Gender Economics: Labor Market, Public Health, and Economic Evaluation

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the gendered economy, exploring its multifaceted impacts on public health, labor markets, and economic evaluation. It begins by defining the gendered economy and its relationship to public health, emphasizing the significance of gender equality and its influence on economic outcomes. The report investigates gender inequalities in the labor market, highlighting disparities in participation, employment opportunities, and pay. It further examines the application of economic evaluation in public health, discussing its role in resource allocation and decision-making. The study then delves into the health impacts on poor and marginalized populations, linking poverty to poor health outcomes and emphasizing the need for addressing social and economic injustices. Finally, the report explores health promotion and disease prevention strategies, highlighting the economic rationale for government intervention and the importance of gender-responsive health systems. The report concludes by underscoring the emerging field of gender economics and its potential to drive positive change.

Running head: THE GENDERED ECONOMY
The gendered economy
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
Introduction
Public health can be sated as a science of protecting the safety and by improving the
health of the communities with respect of education which also includes policy making and
research for diseases. Poverty affects the economic prosperity of the community along with
productivity with an increased crime. Poverty and economic marginalization usually provide
a lot of stress and social issue to the community leaders. The economics of reproduction is
also significant for understanding the presence of economic inequality presence between men
and women along with various cultural group (Blau, 2016). There is a presence of gender
inequalities in the labour market as well as in the educational outcomes.
Gendered economy
Gendered economics refers to the influence of gender on economics along with the
influence on gender. Despite the rising influence of the patriarchy along with conservative
sentiments, women are very well managing the business and various others jobs (Elias & Rai,
2015). The female entrepreneurs play a very important role for increasing diversication in
business. Feminist economics can be stated as a critical study of economics which focuses on
gender awareness and consists of inclusive economic inquiry along with policy analysis.
Gender inequality in the labour market
Gender gaps are one of the significant challenges present in the recent market today.
Globally it had been found out that women are comparatively less likely to be participated in
the labour market and therefore are also less likely to find jobs which also restricts the quality
employment opportunities (Jayachandran, 2015). Women who have a spouse or a partner are
combatively less likely to participate in the emerging labour market. However, women
suffering from severe poverty are more likely to participate in the labour market irrespective

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
of the gender norms. In case of developing countries, the probability of participating in the
workforce have risen by 7.8%. The lack of affordable care for children will affect the
participation of women negatively. Another major factor which affects women’s participation
in the labour market is the limited access to safe transportation. According to the report of the
World Bank, it has been found out that in underdeveloped countries women does not face the
same social, legal and economic rights. The gender gaps are huge in the underdeveloped
countries because both inequality poverty have broadened in those countries since the women
always cannot have control over resources. It has been seen that women earn quite a less
amount of money in average than men in some of the advanced industrialized countries.
Although, it is known that women are more likely to work for longer hours when compared
to the men. In most cases only the option of par time work will be available in the market. It
is also to be seen that the choices of women to work in a paid job are constrained to large
number of factors. Gender inequality can be termed as an idea where men and women are not
equally looked after. Although there has been increase in the participation in the labour
market by women there, still there is an existence of barriers to equality (Tak, Correll &
Soule, 2017). Though in the recent years most of the women of the working age are in
employment, it has been found out that in professions of high status they are
underrepresented. Not only they are under represented in the higher level of the occupational
structure, they did not achieve equality of pay. Though it is known that the wage gap is
narrowing, however the pay divide is still a matter of concern
Applying economic evaluation in the public health
Economic evaluation has been highly used to inform decisions on the allocation of the
healthcare resources(Issel & Wells, 2017). On a broad range of interventions in healthcare,
there had been presence of huge interest in exploration of effectiveness of the cost. The
reason behind this is that interventions of public health engross health resources and are also

