Global English and Language Teaching: Singapore Case Study Essay
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This essay provides a detailed analysis of the impact of globalization on the spread of English, with a specific focus on Singapore. It defines globalization and examines its influence on the English language. The essay explores the individual and societal benefits of knowing English in Singapore, including economic advantages and increased global connectivity. It also critiques the negative effects, such as the potential loss of local languages and cultural identity. Furthermore, the essay evaluates the role of English in the Singaporean school system, discussing both the positive and negative impacts of using English as the primary medium of instruction. The analysis considers the advantages and disadvantages for students, the educational system, and the broader society, offering a comprehensive overview of the complex relationship between English and Singaporean culture and education.
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Running head: GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Global English and Language Teaching
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note
Global English and Language Teaching
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note
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1GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Introduction:
The following study provides an in detailed analysis towards globalization. This is through
investigating the advantages accruing to speak English. first, the essay explains the analysis of
globalization as a term and spreading of English at Singapore. Next, it conveys the advantages and
adverse impacts of English on individual and social level. At last, this investigates the role of
English language at Singapore school system through stating how that is blessing and curse as a
medium of present day instruction.
The globalization is the process of integration and cooperation among governments,
organizations and individuals. It typically indicates to the measure through which various societies
and economic prove to be integrated closely and then concurrent with the rise in globalization. Much
research is done on the outcomes. Because of the development of communication and transportation
has developed. It has led to the rise in global trade, culture and ideas. The economic process has
various interactions related with cultural and social aspects. This extreme stages of history of
globalization is the clash with diplomacy (Phillipson, 2017 313-331). On the other hand, the anti-
globalization team has made the argument that because of the rise in competition is seen in the
working scenarios, specific community are been deprived in terms of the resources. Here, they are
unable to be active effectively reducing the finical development then control to remain linked for the
residual part of the world. This outcomes have been enlarging the advantages for the investors and
offering the pittances to the labourers. This provokes high backlash from the side of civil society.
Here, the economic globalization is analysed and examination is done on how that can be restricted
or been regulated for promoting the sustainable development. Further, there are various type of
competing interpretations and definitions to define globalization. It can be said that globalization
indicates the advent of entre social relationships joining distant places such that the close
Introduction:
The following study provides an in detailed analysis towards globalization. This is through
investigating the advantages accruing to speak English. first, the essay explains the analysis of
globalization as a term and spreading of English at Singapore. Next, it conveys the advantages and
adverse impacts of English on individual and social level. At last, this investigates the role of
English language at Singapore school system through stating how that is blessing and curse as a
medium of present day instruction.
The globalization is the process of integration and cooperation among governments,
organizations and individuals. It typically indicates to the measure through which various societies
and economic prove to be integrated closely and then concurrent with the rise in globalization. Much
research is done on the outcomes. Because of the development of communication and transportation
has developed. It has led to the rise in global trade, culture and ideas. The economic process has
various interactions related with cultural and social aspects. This extreme stages of history of
globalization is the clash with diplomacy (Phillipson, 2017 313-331). On the other hand, the anti-
globalization team has made the argument that because of the rise in competition is seen in the
working scenarios, specific community are been deprived in terms of the resources. Here, they are
unable to be active effectively reducing the finical development then control to remain linked for the
residual part of the world. This outcomes have been enlarging the advantages for the investors and
offering the pittances to the labourers. This provokes high backlash from the side of civil society.
Here, the economic globalization is analysed and examination is done on how that can be restricted
or been regulated for promoting the sustainable development. Further, there are various type of
competing interpretations and definitions to define globalization. It can be said that globalization
indicates the advent of entre social relationships joining distant places such that the close

2GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
occurrences are generated due to the occasions taking place at a long distant miles away (Matsuda,
2017). Moreover, this is current phenomenon ruling the world as per the communication and
language. It is seen that individuals begin to make communication with others in the language that
can suit the convenience. Because of the British colonization, English is a lesser popular language
for some traders and help them in communicating with the ones around nations. Moreover, it is not
just a mere trade language and also utilized by the doctors, mathematicians, geologists and scientists.
Thus, from small steps tit has turned to be a popular globalizing language.
It is also observed at recent time more data regarding globalization reveals the fact the link
between the global spread of the language and the impact on various languages pulled in rise in
arguments. During that time while the prevailing languages or dialects has assumed the fact that they
are getting ruled. Furthermore, the multilingualism is been losing its abilities to attract trade market.
