Emerging Technology and Innovations: GIS Final Report, ITC571

This report, submitted for ITC571 at Charles Sturt University, explores the significance and applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It begins with an abstract and introduction to GIS, emphasizing its role in collecting and storing data for electronic representations of earth and manmade characteristics. The report investigates the significance of GIS, its originality, and includes a literature review. The research methodology includes data collection methods, data inclusion criteria, and data analysis, with results demonstrating the use of GIS in various applications. It also discusses the research gap, the aims of the research, and concludes by highlighting the potential and challenges of GIS technology, along with its limitations such as cost and data requirements. The report references various sources to support its findings, offering a comprehensive overview of GIS and its applications.

Full Name
Student ID
Subject ITC571 – Emerging Technology and Innovations
Assignment No Final Report
Due Date
Lecturer’s Name Malka N. Halgamuge
Emerging technologies and innovation
(Geographic Information System)
Your Name
Your Email
School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Melbourne, Victoria
Abstract - The inclusion of the system of software, hardware and the trained personnel that has been linking
to various activities is termed under the Geographic Information System or GIS. This has been including
the facility, utility, image, demographic and the other resource information referenced geographically. The
research has aimed at its significance, originality and conducted literature reviews of on the prior reviewed
articles on GIS. It has also included the project methods, data analysis and son along with demonstrating
the outcomes and discussions.
Key Words— Geographic Information System, GIS, emerging technologies and innovation
1. INTRODUCTION
The Geographic Information System or GIS is the device on the basis of computers. They have been
helping the users for collecting and storing any kind of data. In the GIS the electronic based representations
are delivered according to the both earth and manmade characteristics.
Section 1: Significance of the research
The integration of the system of software, hardware and the trained personnel that has been linking to
various activities is termed under the Geographic Information System or GIS. This has been including the
facility, utility, image, demographic and the other resource information referenced geographically. The GIS
has been integrated collection of the data and software. It has visually organizing data across the concepts
of the geographic space and location. The research has been useful for geographical analysis. This also

includes the database management, map making and geospatial statistics. The research aims at the
following aspects.
 Studying the distribution of populations
 Studying the distribution of the populations
 Finding the optimal location to start the locating any event or business
 Studying the physical features of the natural phenomena and the earth
 Identifying the markets to the target
 Identifying the geographic patterns such as clustering
 Determining the best paths or routes to follow
 Tying together the distinct pieces of data for creating the new information
 Creating the maps
Section 2: How original is the approach?
The originality of the research has been lying in the applications such as containing the links to the
GIS initiatives by state health departments, federal government for providing the instances in various ways.
In this way the technology could be applied to various kinds of data systems. The publications have been ye
providing the links to the professionals publishing the GIS research. The funding has been providing the
users with the present GIS funding scopes and program announcements. The research provides suggestions
for how the funding could be obtained and then lists the presently funded GIS grants.
Section 3-4: Literature review in the area what you are working
"Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?",
Researchguides.library.wisc.edu, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/GIS.
[Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017].
The GIS could be used as the tool to solve problems and make decisions. It has been visualizing the
data in the spatial scenario. The geospatial data could be analyzed for finding the relationship and location
of the features. This has been including they were the least of highest of the features has been existing.
There has been also the density of the features in a particular space, happenings inside the area of interest,
near some phenomenon or feature. Lastly it also included the change in a particular area.
"7 Stories Showing the Strength of GIS", Gim-international.com, 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.gim-international.com/content/news/7-stories-that-show-the-strength-of-gis. [Accessed: 06-
Oct- 2017].
The geographic information system has been allowing the people to analyze and view the data that
has been overlaid maps and make connections. This has between the activities based on the geographic
proximity. The researchers have been using the GIS mapping for about more than a couple of decades. This
has been done on a wide range of contexts like military modeling and simulation. This has been on the
healthcare quality and delivery. It has documented the demographic and the neighborhood changes.

[3]"Geographic Information Systems | News, Videos & Articles", Global News, 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://globalnews.ca/tag/geographic-information-systems/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017].
The anniversary logo of Canada’s 150 th anniversary has been uploaded into the GIS software. This
has helped the technicians to program the proper GPS coordinated to the on board computer into the
combine.
As the combine has been positioned at the proper starting point, the GPS program turned the wheel and
investigated itself for over four hours to finish the 500 meter broad image.
Section 5: Research gap
The research has not considered the expensiveness of the software. It has overlooked the huge data
inputs required to be practical for other tasks. The research has considered the earth to be round. These
errors might occur has the get into the larger scale.
Section 6: Aim of your research
The aims of the research are described below:
The research aims to improve the organizational integration. Thus GIS could be able to integrate
hardware, software and data for capturing, managing and analyzing every kind of data referenced
integration. It must be solving all the queries through looking at the data quickly and easily shared.
2. MATERIAL & METHODS
Here the techniques, workflows and data flows are included in the GIS data collection. This process has
been referred to as the data conversion, transfer, digitizing, translation and many more.
A. Data Collection
The data collection methods are discussed hereby.
Planning: This includes the garnering resources and user requirements.
Preparation: This includes the obtaining of data, editing of the scanned map images, redrafting of the poor-
quality map sources, setting of proper GIS hardware and the software systems for accepting the data.
Digitizing and transferring: Here most of the efforts are to be expended.
Editing and improvement: It has covering various tools designs for validate the data and improve quality.
Evaluation: It is the process to identify the success and failure of the project.

