective strategy of responsible gambling is a forte of gambling
industry, but it causes the same harm. Responsible gambling was considered because of its
codes of practice prevalent in the casinos, clubs and pubs and various other jurisdictions. This
would then need the gambling’s machinists – to give cautionary signs and then, mediate
through times of disruption.
Other gambling regulations are seen to impose the specific limits to a game offering.
Electronic gambling machines are considered very much In Australian regions and states, the
maximum bet in a reasonable pub is A$5. Certain poker limitations include load up time and
speed at which bets are getting placed. Certain public health issues were responsible for
gambling that assesses the place but gambling harm is a serious problem (Bestman et al.
2018). This is partly because in Australia, the gambling world is very persistent.
Alcohol and other drug disorders are associated with the gambling industry and the
both equally harm the consumers. The industry has problems that affect only less or little of
the minority section, and that occurs resultantly when the flawed individuals cannot regulate
themselves. Introduction to gambling cannot be considered as the only cause. Recent
research in NSW and Victoria demonstrated the harm which is related to “similar order of
magnitude” gambling results in depression and also alcohol misuse. The social price of
gambling involves a family breakdown, the relationship issues, any domestic and emotional
violence plus psychological distress and suicidal attempts. The gambler of moderate risks,
impacts the three others. Even the “low- risk” posed gamblers has been reported to affect one

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other. Costs and the effects of this gambling harm can be much widespread than gambling
industry and the government expenditure.
Impact of the gambling on these children (Bestman et al. 2016) and the young people
has emerged over the decades as a vital public health issue in last few ages. Researchers have
determined approximately of about 60–80% of children are affected and other young people
who engage in the formal or in the informal gambling before legal age within various
jurisdictions and this age group is vulnerable to the harmful effects of problem gambling
(Dowling et al. 2016) A survey determined that about 0.9% of the total number 11 to 15
years individuals are problem gamblers (which is about 31,000 young people) and about
1.3% were the “at-risk” of the problem gambling (Calado, Alexandre and Griffiths 2017) and
now exhibiting some of the problematic behaviors or the potential harms (that is another
additional 45,000 of young people). Annually it can be estimated that gambling in the Great
Britain affects the same age group as that of New South Wales like 12- 24 years. Peer and
family feedback has helped with formulation of government policies that factors at different
levels of people’s attitudes and their engagement with the gambling. However, alignment of
the online betting companies has influenced professional gambling, the advertisements
affected the conscious effort and attention building towards alcohol, gambling and leisurely
lifestyle.
POLICY ANALYSIS USING KINGDON’S MULTIPLE STREAMING
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Kingdon’s multiple streaming theory which does a national policy
analysis based on the impact it has left on the public servicing framework – there are three
segments that is of cardinal interest. The first is the problem streaming, which is concerned
with awareness of the policy in the public and how it has addressed the ‘problems’ so for.

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This stream also attempts to gain an insight into the nature of the problem and the barriers
and facilitators to these sociocultural public issues. The above mentioned streaming is
followed by a policy streaming which identifies the areas of policy action, possibilities of
new action and broadening of action areas to enhance the policy’s effect in the public forum.
Lastly, the legislative, judicial and executive aspects of the Public policy is assessed by
political streaming and the restrictive factors are identified in order to improve them. Here in
this report, the Kingdon’s Multiple Streaming framework is applied to comprehend the
barriers, enhancers, facilitators, enablers, internal and external aspects, implications of NSW
Liquor and Gambling policy using problem, political and policy streaming.
The Sociocultural standings
Gambling Participation is sixty five person of NSW population who had partaken in
at-least 1 gambling activity in latest twelve months. There is a four percentage point of
decrease from 2006 figure. In 2006, gambling included lottery products, scratch tickets, horse
races, gaming machines, Keno, casino, sports betting which contributed to maximum of
activities. The numbers of gaming machines players decreased in between of 2006 and the
2011. Significant increases were observed in keno and horse betting or the greyhound races
were reported. Prevalence of activities peaked unfortunately in young age group (of 18-25)
and there was a steady decline with the increasing age. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
background people were more involved in gambling (Hing, Breen and Gordon, 2015).
Liquor and gaming New South Wales framework
Liquor & the Gaming law in NSW is a body accountable for application of the
administrative policies that balances maintainable business environment and its growth with a
desire to reduce the harms correlated with the problem gambling (McIntosh and O'Neill
2017).