Hence, it has permitted the merchants in craving the voice for proceeding with entire world trade
(Ushioda, 2017 469-482). At this place, the language has been seen as the important instrument that
empowers the people in accomplishing particular aims. Again, the predominant language of United
States, World Bank, United Nations, International Monetary Funds and additional huge business and
organizations (Chew, 2012). Again, this the language as the economic good. The language is helpful
to develop the ability of the correspondence around various societies. Next, the data on the dialects
that are unknown can empower in thinking all across and then make the travelling around different
nations of the globe. Nevertheless, English is witnessed as the dominant language that is there on the
Internet. In this way it has been playing the notable role in getting spread around maximum parts of
nations. This has turned to be the scientific language, internal conferences, and collaborative
researcher academic project. Mobility of the researches and students and various type of exchange
programs and many more. Besides, it is also seen as the main way to gain the worldwide existence.
Next, the necessity of learning the English language has turned to be a mandatory for working at the
occurrences are generated due to the occasions taking place at a long distant miles away (Matsuda,
2017). Moreover, this is current phenomenon ruling the world as per the communication and
language. It is seen that individuals begin to make communication with others in the language that
can suit the convenience. Because of the British colonization, English is a lesser popular language
for some traders and help them in communicating with the ones around nations. Moreover, it is not
just a mere trade language and also utilized by the doctors, mathematicians, geologists and scientists.
Thus, from small steps tit has turned to be a popular globalizing language.
It is also observed at recent time more data regarding globalization reveals the fact the link
between the global spread of the language and the impact on various languages pulled in rise in
arguments. During that time while the prevailing languages or dialects has assumed the fact that they
are getting ruled. Furthermore, the multilingualism is been losing its abilities to attract trade market.
Hence, it has permitted the merchants in craving the voice for proceeding with entire world trade
(Ushioda, 2017 469-482). At this place, the language has been seen as the important instrument that
empowers the people in accomplishing particular aims. Again, the predominant language of United
States, World Bank, United Nations, International Monetary Funds and additional huge business and
organizations (Chew, 2012). Again, this the language as the economic good. The language is helpful
to develop the ability of the correspondence around various societies. Next, the data on the dialects
that are unknown can empower in thinking all across and then make the travelling around different
nations of the globe. Nevertheless, English is witnessed as the dominant language that is there on the
Internet. In this way it has been playing the notable role in getting spread around maximum parts of
nations. This has turned to be the scientific language, internal conferences, and collaborative
researcher academic project. Mobility of the researches and students and various type of exchange
programs and many more. Besides, it is also seen as the main way to gain the worldwide existence.
Next, the necessity of learning the English language has turned to be a mandatory for working at the

3GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
actual world scenario. In this way, the secondary and primary schools of maximum nations of the
world at present is able to teach English as a form of second language or as the foreign language. It
is useful to work despite any sort of hesitation in the area of innovation, science, route and business
and community of scholars (Goddard & Goddard, 2018).
Further, the land can also be indicated as the veritable melting point and comprise of
different norms that are socio-cultural. Because of different cultures, this consists of different
languages. There are few leading languages present in the country that are Hokkein, Tamil, Malay
and Mandarin. Thus people are seen to tend to make communication with others through the
probable known languages (Galloway, 2017). As the necessity of learning the language as a foreign
or second language is done, different local schools of the country has been attempting to implement
the language within the school curriculum. At present there has been 6 territory maintaining uniform
policies to use English in the form of sole medium to instruct. The education of English has been
reluctantly providing to racial teams and is the way towards their determination of entering schools
tending to cause government in accusing. Again, the government has took the decision of using the
language as the case of lingua franca (Reyes, 2017). This has turned to be the language of work for
business and government. Maximum people had gained the privilege for leading the westernised
form of life. Thus they are able to administer and run the business. It is also researched that instead
of functioning as the agency of the social integration, development and modernization (Rahmanita &
Mukminatien, 2019). Apart from that, the English schooling has been serving rather than generating
the privileged Westernized the elite who speak English for administrative free professions and
office-holding.
Notable level of proficient of English of the nation has forced them to allure the workforce
for the entire business. The proficiency of English has been allowing the Singaporeans in including
actual world scenario. In this way, the secondary and primary schools of maximum nations of the
world at present is able to teach English as a form of second language or as the foreign language. It
is useful to work despite any sort of hesitation in the area of innovation, science, route and business
and community of scholars (Goddard & Goddard, 2018).
