Literature Review: Obesity, Weight Loss, and Aging Population

This literature review examines the growing problem of obesity in the aging population, particularly in the US. It explores the health risks associated with geriatric obesity and investigates the mechanisms linking obesity and aging. The review focuses on weight loss interventions for older adults (aged 65+), aiming to identify healthy lifestyle approaches for weight management. It references studies on calorie restriction, exercise, and the role of gut microbiota, including the use of probiotics like Lactobacillus. The review also considers the impact of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in older adults and analyzes data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to assess obesity prevalence. The findings emphasize the importance of physical activity and healthy lifestyle choices for improving metabolic health, reducing cardiovascular risks, and enhancing cognitive function in older adults. The review concludes by highlighting the benefits of weight loss interventions and the need for a comprehensive approach to geriatric obesity management, considering factors like bone health, cognitive state, and overall quality of life.

Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
Table of Contents
LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS..............................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Method.............................................................................................................................................3
Results..............................................................................................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
Reference List..................................................................................................................................7

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
Introduction
The number of aged adult obese is increasing rapidly in the population of the US. Aging and
obesity have become a major problem now a days. Both creates a lot of health issues in people.
The clinical recommendation on the calorie restriction to endorse weight loss in the obese older
adults has approached from a decade. Obesity conducts a significant problem in public health.
Geriatrics obesity leads to a severe health problem, which increases the risk of death and disease.
The review has targeted to detect the similarities related to the mechanism of obesity and ageing.
This review will aid in systematic examine of weight loss intervention in an older age obese
(aged 65 years). This review has aimed to present healthy weight loss in this age group that can
be attained through healthy lifestyle within one year. The review suggests a number of
mechanisms through which the solutions can be find out. Obesity is an excessive fat which
accumulates abnormally on the body which harms the health (AM Sharma, DL Campbell‐
Scherer - Obesity, 2017)
Method
Some mechanisms are related to exercise and calorie restrictions through lifestyle intervention.
Devices that have been applied - Systematic review, Web of Science, a systematic review on
Medline (PubMed), Ginkgo biloba in the aging of older adults.
The systematic review examines the evidence concerning weight loss intervention on obese.
Here the body mass index should be 30kg/m2 and above for the older adults aged 65 years and
more and some mechanisms related to exercise and calorie restrictions.
A research was operated by the Medline (PubMed) using electronic databases with the terms
"lactobacillus", 'obesity', 'probiotics', 'physique weight change', 'weight reduction', 'overweight',
'abdominal obesity', ' fat of body', and 'physique mass'. Total 1567 articles were found, but 14
were related to the systematic review. Nine displayed reduce body weight and body fat; three
didn't find an outcome, and two find weight gain. According to Medline, gut microbiota holds a
role in retaining body weight. The variation of gut microbiota through probiotics is responsible
for weight-loss and helps in obesity healing. The systematic assessment evaluates the results of
Lactobacillus on losing weight and gaining over the adults.

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
Ginkgo biloba is used often to improve perceptive health in aging. However, the data from the
powered clinical trial evidence lacks on its long-term cognitive functions. The G Biloba
slowdowns the rate of cognitive decay in the older adult’s health is also to be considered. The
Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) research a randomized, dual, placebo-restrained clinical
examination over 3069 people with the age group between 72-96 years in the US in the year
2000 to 2008 follow-up in 6.1 years.
The G Biloba is applied the twice-daily amount of 120 mg, extract (n=1545) and duplicate
placebo (n=1524). Parallel to the placebo, using G Biloba of 120 mg twice-daily does not cause a
smaller cognitive decay in older-aged adults with general perception (Franz et al. 2015).
The Gingko Biloba extracts (GBE) from the Gingko Biloba leaves are mainly used in dietary
supplements for treatments, and it has proved excellent clinical response in many cases
(theconversation.com, 2019).
From the historical research background, public health programs conducted in the US on the
lower adult obesity prevalence with the motto to reduce the obesity and the prevention of the
incidence. During 2011-2014, the prevalence of obesity was 36.5% in the population of US
adults. The obesity among the aged of 40-59 years (middle-aged) adults were 40.2%, and for the
older aged adults over 60 and above were 37.0%. No significant changes were found between
middle old adults and older-aged adults. Among the men and women, the similar pattern of
obesity according to age has been found. According to the NCHS report, the obesity among the
younger of the US was 17.0% in 2011-2014 (Waters, Ward & Villareal, 2013). The range was
lower among the pre-school obese children than to the school children between 6-11 years.
NCHS defines obesity using the Body Mass Index (BMI). The research considers that BMI is not
directly associated with the body fat measurement, and there is a difference between the BMI
and body fat varied with the age, sex and tribe. It suggests that among some Asian subgroup
health risk occurs with a depressed BMI in comparison to the other tribal and Hispanic Origin
Group (Gardner et al. 2016). The meaning of obesity is associated with the BMI of adults and
youths without any direct comparison. Among the adults aged, it is a risk point on health; on the
other hand, among the children; the definition is statistical and comparable to a population
reference (journals.lww.com, 2019).