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
related to the opportunity cost. Economic evaluations are highly used in order to inform
about decisions about allocating various healthcare resources. The various ways of economic
evaluation in terms of health care is based on pharmaceutical paradigm. However, according
to few economists there is presence of drawbacks of the methods of economic evaluation
when applied to the public health. Economic evaluation has been proven to be quite
influential at the practice level of public health when different means exist of achieving a
specific health goal. The public health professionals should look into the health needs of a
population with decision making which will be evidence based with helping the health
community to identify and compare the different activities (Blau, 2016). The term economic
evaluation is termed as the systematic appraisal of costs and benefits of the project which is
used to determine the economic efficiency of the programs. The term Economic evaluation
can also be termed as using economic evidence while making decision.
Health impact on the poor and marginalised population
Poverty and the worldwide poor health is highly linked to each other. The
marginalised population are those people who are not included in the cultural, political and
social life. Marginalization are also termed as social exclusion is a process where individuals
and people are not given access to various rights and opportunities (Issel & Wells, 2017). The
main cause behind the poor health comprises of social and economic injustices. Poverty can
be said to be both the cause and consequences of poor health and in this way poverty can
increase the chance of poor health. The various types of structures of political and economic
structures which will strengthen poverty along with discrimination are needed to be changed
so that poverty and poor health can be tackled. The people who are the most affected consists
of the most vulnerable individuals and the marginalised groups. The marginalised groups are
often deprived of the money and access to proper health services (Jayachandran, 2015). The
tropical diseases which are often neglected impacts over one billion people affects the poorest

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
and marginalised communities. These diseases cause life-long disabilities to the people. The
biggest killers are related to mainly to poor nutrition and cardiovascular disease. When lives
are lost it means reduced economic productivity. The productivity also reduces when people
are ill. Spread of various airborne diseases which includes tuberculosis and various other
respiratory infections are mainly spread from overcrowded and poor living conditions. As the
burden of caring most of the times are taken by the females, they miss out their opportunities
of education.
Health promotion and disease prevention
The concepts related to promotion of health and prevention of disease have come into
existence in 1986 in the International Conference on Health Promotion. The concept of health
promotion is associated to health education. The aim of the health education is make people
aware of the health consequences. Health economics can therefore contributes a lot to the
health promotion and which is often neglected by the economists. Both the health promotion
and disease prevention have a huge role to play in health policy. Various market failures can
create an economic rationale in case of government intervention in case of promotion of
health and disease prevention in order to improve social welfare (Elias & Rai, 2015).
Economic perspective consists of costs associated with diseases which can be both related to
medical care and productivity loses. The use of different types of taxes and subsidies will
improve the efficiency of market exchanges. Like an example a government can impose a tax
on a consumption which will generate negative externality. Government intervention in
health promotion and in case of disease prevention have significant
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the above report that gender economics is a newly emerging
field which works on the theories of diversity and promotes the value of gender balance.

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
Gendered economy has a strong connection with the public health where gender can be
referred to the relationships between people along with the distribution of power. Gender
equality is significant in the economy which includes equal rights, responsibilities and
opportunities of all people. The data which is generally sex disaggregated shows that in the
world men usually have a shorter life expectancy. It has been found out that gender
influences health and wellbeing all over three domains. Therefore, gender responsive health
systems should be promoted in order to reduce health inequalities.

THE GENDERED ECONOMY
Reference list
Blau, F. D. (2016). Gender, inequality, and wages. OUP Catalogue.
Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Deshpande, A. D., & Gillespie, K. N. (2017). Evidence-based
public health. Oxford university press.
Donehower, G., Fürnkranz-Prskawetz, A., Lee, R. D., Lee, S. H., Mason, A., Miller, T., ... &
Soyibo, A. (2017). Counting Women’s Work: Measuring the gendered economy in
the market and at home.
Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., & Torrance, G. W. (2015).
Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university
press.
Elias, J., & Rai, S. (2015). The everyday gendered political economy of violence. Politics &
Gender, 11(2), 424-429.
Issel, L. M., & Wells, R. (2017). Health program planning and evaluation. Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. economics,
7(1), 63-88.
Stiglitz, J. E., & Rosengard, J. K. (2015). Economics of the public sector: Fourth
international student edition. WW Norton & Company.
Tak, E., Correll, S., & Soule, S. A. (2017). Gender Inequality in Product Markets: When and
How Status Beliefs Transfer to Products. In Academy of Management Proceedings
(Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 10114). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Vedung, E. (2017). Public policy and program evaluation. Routledge.
Wagner, C., Garcia, D., Jadidi, M., & Strohmaier, M. (2015, April). It's a Man's Wikipedia?
Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia. In ICWSM (pp. 454-463).
Wilson, F. M. (2017). Organizational behaviour and gender. Routledge.

THE GENDERED ECONOMY