Detailed Report on Manual and Automatic Gear System Technologies

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of manual and automatic gear systems. It begins by defining and describing the operational principles of manual gearboxes, including the role of the clutch and gear stick, and then details the characteristics and operation of automatic gearboxes, including the use of torque converters and planetary gearsets. The report explores various types of manual transmissions, such as non-synchronized and synchronized transmissions, and contrasts them with different types of automatic transmissions, including hydraulic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch systems. The report then provides a comparative analysis of manual and automatic clutch systems, highlighting their respective advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, such as fuel efficiency, maintenance requirements, and driving experience. The report concludes with a discussion on the drawbacks and limitations of manual transmission systems, such as the learning curve and shifting speed, and the limitations of automatic transmission systems such as fuel efficiency.

Running Head: REPORT ON THE MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC GEAR SYSTEMS
Report on Manual and Automatic Gear Systems
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Report on Manual and Automatic Gear Systems
Manual gearbox system is a transmission type that uses the operated clutch driver
disengaged and engaged by a pedal foot or the lever hand for the torque transfer regulation to the
transmission from the engine. The standard equipment in a model base vehicle is usually a 5-
speed conventional manual transmission whereas the most expensive vehicles are normally
equipped with a speed transmission of 6. An automatic gearbox system is a type of transmission
in the motor vehicle that can change gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, hence
enables the driver to have the gear shifts manually (Alma Hillier, 2013, p. 102). It also allows the
engine of combustion which is made to relatively run at a rotational speed to give necessary
output torque and speed for the vehicular travel.
Manual gearbox system
Characteristics and operation of manual gearbox system
Manual transmission normally features the operated driver clutch and a gear stick that is
movable. Most of them enable the driver to select the forward ratio of gear anytime although
some such as the ones equipped in the motorcycles and some of the cars used in racing which
only allows the driver to select the next lower or higher gear. In the manual transmission, the
flywheel is attached to the crankshaft of the engine and pins beside it. The disk clutch is located
between the flywheel and the pressure plate and is held against the flywheel under the high
pressure which comes from the pressure plates (Alma Hillier, 2013, p. 200). When the clutch is
engaged and the engine is running, the clutch plate is span by the flywheel and hence
transmission, as the pedal clutch is depressed, the activation of the throw out bearing occurred,
which enables the pressure plate to stop applying pressure to the clutch disk, and stops the power

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to the clutch plate from the engine, so that shifting of gear can occur without damaging the
transmission. When the clutch plate is released, the bearing throw out is deactivated, and the
clutch disk is held again against the flywheel, enabling it to start getting power from the engine
(Erjavec, Automatic Transmissions, 2010, p. 69).
Types and background of manual transmission
Non- synchronized transmission
The earliest manual form of transmission is believed to have been invented by Emile
Levasseur and joy clulow in the late 19th century, this gear types gave the multiple ratios of gear
and mostly, reverse. The gears were engaged typically by sliding them on the shafts which need
the throttle manipulation and the careful timing when shifting, so the gear would be spinning at
the same speed when engaged, else the teeth would not mesh. These transitions are called crash
boxes or the sliding mesh transmissions because of the changing gear difficulties and the
grinding loud sound that normally accompanied, the constant mesh transmissions are newer
manual transmissions on the vehicles of 4+wheels which have gears mesh all the time (Erjavec,
Tech Manual for Erjavec's Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach, 5th, 2011, p. 113).
In all types, a combination of a particular gear can only occur when the parts to engage are at the
equal speed.to shift to a higher gear, the transmission is neutrally put and the engine is enabled to
slow down until the part of the transmission for the next gear are at an appropriate speed to
engage. When in neutral the vehicle and the transmission slows which depends on the wind,
grade and other factors. To shift to a lower gear, the transmission is neutrally put and the throttle
is used in engine speeding and consequently, the relevant parts of the transmission, to speed
match for the engaging the next lower gear (Hadfield, 2014, p. 89).

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The designs of non-synchronized transmission are used for many reasons, the materials
for friction, like brass, in synchronizers is more prone to breakage and wear than gears that are
forged steel, and the mechanisms simplicity reduces costs and improves the reliability. Also, the
shifting process of the non-synchromesh transmission is higher than the shifting of the
synchromesh transmission. Correspondingly most the modern motorcycles use the transmission
of the unsynchronized, their higher strength and low gear inertias mean that forcing the gear to
alter speed is not damaging, and the selector of the pedal operator on the modern motorcycles,
without the neutral position in between the gear, is not conducive to having the longtime of shift
of the synchronized gearbox (Harald Naunheimer, 2010, p. 191).
Synchronized transmission
Most vehicles with modern transmission are equipped with the synchronized gearbox.
The gear transmission is always rotating in the mesh. But the gears on one shaft can be locked to
the shaft or freely rotate. The mechanisms of locking for the gear comprises a color on the shaft
which slides sideways for the inner surface to bridge the two circular rings; one attached to the
hub and another to the gear. To correctly match the gear speed to that of the shaft, the force is
applied to the brass clutch of a con shape attached to the gear, which brings the speed to match
before the color locking in the place (Horst, 2011, p. 120).
The automatic gearbox system
Background
Modern automatic transmission can trace their origin to the early gearbox that was
developed in 1904 by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston and the gearbox was known as the
horseless carriage. Another phase of development happened in 1908with the introduction of the

