An Analysis of PTSD, Anxiety, and GI Disorders Relationship

This report delves into the intricate relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. It highlights how traumatic events and stressful life situations can trigger alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a crucial role in the onset of anxiety and GI disorders. The report emphasizes the significance of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in mental health, noting that microbiome imbalances can lead to depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Furthermore, it examines the impact of stress on eating patterns and the development of GI disorders, including the role of the autonomic nervous system, cortisol levels, and behavioral risk factors. The report also discusses how the combined effects of PTSD and GI disorders can exacerbate these issues, leading to a complex interplay of physical and psychological symptoms.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a devastating ailment that occurs only after
exposure to a traumatizing situation. Characteristics of the condition include low-grade
inflammation, and compromised stress response (Zaa et al., 2017). People with PTSD are likely
to undergo anxiety and depression (Anxiety and depression association of America).
Anxiety is the aspect of having intense fear about everyday situations involving panic attacks
(Mayo clinic, 2018). Stressful life occasions can cause alterations of hypothalamic pituitary
adrenaline (HPA) axis function which lays a vital responsibility in the onset of gastrointestinal
ailments and anxiety (Pacella et al., 2013; Faravelli et al., 2012).
The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) is a fundamental area of focus for research in the treatment of
mental health disorders and anxiety. Microbiome assumes a significant task in programming the
HPA axis early in life and reactivity of stress throughout everyday life (Muller et al., 2018).
Microbiome imbalance and malnutrition alters GABA and serotonin production thus impacting
brain neurochemistry and HPA axis. As a result, anxiety, depression, and insomnia are most
likely to develop (Carabotti, et, al., 2015). Stress increases inflammation via the sympathic
nervous system dominance by activating the HPA-axis, thus raising the permeability of the
intestines, hence causing inflammation, reduced functioning of the digestive system and
malabsorption complication (Hechman 2012; Lauffer et al., 2016).
Research reveal a strong relationship between disordered eating, anxiety and PTSD (Jacob et al.
2018). Stress and anxiety change the eating patterns of an individual. When stress is not
controlled, it results in alterations in the neurobiological adaptations and allostatic load thus
constituting disordered eating and compulsory eating. These changes occur when stress alters the
hormones responsible for appetite (Yau & Potenza, 2013). PTSD also leads to the development
of gastrointestinal disorders (Mayer 2000; Schnurr et al., 1999). The combined effect of PTSD

and GI disorders include alteration of the autonomic nervous system that affects the cortisol
level, HPA axis dysregulation, and behavioral risk factors.