Further, the land can also be indicated as the veritable melting point and comprise of
different norms that are socio-cultural. Because of different cultures, this consists of different
languages. There are few leading languages present in the country that are Hokkein, Tamil, Malay
and Mandarin. Thus people are seen to tend to make communication with others through the
probable known languages (Galloway, 2017). As the necessity of learning the language as a foreign
or second language is done, different local schools of the country has been attempting to implement
the language within the school curriculum. At present there has been 6 territory maintaining uniform
policies to use English in the form of sole medium to instruct. The education of English has been
reluctantly providing to racial teams and is the way towards their determination of entering schools
tending to cause government in accusing. Again, the government has took the decision of using the
language as the case of lingua franca (Reyes, 2017). This has turned to be the language of work for
business and government. Maximum people had gained the privilege for leading the westernised
form of life. Thus they are able to administer and run the business. It is also researched that instead
of functioning as the agency of the social integration, development and modernization (Rahmanita &
Mukminatien, 2019). Apart from that, the English schooling has been serving rather than generating
the privileged Westernized the elite who speak English for administrative free professions and
office-holding.
Notable level of proficient of English of the nation has forced them to allure the workforce
for the entire business. The proficiency of English has been allowing the Singaporeans in including
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4GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
the various advanced settings of educations at the English speaking world despite any lifting of the
finger. People gaining benefits from the educational and employment international passport with
simplicity (Lee, 2012). Moreover, they possess every international ways of literacy and skills of
numeracy. Thus they are the most competitive city in this world. In this way they are able to witness
the situations that are language based and challenging. Because of the intense quantity of completion
for language, a more notable level of the language is been taught to the youth of Singaporeans (Rich
et al., 2019 pp. 39-59). Thus, it is useful for the future and deal with designs of work that move
towards the enterprises of administrations. It is seen they have been feeling comfortable to utilize the
language in expressing themselves and then enjoy the language learning. Thus they are able attain
the skills of foundation particularly grammar, basic pronunciation and spelling. Besides, they are
also able to utilize the English with comfort for daily situations and regarding functional reasons like
giving instructions, information and directions and then make the requests.
Thus English is considered as the working language for economic and political causes.
Individuals from additional sectors of the globe begun the migration and this has started to be
predominant progressively for the cultural blending. This is useful for filing the use registration form
with ease and speak with deal in English. The buyer and seller of the house never required the
translator for helping them out (Beckett & Slater, 2019). Through considering the changes around
the ages and around the gatherings, notwithstanding, this has guided the route to react to the power
of markets regarding globalization to support assortments making vital and agreeable holding with
the network. This includes the inside families and around ages. At many time, the language is
utilized in CC or Singapore Community Club. Thus the people has been approaching paces to
inquire the necessities and conduct events. Those CCs have helped in maintain strong bond to other
cultures of the land of Singapore. The recent Chingay event for example that happened in the
country, named Fi Pit has concentrated to maintain rich cultural heritage among various countries of
the various advanced settings of educations at the English speaking world despite any lifting of the
finger. People gaining benefits from the educational and employment international passport with
simplicity (Lee, 2012). Moreover, they possess every international ways of literacy and skills of
numeracy. Thus they are the most competitive city in this world. In this way they are able to witness
the situations that are language based and challenging. Because of the intense quantity of completion
for language, a more notable level of the language is been taught to the youth of Singaporeans (Rich
et al., 2019 pp. 39-59). Thus, it is useful for the future and deal with designs of work that move
towards the enterprises of administrations. It is seen they have been feeling comfortable to utilize the
language in expressing themselves and then enjoy the language learning. Thus they are able attain
the skills of foundation particularly grammar, basic pronunciation and spelling. Besides, they are
also able to utilize the English with comfort for daily situations and regarding functional reasons like
giving instructions, information and directions and then make the requests.
Thus English is considered as the working language for economic and political causes.