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Model T by the Henry Fords. The model T was reliable and cheap featured a simple and was
controlled manually by using pedals (Jack Erjavec, 2015, p. 162).
The automatic transmission was invented by Alfred Munro Horner of Regina Canada and
Saskatchewan in 1921 and was patented in 1923 under Canadian patent. Being the engineer of
the steam, Munro designed his system to use the compressed air instead of hydraulic fluid, and
so it never found the commercial because it lacked the power. The first transmission of the
automatic using the hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by the two engineer from Brazil,
Fernando Lemos, and Jose Braz Araripe.The plans and the prototype were sold to general motors
who introduced it in 1940 Oldsmobile as the hydromantic transmission. They were incorporated
during World War 2 into the GM built tanks, and after the war, they were marketed by the GM
as being battle-tested (Hussain, 2010, p. 170).
Types of automatic gearbox systems
Hydraulic automatic transmissions
It is operated hydraulically using the torque converter and the fluid coupling and also a
set of gear sets of planetary to provide the gear ratio range (Hadfield, 2014, p. 213). This
transmission comprises of the three main parts:
 Torque converter: This is a type of coupling fluid connecting the engine to the
transmission hydraulically.it decouples and transmit the power engine to the planetary
gears enabling the vehicle to stop with its engine still running. It provides amounts of
multiplication torque that varies at a low-speed engine and increase the breakaway
acceleration
 Planetary train gear: comprising the bands, clutches and the planetary sets gear. These are
mechanical systems that give the various ratios of gear, altering the rotation speed of the
shaft output depending on which the gear planetary are locked.

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 Hydraulic controls: it uses the special fluid of transmission under the pressure by the
pump of oil to control clutches and bunds modifying the speed of the output depending
on the running condition of the vehicle.
The hydraulic and the lubricating oil provides the lubrication, prevents corrosion and the
hydraulic medium for the mechanical power conveying.
Continuously variable transmissions
This type of transmission can steeples sly and smoothly alter its ratio gear by varying the
chain or belt diameters of the linked wheels cones or pulleys. Some also use the hydrostatic drive
comprising the pump of variable displacement and the hydraulic motor for power transmission
without gears. Some early form like hall system used a pump of fixed displacement and a motor
of variable displacement and were made to give the variable robust transmission for the early
heavy motor vehicle for commerce (Erjavec, Today's Technician: Automatic Transmissions and
Transaxles, 2014, p. 312). Their design is normally fuel efficient. Some of the hybrid motor
vehicles have the continuous variable transmission controlled electronically, in these systems,
the transmission has fixed gear and the wheel speed ratio to the speed of the engine can vary
continuously by controlling the third input speed using the motor generator to a differential.
Dual clutch transmissions
This is a type of semi-automatic transmission that is modern and also the manual
transmission of electrohydraulic. It uses two clutches that are separate for even and odd sets of
gears. They normally work in a fully automatic mode and also enable the driver to shift the gear
manually in semi-automatic mode (Erjavec, Automatic Transmissions, 2010, p. 187).

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Comparisons between manual and automatic clutch system
Manual clutch system Automatic clutch system
The clutch is used in engine separation and
transmission because the combustion internal engines
must run when using although some can shut the
engine when the vehicle is at immobile
The clutches in this transmission can be described a
complex work is a spring is to make sure that the
clutch release pressure when reduced. Four clutches are
present and every clutch is actuated by hydraulic fluid
with pressure that enters the piston in the clutch,
The mechatronic module is placed between front seats,
for linkage mechanically between the gearbox and gear
stick. This design enables driver to appropriately select
the gears
The mechatronics module is a computerized control
section of the dual clutch system. It's hard and complex
to troubleshoot when things go in a wrong way. It is
housed in the gearbox surrounded by DSG oil.
In this transmission, the clutch band lies in the same
line and the input and output can be locked together to
create ratios of gear causing the flow of power.
Clutch bands: in this transmission, there are two bands,
the steel bands that cover around the section of the
training gear and connects to the housing. They are
actuated by the cylinders of hydraulic inside the
transmission case.
It is easier to build and operate a strong manual
transmission because it has only one clutch to operate
It is difficult to build since it has many clutches to
operate
The manual transmission doesn't require active cooling
since no much power is released through transmission
The automatic transmission requires an active system
for cooling because more power is released through the
transmission
The gear shift of the manual transmission is more fuel
efficient,
The gear shift of the automatic transmission is less fuel
efficient
It needs less maintenance because it is made of fewer
components
It needs proper maintenance since it’s made of many
components and a breakdown of one component may
break the system completely.
The vehicles with manual transmission are difficult to
use since they need good driving skills
The vehicle with automatic transmission is easier to
use for the driver who is not experienced
Manual vehicles are not easy to operate when climbing
steep areas.
Automatics vehicles re able to control the traction
when climbing hills
A manual transmission requires an alert and well-
coordinated driver.
Automatic transmission needs less concentration and
attention because the gears function automatically
Drawbacks and limitations of the manual transmission system
Learning curve and complexity: there is a slight curve of learning for many people with the
manual transmission which may be unappealing and intimidating for the driver who is not
experienced. If the gears are selected inappropriately loss of control and damage of components
can occur if not quickly rectified (Erjavec, Automatic Transmissions, 2010, p. 230).