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In gaming jurisdictions, the L&GNSW is accountable for: 1. counselling for
development and the application of a government policy. 2. Confirming the compliance and
obedience to legal frameworks 3. Observing the income, that’s raised by the gaming. 4.
Supervision of the technicalities of gaming machines. The Office of Responsible Gambling
and Responsible Gambling Fund Trust is the body accountable for an administration of the
fund related to Responsible Gambling that works with problem gamblers.
Government inquiries into gambling
The federal and state governments elicit investigations and then perform researches in
order to focus on the negative influence that gaming and betting poses. This inquiry allows
various investors to provide input to the very best interests of common public, the problem
gamblers and the spouses. A report showed the rise of the betting sector and it was deemed as
one, standard report for the industry, the administration, the public organizations and the
overall public in order to debate these matters that is correlated to this betting harm and the
policies for minimizing them. The cardinal rationales for the regulation of industries is about
promoting consumer safety, reducing the probability for an unlawful and an unprincipled
activity, and minimizing costs, risks of problem gambling. About 130,000 of Australia or
about 1% of Australia’s grownup population had severe and about 1,60, 000 had moderate-
low gambling problems.
Role of NSW gaming industry regulators
Historically, the administrations and the controllers in all of the gaming jurisdictions
of Australia - has applied a huge extent of authority and regulation over betting industries of
free interest. This is not just to defend the sustained flow in revenues into government system
but to eliminate unwanted and the illegal elements and in order to safeguard the public’s
sociocultural status. In New South Wales - the cardinal regulatory authority is Liquor &

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Gaming NSW. The Secretary and NSW Department of Industry, NSW policy are the other
coherent authorities.
The Responsible Gambling Fund (RGF)
This funds provisions for the developments and the projects which intends for the
prevention of the problems impended by gambling activities. The capital structure is
accessible for spectrum of actions like psychological counseling, psychological Research and
reviews. Awareness of socio-psychological campaigns helps in workforce retention and a
professional development. The Fund came under the Casino Control Act of 1992. The Trust
Deed provided for a selection of at least five Trustees that commend to Ministry particularly
on how RGF finance (Nwokora et al. 2019) must be spent. The schemes and the facilities
involved the predominant growth and the right application of these agendas which target to
minimize and avert harms that’s related with the problem gambling. Different organizations
have funded for psychological counseling and the provisional services which shall assist the
people with betting habits and eliminate the negative impact of the problem gambling from
the lives.
NSW Police
NSW Police enforces the policy of the betting and liquor rules in NSW state and they
report on fitness and the correctness of the applicants on holding alcohol and the betting-
related authorized license. Police use their power in issuing the infringement notices, taking
the disciplinary action and that too against the licensees, the listed clubs and secretary
manager, the staff in approved venues.
Legislative provisions
In New south wales, the prior Gaming Machines Act in 2001 and Gaming Machine
Regulations in 2010 were the legislative bodies which gave birth to this policy later on. The

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legislative bodies were in parts and pieces who regulated gambling actions in the state.
L&GNSW is said to administer over about twenty pieces of the legislature with a great
majority that relates to betting of different forms. Laws of NSW gaming machine has been
successful so far in containing the extensive and ensuring that the gambling industry operates
with self responsibly, in public interest while providing defense for the susceptible people
within the public, affected by problematic gambling. The policy works on minimization and
prevention strategy.
Penalties
The legislation always provided for the agreed fines or the forfeit units to be implied
and convicted for noncompliance. The amount of each forfeit is $110 in New South Wales.
Minimum penalties by this NSW legislation, begin at ten units and exceeds 100 penalty units
in some cases for the offences. A breach in legislation is followed by a spot fine and a penalty
notice. The issued penalty notice amount happens to be administered by legislation and is
about 10% of maximum penalty. If suppose, non-compliance caught venue A by this liquor
and gaming policy of NSW – it would be held that the approved information brochures were
not displayed and now, the English brochures has to be displayed. This offence calls for a
penalty of 50 penalty units. The liquor and gaming NSW inspector can always issue a spot
penalty notice of 550 dollars to concerned venue. This forfeit notice may be paid or this
problem might be stretched to a court hearing. In the court, if the magistrate succeeds at
proving the offence – then a fine can be of additional $5,500 plus authorized costs. The
magistrate can determine that whether the crime is proven or have no document or proof of
conviction. In that case, no fine will be levied and the case will be dismissed. Trial action
should be prompted by Secretary or police for breaching the legislation, for permitting
irresponsible gambling. The grievance action can result in corrective action like banning of