Individuals from additional sectors of the globe begun the migration and this has started to be
predominant progressively for the cultural blending. This is useful for filing the use registration form
with ease and speak with deal in English. The buyer and seller of the house never required the
translator for helping them out (Beckett & Slater, 2019). Through considering the changes around
the ages and around the gatherings, notwithstanding, this has guided the route to react to the power
of markets regarding globalization to support assortments making vital and agreeable holding with
the network. This includes the inside families and around ages. At many time, the language is
utilized in CC or Singapore Community Club. Thus the people has been approaching paces to
inquire the necessities and conduct events. Those CCs have helped in maintain strong bond to other
cultures of the land of Singapore. The recent Chingay event for example that happened in the
country, named Fi Pit has concentrated to maintain rich cultural heritage among various countries of

5GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
the globe. Although this has different languages in that, the MC or Man script has been in English.
Individuals from different sections of the globe collected to enjoy that event ("Higher Education
Operations", 2020).
Criticising the adverse impacts of spreading English n societies and individuals having particular
concentration at Singapore:
The government has enforced the language within their educational system. At many time
various students preferring English as the medium of the communication has hesitated for learning
the mother tongue. Thus they begin to speak in English at the households. During the year 1980, it
was seen that 7.6% of the people of Singapore have used the language as the main language of
household. Thus by 1990 the percentage has raised to 18.2%. Maximum of the people with the age
45 and under that gained the education for the English medium schools ("As English becomes the
dominant language in more Malay families, some are reversing course", 2020). Thus they are able to
speak with minimum bilingual in that language and the other official language. Here, the people
finding that simply to communicate in that language tan the mother tongue is unable to understand
that they have been forgetting the roots. Again the developing generation is unable to make
communication in mother tongue and ending up with speaking the language to the grandparents.
Besides, the feeling of alienation and loss is expressed by the youth speakers regretting not to able to
speak vernacular to grandparents. Thus they can forge a meaningful type of bond with them
(McKinsey & McKinsey, 2007). Thus the communication can occur. Apart from that it is also
analysed that as one is more monolingual in the mother tongue, one might never make that living.
Turning monolingual in that language is also a setback. As one loses the cultural identity, that
confidence regarding ourselves and the place in the globe.
the globe. Although this has different languages in that, the MC or Man script has been in English.
Individuals from different sections of the globe collected to enjoy that event ("Higher Education
Operations", 2020).
Criticising the adverse impacts of spreading English n societies and individuals having particular
concentration at Singapore:
The government has enforced the language within their educational system. At many time
various students preferring English as the medium of the communication has hesitated for learning
the mother tongue. Thus they begin to speak in English at the households. During the year 1980, it
was seen that 7.6% of the people of Singapore have used the language as the main language of
household. Thus by 1990 the percentage has raised to 18.2%. Maximum of the people with the age
45 and under that gained the education for the English medium schools ("As English becomes the
dominant language in more Malay families, some are reversing course", 2020). Thus they are able to
speak with minimum bilingual in that language and the other official language. Here, the people
finding that simply to communicate in that language tan the mother tongue is unable to understand
that they have been forgetting the roots. Again the developing generation is unable to make
communication in mother tongue and ending up with speaking the language to the grandparents.
Besides, the feeling of alienation and loss is expressed by the youth speakers regretting not to able to
speak vernacular to grandparents. Thus they can forge a meaningful type of bond with them
(McKinsey & McKinsey, 2007). Thus the communication can occur. Apart from that it is also
analysed that as one is more monolingual in the mother tongue, one might never make that living.
Turning monolingual in that language is also a setback. As one loses the cultural identity, that
confidence regarding ourselves and the place in the globe.

6GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Any language gets inherited through the genetic endowment. This can also happen with the
birth to particular community that are associated with that stereotypically. There is also inheriting of
the language indicating the ability to speak well, those who can or ever are the mother tongue or
native speakers. Becoming the native speaker consist of an effective and comprehensive hold of
English. Same as the individuals are commonly citizens of any specific nation, people are native
speakers of just one single mother tongue (Nunan, 2003 589-613). As per the social basis, the
speakers of non-English has been ending up with encountering the miscommunication. Here, for
example maximum employees at Hawker Centre knew less about English. There the consumer has
been demanding the choices of menu in that language.