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Speed shifting: manual gears can shifts ratios slower that the automatic transmission because of
the time needed for the driver to push the pedal clutch to the floor and move gearstick to a
different position (Hussain, 2010, p. 190).
Ease of use: the manual transmission requires more concentration because it needs extra pedal
and keeping the vehicle all the time to correct gear more so in the situation of the heavy traffics.it
also have greater load of work to the driver, while the automatic transmission simple need the
driver to slow down or speed with the vehicle doing the work by choosing the appropriate gear
(Erjavec, Automatic Transmissions, 2010, p. 216).
Stopping on hills: the clutch undergoes wear because moving the vehicle from the standstill
requires great friction at the clutch. The automatic transmission is best suited for the application
of climbing hills because they have the convector of hydraulic torque which cools extremely mot
like the clutch. The torque materials also lack friction that rubs off every time like the clutch
(Jack Erjavec, 2015, p. 181).
How to reduce the above limitations
To reduce wear in a manual transmission, they should have a very low gear which
gives the power to move a vehicle with ease at a low speed, this prevents the clutch from wear
because the transmission needs less torque input. Most of the vehicles use the brake for parking
to prevent the rolling of vehicle backward hence saves the life of the clutch. Modern design
transmission system. The hydraulic actuator of the electromechanically can be used to do the
disengaging and engaging of the clutch. It is capable of relieving the effort of the driver,
improving the comfort and also making the gearshift to become easier as far as manual
transmission is concerned.

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The innovation of the automatic gear identification that is controlled electronically, cars
can experience smooth operations, save the amount of fuel consumed, decrease friction and
reduce the jerk shift in a clutch to the limit that can be controlled (Alma Hillier, 2013, p. 311).
Modern Design Transmission Systems
There has been the development of many types of transmission over the last fifteen years.
They include conventional automatic, manual, automated manual, split power, continuously
variable, transmission of pure EV and the dual clutch. Many manufacturers are now developing
hybrid conventional and electric vehicles. Consumers of the modern day are habituated to expect
more power constantly better performance, smaller footprints of carbon, more features, and also
less cost (Erjavec, Today's Technician: Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, 2014, p. 201).
The dual clutch is employed to replace the traditional automatic gearbox.it has two
clutches, odd and even numbered gear. Changing the clutches takes around 200 milliseconds,
which, makes them becomes faster, there are two types of the dual clutch, wet and dry clutch.
Dry clutch is more efficient but is restricted to the amount of torque and power they can contain.
The modern clutch uses the organic resin compound with ceramic materials or copper wire in
wet clutches, the material of composite paper are common, they use bath oil to keep the disc
lubricated and cooled (Horst, 2011, p. 103).
In the continuously variable transmission, the internal engine of combustion produces
their maximum torque and power over the range that is narrow. They are efficient and simple
because its engine to operates at a maximum efficiency. The hydraulic actuator of the
electromechanically can be used to do the disengaging and engaging of the clutch. It is capable
of relieving the effort of the driver, improving the comfort and also making the gearshift to

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become easier as far as manual transmission is concerned. The innovation of the automatic gear
identification that is controlled electronically, cars can experience smooth operations, save the
amount of fuel consumed, decrease friction and reduce the jerk shift in a clutch to the limit that
can be controlled (Erjavec, Automatic Transmissions, 2010, p. 297).
Conclusion
This report is about the different types of gear systems which include the manual gear
system and automatic gear system. Manual gearbox system is a transmission type that uses the
operated clutch driver disengaged and engaged by a pedal foot or the lever hand for the torque
transfer regulation to the transmission from the engine. An automatic gearbox system is a type of
transmission in a motor vehicle that can change gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves,
hence enables the driver to have the gear shifts.

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