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licensee or like cancelling the venue’s license. Approval should be taken or gaming
machines.
CONCLUSION
Hence, it can be concluded saying that gambling is not only a personal harmful habit
but it takes a toll on the surrounding people as it affects the culture and foundations of society
in a rather adverse manner. Quick and easy money is almost everybody’s dream and that too
in an era of attrition, regression, economic dis-balance – the craving for smoothly found
money holds a greater interest than hard earned money. While the global culture is shifting to
leisure and luxury which feeds on short lived, easy money - Australia is not lagging behind
with the same motive. While the youngsters and even children are affected or rather inflicted
with the notion of quick money making – it can and it is having a disastrous effect on the
future and culture of the country. The gaming machines, the rise of internet and online games
has eased the global communication, cash flow and accessibility. With the rise of a greater
and deeper human competition over sources, resources, social status and social class with
increasing population – coupled with a highly competitive social, cultural, economic and
financial environment to strive in , leads to mental derangements, cognitive distortions and
cognitive fallacies. This situation is pretty much dangerous, especially to the young
emotionally and intellectually underdeveloped population – who just see the shell and not the
core of the situation. Greed, jealousy, insecurity, financial drives and money mindedness
clutters a person’s mind and very much when he or she is in a stage of adolescence or young
adulthood when cognition seeks development and stability and behavior seeks freedom.
Hence, here is where gambling and alcoholism comes to play – promising so much but
snatching away much more instead. While different policies in New south wales has acted
against the free flowing gambling culture and aided for problem gambling – only the policy
discussed above L&G NSW has been so far been able to multi stream its regulatory reach

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against the gamblers and problem gambling. As gambling has shown to cause health issues,
mental health issues – the policies have extend sociocultural framework to aid the problem
gambling persons and others suffering from the impacts of long term gambling. While the
above mentioned policy uses various forces like government, secretary, police and social
workers to handle the gambling problem from many ways – the public has responded to
policy though in the recent era. And for success – a socio-psychological framework has to be
promoted that creates awareness about honest hard work and going through systematic
academics rather than pulling fortune through the wheel of luck.

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References
Bestman, A., Thomas, S., Randle, M., Pitt, H., Daube, M. and Pettigrew, S., 2016. Can the
promotion of child-focused activities influence gambling perceptions and behaviors in
gambling venues?. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, pp.s235-s235.
Bestman, A., Thomas, S.L., Randle, M., Pitt, H. and Daube, M., 2018. Exploring children's
experiences in community gambling venues: A qualitative study with children aged 6‐
16 in regional New South Wales. Health Promotion Journal of Australia.
Bestman, A., Thomas, S.L., Randle, M., Pitt, H. and Daube, M., 2018. Attitudes towards
community gambling venues and support for regulatory reform: an online panel study
of residents in New South Wales, Australia. Harm reduction journal, 15(1), p.15.
Calado, F., Alexandre, J. and Griffiths, M.D., 2017. Prevalence of adolescent problem
gambling: A systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gambling
Studies, 33(2), pp.397-424.
Dowling, N., Suomi, A., Jackson, A., Lavis, T., Patford, J., Cockman, S., Thomas, S.,
Bellringer, M., Koziol-Mclain, J., Battersby, M. and Harvey, P., 2016. Problem
gambling and intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(1), pp.43-61.
Hing, N., Breen, H. and Gordon, A., 2015. Consequences of commercial gambling for
indigenous communities in New South Wales, Australia. Gambling: Cultural
attitudes, motivations and impact on quality of life, pp.89-108.