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) was used to
analysis because the previous survey found no increase in obesity from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012.
NHANES survey planned to look after the health and value nutritional condition of the US
citizen. The NHANES sample examination weights for the selection of various complex research
designed on the Hispanic Asian and Non- Hispanic Asians and estimate over the population
subgroups (Meule, Hermann, & Kübler, 2015). Pregnant women were out of the count in this
analysis. Using the method of 2000 US census among the age group 30-39, 40-59, 60 and above
were estimated and adjusted.
Results
Results of the Medline (PubMed) suggest the positive effects are dependent on the strain. It
focuses on the "Lactobacillus Plantarum" and "Lactobacillus rhamnosus" when joint with a
hypocaloric diet, "L.plantarum" with "Lactobacillus curvatus”, “Lactobacillus amylovorus”,
“Lactobacillus acidophilus” and “Lactobacillus casei” with phenolic amalgam and severalgenus
of Lactobacillus (healthline.com, 2019).
Regular physical activities and work out helps to improve bodily functions and keep away the
chronic disease from older aged people. The majority of the older people do not come with
minimum physical activity level, which is essential to maintain health. The inactive lifestyle of
the people of older age leads to ill health, disease and physical fragility. The social authorities
have a responsibility in improving the health of the older age people by suggesting them the way
in regular physical activity. To serve this purpose, different kinds of activities can be arranged
which can help in physical work out. The discussion over the physical activity should perform to
make the society aware of the fact with physiological activity risks in public health (Batsis et al.
2017). According to the evidence, the regular physical activities are safe and can be performed
by the older age people for developing their metabolic disease, obesity, cardiovascular risk and
cognitive impairments. The muscle weakness reduces due to regular activities such as walking,
and many other exercises can help to prevent obesity. The older age adults usually participate
less in daily activities. The older age people have to encourage increasing their physical activities
for the self-welfare (bmj.com, 2019). This can help in living a healthy life.

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
UK National Statistics Office 2012 has provided data of an increment population aged over 60
years and above from 17% in 2010 to 23% by 2035. After the age of 40 years depreciation, of
the activity of physical system change with anatomical and "ultrastructural" revolution, which
have been proven. The developed cognitive resist in affecting the memory and learning, skeletal
becomes weaker and ageing-related resists in bone mineral density, which causes the osteopenia
and osteoporosis. Healthy ageing is considered as living a healthy lifestyle free from illness (Jura
& Kozak, 2016). This can be happened with the activities to improve health. According to the
MYOAGE study (McPhee et al. 2013), people with no difficulties with the usual activities in
daily life were engaged. It shows that without having any disabilities of the older aged people of
70 years had lower the physiological activities. As a result, older adults occupy the higher BMI
as a result of enlarged fat, the formation of smaller and weaker muscles in the legs, lower their
bone mineral solidity, decrease cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and carry out worst
cognitive evaluation compared to the younger adults (Locher et al. 2016).
Conclusion
The evidence on the geriatric obesity intervention has been thoroughly explained in this review
with the intention and implementation of the health improvement in adults and older adults in
maintaining body weight. The weight loss should be executed healthily. The report has
consolidated the evidence of age-related changes in the body fat and metabolism is a factor that
fastens the ageing process and age-related disease. This review has described three purposes that
are distribution of knowledge and recommendation for calorie restriction intervention through a
healthy lifestyle by reduce the weight of the older adults, the advantage of the physiological
exercise in obese older adults, to frame not only the outcomes such as bone health,
cardiovascular disease but also the changes in cognitive state, life quality and finally the
mortality.

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
Reference List
Journals
Batsis, J. A., Gill, L. E., Masutani, R. K., Adachi‐Mejia, A. M., Blunt, H. B., Bagley, P. J., ... &
Bartels, S. J. (2017). Weight loss interventions in older adults with obesity: a systematic
review of randomized controlled trials since 2005. Journal of the American Geriatrics
Society, 65(2), 257-268. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5414418/ [retrieved on 11th of August,
2019]
Franz, M. J., Boucher, J. L., Rutten-Ramos, S., & VanWormer, J. J. (2015). Lifestyle weight-loss
intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of the Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(9), 1447-1463. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marion_Franz/publication/301665286_The_Role_of
_Weight_Loss_in_the_Management_of_Type_2_Diabetes/links/
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Gardner, C. D., Offringa, L. C., Hartle, J. C., Kapphahn, K., & Cherin, R. (2016). Weight loss on
low‐fat vs. low‐carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults
and adults with obesity: A randomized pilot trial. Obesity, 24(1), 79-86. Retrieved from:
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Jura, M., & Kozak, L. P. (2016). Obesity and related consequences to ageing. Age, 38(1), 23.
Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005878/ [retrieved on:
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Locher, J. L., Goldsby, T. U., Goss, A. M., Kilgore, M. L., Gower, B., & Ard, J. D. (2016).
Calorie restriction in overweight older adults: Do benefits exceed potential
risks?. Experimental gerontology, 86, 4-13. Retrieved from:

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LITERATURE REVIEW: OVERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS
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