Commonly, the ministry of education of Singapore, following particular curriculum for every
subject. The students from various levels till they reach O level have the various things in their
syllabus that are discussed hereafter. The questions concentration on the choice of grammar, the
editing for grammar and spelling, transformation and synthesis, comprehension close and
comprehension that are open-ended (Davydova, 2017 62-63). Moreover, pragmatically those
decision of the English as the main language inspired through down to business contemplations. This
is because it has and still is business’ language related to worldwide intercourse, innovation and
science. Apart from that, role of English under the school system of Singapore that is driven through
efficiency. Again, the students have been able to gain good speaking and skills of analytics helping
the finely frame syllabus (Angrist & Lavy, 1997 S48-S76). Further, the students have required the
couple of comprehensive questions. As this includes the excessive reading answering, they are seen
to be missing the part of literatures. Thus they deny the necessity to understand the literature.
Any language gets inherited through the genetic endowment. This can also happen with the
birth to particular community that are associated with that stereotypically. There is also inheriting of
the language indicating the ability to speak well, those who can or ever are the mother tongue or
native speakers. Becoming the native speaker consist of an effective and comprehensive hold of
English. Same as the individuals are commonly citizens of any specific nation, people are native
speakers of just one single mother tongue (Nunan, 2003 589-613). As per the social basis, the
speakers of non-English has been ending up with encountering the miscommunication. Here, for
example maximum employees at Hawker Centre knew less about English. There the consumer has
been demanding the choices of menu in that language.
Commonly, the ministry of education of Singapore, following particular curriculum for every
subject. The students from various levels till they reach O level have the various things in their
syllabus that are discussed hereafter. The questions concentration on the choice of grammar, the
editing for grammar and spelling, transformation and synthesis, comprehension close and
comprehension that are open-ended (Davydova, 2017 62-63). Moreover, pragmatically those
decision of the English as the main language inspired through down to business contemplations. This
is because it has and still is business’ language related to worldwide intercourse, innovation and
science. Apart from that, role of English under the school system of Singapore that is driven through
efficiency. Again, the students have been able to gain good speaking and skills of analytics helping
the finely frame syllabus (Angrist & Lavy, 1997 S48-S76). Further, the students have required the
couple of comprehensive questions. As this includes the excessive reading answering, they are seen
to be missing the part of literatures. Thus they deny the necessity to understand the literature.
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7GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
References:
Angrist, J. D., & Lavy, V. (1997). The Effect of a Change in Language of Instruction on the Returns
to Schooling in Morocco. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1, Part 2), S48-S76.
As English becomes the dominant language in more Malay families, some are reversing course.
(2020). Retrieved 9 February 2020, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/english-
use-soars-malay-households-many-still-use-malay-much-possible-parents-educators
Beckett, G., & Slater, T. (Eds.). (2019). Global Perspectives on Project-based Language Learning,
Teaching, and Assessment: Key Approaches, Technology Tools, and Frameworks. Routledge.
Chew, P. G. L. (2012). A sociolinguistic history of early identities in Singapore: From colonialism
to nationalism. Springer.
Davydova, J. (2017). Teaching Global English-Jennifer Jenkins, Global Englishes. A Resource Book
for Students. London & New York: Routledge, 2015. Pp. xvi+ 280. Hardback£ 85, ISBN
978-0-415-63843-2. English Today, 33(3), 62-63.
Galloway, N. (2017). Global Englishes and change in English language teaching: Attitudes and
impact. Routledge.
Goddard, C. (2018). Applications of nsm: Minimal English, Cultural Scripts and Language
Teaching. In Ten Lectures on Natural Semantic MetaLanguage (pp. 265-303). Brill.
Goddard, C., & Goddard. (2018). Minimal English for a global world. Palgrave Macmillan.
Higher Education Operations. (2020). Retrieved 9 February 2020, from
https://www.moe.gov.sg/about/org-structure/higher-education-group/heo
References:
Angrist, J. D., & Lavy, V. (1997). The Effect of a Change in Language of Instruction on the Returns
to Schooling in Morocco. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1, Part 2), S48-S76.
As English becomes the dominant language in more Malay families, some are reversing course.
(2020). Retrieved 9 February 2020, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/english-
use-soars-malay-households-many-still-use-malay-much-possible-parents-educators
Beckett, G., & Slater, T. (Eds.). (2019). Global Perspectives on Project-based Language Learning,
Teaching, and Assessment: Key Approaches, Technology Tools, and Frameworks. Routledge.
Chew, P. G. L. (2012). A sociolinguistic history of early identities in Singapore: From colonialism
to nationalism. Springer.
