Comprehensive Report: Anatomy, Physiology and Gastrointestinal System

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the gastrointestinal system, detailing its anatomy, physiological functions, and common disorders. It begins by defining the gastrointestinal system and its components, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The report elaborates on the digestive process, emphasizing the roles of the stomach and small intestine in breaking down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It further explores the structure of the GI tract, including the mucosa and muscularis externa, and discusses the functions of various glands like the parotid glands. The report then delves into specific disorders, such as appendicitis and its treatment through appendectomy, as well as coeliac disease, its impact on the GI tract, and its broader effects on the body. The analysis concludes by summarizing the key aspects of the gastrointestinal system and highlighting the importance of understanding its structure and function for managing related health issues. The document is available on Desklib, a platform offering a variety of study resources for students.

Practical Concepts in Anatomy and Physiology

Gastrointestinal system
 The gastrointestinal system is defined the organs that take in food, liquids and break
them down into small substances. In this way, body can use a proper energy, growth
and tissue repair on regular basis. It also performed the task to eliminate or remove
waste materials from outside body.
 Basically, the gastrointestinal system includes mouth, esophagus, small intestine,
rectum, anus and large intestine. It also include salivary gland, liver, pancreas and
gallbladder which make digestive juice, enzymes that help the body digest food &
liquids. This is also known as digestive system.

Cont.
 Secondly, Digestion may occur mainly in the stomach and small intestine where it can
easily convert into protein, fats and carbohydrates. This kind of process will be
completing by chemical process. Therefore, A small molecules are basically absorbed
across epithelium. Afterwards, a large intestine plays an important role in context of re-
absorbing excess large amount of water. Finally, undigested materials and other kind of
secreted waste items are excreted from body via defection.

The overall gastrointestinal system structure
The digestive system is composed of Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal, salivary
glands, exocrine pancreas and livers. The GI tract refers to the series of hollow organs joined
in long, twister tube from mouth to anus. This kind of organ will make up GI tract. Usually,
small intestine can be divided into three parts. Initial part is known duodenum. This is made
of middle position and includes appendix, colon and rectum.
The Appendix is kind of finger-shaped and directly attached to cecum (Brown and et.al.,
2021). Cecum is part of large intestine. The rectum is end of large intestine. Main
components in the overall structure of GI, these are helping to perform the different task in
digestion and absorb ingested nutrients, excrete waste products of digestion.

Cont.
 Mouth- it is the starting phase of GI. In fact, it starts the digestion process before It even take a bite.
The salivary gland get active as soon as possible and convert into small substances. This is helping
to absorb and use. When it allows to pass food into threat and esophagus.
 Esophagus- This is located in throat near trachea, esophagus receives food from mouth when it
swallow. It can be fold over windpipe as swallow to prevent choking. A series of muscular
contractions with esophagus is known as peristalsis which can deliver food to stomach.
 Pancreas- It secretes digestive enzymes and break down into protein, fats and carbohydrates. These
are making an insulin, passing it directly into blood stream. Insulin is also consider as chief
hormone in body for metabolizing sugar level.

Basic Structure

Cont.
The Gastrointestional tract is mascular tube lined by different layer off cells. This type of
tube is mainly attached with external body of human and also represent as continuity with
outside the world at mouth. All kind of processes are representing the functions, basic
structure with multiple variations.
 Mucosa- it is the innermost layer of digestive tract which is mainly specialised
epithelial cells and supported by underlying a connection with lamina propia. The
Lamina propria is contained the blood vessles, lymphoid tissue and glands (Kim, Nam
and Choi, 2020). These are supported the Mucosa. Sometimes, the overall functionality
of digestive tract is depending on the epithelium which may be represented into single
layer.

Cont.
 Muscularis Externa- It is based on the smooth muscle layers which is located in the
inner circular & outer longitudinal layers. These are divided into different ways. Neural
innervations are usually controlled by contraction of muscles. Hence, it may arise as
mechinal break down procedure and maintain a peristalsis of food in the Lumen.

Cont.
 Parotids- it is another kind of gland which is irrelgular shaped and locaed under skin
on side of face. Parotids gland can secrete 25% of saliva. It was situated in lower
cheeck bone and covered lower jaw bone. Due to its shape, it can easily located or felt
when once clenches their teeth. This type of gland produce the secretion which may
contain rich of proteins. As per consideration of Immunoglobins are secreted that help
to fight against micro-organism. Afterwards, it will start to break down into small
carbohydrates.

The microscopic structure
 The Gastrointestinal tract, or digestive, tract extends from mouth to anus. But it can be
categorised into different ways: upper and lower parts. Sometimes, it may arise a
confusion or debate. On the basis of embryologic grounds, GI tract should be divided
into upper level such as mouth to major papilla in the form of Duodenum. Middle face
divide into duodenal papilla to mid-transverse colon. On the other hand, the lower part
can be divided into mid-transverse colon to anus. According to the derivation, these are
considered areas of digestive system and shows as foregut, midgut, and hindgut
respectively.

The functions of the GI system
 In context of Physiological function, Mucin is related to high viscosity which means that
consider as N-acetylneuraminic acid. It is responsible components in the formation of viscous
aqueous solution. Sometimes, it can easily estimate or calculate resistance of mucin to
enzymatic, breakdown. This is because of pressure in the disaccharide residues.
 Main function of gastrointestinal tract system that help in digestion and absorb ingested
nutrients and excrete waste of items in term of digestion. This kind of process can be done by
secrete of enzymes which help to convert materials into soluble forms.
 In some situation. Most of nutrients are ingested in the form, either it’s too complex for
absorption. Therefore, it will be increasing the problem as incapable of being digested. By
using GI, It is much of these substances are solubilized and further degraded enzymatically in
simplest form.

What appendicitis is
 Appendicitis refers to the inflammation of appendix. It may arise a situation of medical
emergency that always requires surgery as soon as possible. Otherwise, it will create a
problematic situation or condition. Luckily, it can live just fine without this thing.
 Appendix is kind of 31/ 2 inch of long tube and made of tissue. That’s why, it can easily
expand from large intestine on the lower side of human body. Usually, Appendix can
strike at any age. It is likely affected the people whose aged between 10 to 30. This kind
of problem can happen when appendix get blocked. Blockage is one of the most
common aspect and develop a infection. Sometimes, it can swell in response to any
infection within body.