B. Data Inclusion Criteria
Here the secondary sources like the digital and the analog datasets are used to capture. This has
been needed to convert into a proper digital form to use in a GIS project.
Table 1: Selected Attribute Description
Attribute Name Data
Type
Description
Documents secondary They are scanned to decrease the wear and tear, and increase the
access and deliver the integrated storage of storage.
Film, paper maps,
images and aerial
photographs
secondary They are scanned and then geo-referenced such that they deliver
the geographic context for the additional data.
Maps, aerial
photographs and
images
These are needed to be scanned before the vectorization.
Secondary vector data
capture
This includes the data capturing through the various digitizing
the vector objects from the maps and the other geographic data
sources.
C. Data Analysis
The collaborative project has constituted the decision-making approach that has been data driven.
This is done by using the small area risk factors. Here the spatial forms of the data are utilized to assess the
phenomenon around the space and make the informed decisions. This is done about the most proper
system-wide and individual responses. The small area factors of risk are utilized for taking the benefits of
the available resources of the information,. This is to improve the impact, provision and planning at the
state and the national level. The secondary data analysis is used to facilitate the geography based necessity
assessment. This has showed the large areas of risk overlapping the spatial clusters of the users.

III RESULTS
One of the important necessities for the secondary data entry has been the common identifier also
known as the key. This is used to relate the object attributes and geometry together following the data
capture. The research has resulted in finding the way in which the Web2.0 technologies could enable the
individual projects and the organizations to use the users to collect information around the large variety of
the geographic and thematic areas. Most of the common principles for the GIS project could be applied to
the data collection. This includes the need for the easily articulated plan, sufficient resources, proper
funding and the enough time. It has helped in making the important decisions for the managers whether to
undergo the strategy of the incremental or the very quick collection. The research also helps to find how to
find the decision whether the data collection could be used in house or the external resources.
IV DISCUSSION
The research reveals that the GIS could visualize the spatial information. It has the efficiency to
generate the maps with the images displayed. It could be used for various ranges of tasks involving the
geography. It has been providing the solutions for the problems and could model the seismic activities
precisely. The technology has been offering time managing, offering the quick collection of the data. It has
been presenting the data catalog, high accuracy and displaying better analysis and predictions. It has
improving the organizational integration and integrates the data software and hardware to capture, analyze
and manage. It has been displaying all kinds of geographically referenced information. The research has
helped to answer the queries and resolve the issues through looking at the data the way that is understood
quickly and shared easily. It could be integrated into the Enterprise Information Framework. The research
data could also used in the natural resource management including the hill-slope gradients, stream
networks, stream gradients, aspects and the GIS information that is vector like the stream channels.
However it must be reminded that the GIS have been very costly software. It has needed huge
amount of data inputs that are to be practical for some tasks. The GIS signal also needs to found at the
remote sectors. This could be relied on and the error gets increased as one gets into the larger scale since
the earth is round. The funding of GIS is also important since it has been costly and there could be the loss
of knowledge of geography. Moreover, the GIS layers have been causing few expensive mistakes. This
takes place as the property agents interpret the GIS map or the engineer’s design round the utility lines of
the GIS. Further the availability of the data has been an important problem. As the data is unavailable the
GIS systems turns to be useless. It has been also seen that the GIS has been technical in nature and could
portray the results being more reliable that they actually have been. The errors and the assumptions could
be hidden. This has been leading to the lack of questioning into the outcomes. Lastly another problem to
analyze the results from the GIS is proper depending on the data they have been coming from.

V CONCLUSIONS
It could be concluded by saying that despite the major advances, the spatial statistical capacity of
the typical software has been relatively restricted. The research has shown that the integration of the
extended spatial statistical or analytical capabilities with the different various visualization and the data
discovery tools has been the upcoming frontier for GIS. Moreover, the study has analyzed the practical
issues related to the controlling of the data capture projects. The paper has highlighted the activities of
various departments that have integrated GIS successfully in their daily activities through the literature
review. The intention of the research has been deliver the sense to excite the potential and possibilities held
by GIS to improve the public health practice. Moreover, it has provided the clear view into the resource
implications and challenges to implement the technology at various settings.

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