Davydova, J. (2017). Teaching Global English-Jennifer Jenkins, Global Englishes. A Resource Book
for Students. London & New York: Routledge, 2015. Pp. xvi+ 280. Hardback£ 85, ISBN
978-0-415-63843-2. English Today, 33(3), 62-63.
Galloway, N. (2017). Global Englishes and change in English language teaching: Attitudes and
impact. Routledge.
Goddard, C. (2018). Applications of nsm: Minimal English, Cultural Scripts and Language
Teaching. In Ten Lectures on Natural Semantic MetaLanguage (pp. 265-303). Brill.
Goddard, C., & Goddard. (2018). Minimal English for a global world. Palgrave Macmillan.
Higher Education Operations. (2020). Retrieved 9 February 2020, from
https://www.moe.gov.sg/about/org-structure/higher-education-group/heo

8GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Lee, C. G. (2012). English Language and Economic Growth: Cross-Country Empirical Evidence.
Journal of Economic & Social Studies (JECOSS), 2(1).
Martynyuk, O. (2018). Teaching English as a global language to students majoring in philology and
foreign language teaching. Молодь і ринок, (11), 38-42.
Matsuda, A. (Ed.). (2017). Preparing teachers to teach English as an international language.
Multilingual Matters.
McKinsey, C., & McKinsey, M. M. (2007). How the world’s best performing school systems come
out on top. London: McKinsey [en línea]. Recuperado de: http://www. mckinsey.
com/App_Media/Reports/SSO/Worlds_School_Systems_Final. pdf.
Nunan, D. (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices
in the Asia‐Pacific Region. TESOL quarterly, 37(4), 589-613.
Phillipson, R. (2017). Myths and realities of ‘global’English. Language Policy, 16(3), 313-331.
Rahmanita, M., & Mukminatien, N. (2019). Teaching English as a Foreign Language: Making Use
of Spontaneous Language. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 7(1).
Reyes, C. (2017). Frames in the Institutionalization of the Entrepreneurial University Model: The
Case of National University of Singapore.
Rich, S., Weekes, S., al Jardani, M., & al Sinani, S. (2019). Plugging the Gap: Supporting Primary
School Teachers to Create Culturally Appropriate English Language Teaching (ELT)
Materials. In Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 39-59). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham.
Lee, C. G. (2012). English Language and Economic Growth: Cross-Country Empirical Evidence.
Journal of Economic & Social Studies (JECOSS), 2(1).
Martynyuk, O. (2018). Teaching English as a global language to students majoring in philology and
foreign language teaching. Молодь і ринок, (11), 38-42.
Matsuda, A. (Ed.). (2017). Preparing teachers to teach English as an international language.
Multilingual Matters.
McKinsey, C., & McKinsey, M. M. (2007). How the world’s best performing school systems come
out on top. London: McKinsey [en línea]. Recuperado de: http://www. mckinsey.
com/App_Media/Reports/SSO/Worlds_School_Systems_Final. pdf.
Nunan, D. (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices
in the Asia‐Pacific Region. TESOL quarterly, 37(4), 589-613.
Phillipson, R. (2017). Myths and realities of ‘global’English. Language Policy, 16(3), 313-331.
Rahmanita, M., & Mukminatien, N. (2019). Teaching English as a Foreign Language: Making Use
of Spontaneous Language. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 7(1).
Reyes, C. (2017). Frames in the Institutionalization of the Entrepreneurial University Model: The
Case of National University of Singapore.
Rich, S., Weekes, S., al Jardani, M., & al Sinani, S. (2019). Plugging the Gap: Supporting Primary
School Teachers to Create Culturally Appropriate English Language Teaching (ELT)
Materials. In Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching (pp. 39-59). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham.

9GLOBAL ENGLISH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING
Ushioda, E. (2017). The impact of global English on motivation to learn other languages: Toward an
ideal multilingual self. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 469-482.
York, J. (2020). Promoting Spoken Interaction and Student Engagement With Board Games in a
Language Teaching Context. In Global Perspectives on Gameful and Playful Teaching and
Learning (pp. 1-26). IGI Global.
Ushioda, E. (2017). The impact of global English on motivation to learn other languages: Toward an
ideal multilingual self. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3), 469-482.
York, J. (2020). Promoting Spoken Interaction and Student Engagement With Board Games in a
Language Teaching Context. In Global Perspectives on Gameful and Playful Teaching and
Learning (pp. 1-26). IGI Global.
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