Global Public Health Case Study: England's Health Challenges

This case study analyzes the public health situation in England, focusing on key health challenges and the healthcare system. The introduction provides an overview of significant health issues, including the communicable disease COVID-19, the non-communicable disease diabetes, and the issue of road accidents. The main body then delves into a detailed description of the health system in England, highlighting its structure, funding, and impact on health outcomes. Furthermore, the study provides predictions for the future health of the population, using relevant health indicators. The study concludes by summarizing the key findings and implications of the analysis. The assignment is a comprehensive exploration of public health in England, offering insights into current issues, system dynamics, and future trends.

Global public health case
study

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Section A: Introduction and an overview of key health issues in the country............................3
Section B: health system in England, United Kingdom..............................................................5
Section C: Prediction of future health of population in nation utilizing relevant health
indicators.....................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The country selected for this project is England in which description of one
communicable disease one non-communicable disease and health issues are elaborated. In the
terms of communicable disease COVID is taken, for non-communicable disease diabetes is taken
and in the context of health issue road accidents injury is taken. This project is covering health
issues and challenges existed in England. Besides this the forecast in respect of future health
population existed within England is also included in this report.
MAIN BODY
Section A: Introduction and an overview of key health issues in the country
England is the country which is a part of UK and sharing their borders with Whales. The
government system is associated with constitutional monarchy in which political decisions are
not framed by reigning monarch (UK, 2020). In the context of England the birth rate in the year
of 2017 to 2019 was calculated as 83.1 for females and 79.4 for men. In birth rate betterment was
observed in the year of 2016 to 2018 as increment of 7.3 in females and 6.3 in males.
Communicable disease: COVID-19
Coronavirus is defined as family of viruses due to which illness ranging from common
cold to more severe respiratory diseases. Coronavirus is a disease which is transmitted between
humans and animals (Patient & Programme Monitoring. 2021). The common disease for
coronavirus includes problems in respiration, fever, cough, breathing shortness and kidney
failure which may cause death to person as well (Stephenson and et. al., 2018). There has been
more than 4.2 million confirmed cases of coronavirus in England and death ratio is reaching to
125000 (Watkins, 2020). At present vaccine of Coronavirus has been issues by the government
and 22.5 million people have taken dose of the same (NCD Surveillance, Monitoring &
Reporting. 2021)
.

Illustration 1: Each day shows new cases reported of Covid
Non communicable disease: Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is defined as one of the common disease which is existed all over the world.
This is estimated in adults those are aged between 20 to 80 (Becker and et. al., 2018). The
statistics says that around 592 million individuals will be infected by diabetes which was 387
million in the year of 2014. In UK 1 out of 16 is infected from diabetes and there are 3.9 million
Illustration 2: Death disparity of Covid-19.

active cases of diabetes. Near about 700 people are diagnosed from diabetes in a day so in every
2 minutes an individual is declared to be diabetic. From the year 1996 in UK number of diabetic
patients rose to 1.4 millions which was doubled in the same year to. Overall 6.2% population of
UK is facing disease of diabetes which is a substantial part.
Health issue grouped as injury: Road accidents
In Great Britain, 5 people in a daily manner are dying due to road accidents and so many
are injured heavily. In current time road safety is one of the major aspect within England and
number of deaths are constants due to introduction of several movements. In 2018, numerous
road facilities were introduced by authorities which minimised deaths from road accidents by
85%. In the year of 2017, the percentage of deaths decreased (Alwafi and et. al., 2020). In 2018,
777 road deaths were examined for car users and 456 as pedestrian deaths which were 2% less
than 2017. For England road accidents are one of the major issues in which appropriate measures
are required to be taken so that they can deal with this issue in significant manner.
Section B: health system in England, United Kingdom
The health system within UK is delivering appropriate outcomes in relation to health
expenditure and existed inequalities within incomes as well. Improvement in life expectancy is
seen which stood as 81.3 years since the year of 2011. The differentiation in health status if
economic inequalities existed so that various disparities can be managed (Bacon and Corr, 2020).
The health care system in UK is getting funds from public tax. Separate National healthcare
systems within four countries of UK are dealing with administer universal so that accessibility
can be increased. UK is a sovereign state which is situated at North Western Coast. The country
is having population of more than 62262000 individual and gross domestic product is near about
2.260 trillion Britain pounds. UK is associated with taking care of public health in which
residents are undertaken as priority. In the context of needs, healthcare is covering free taxation
policies due to which healthcare systems are examined in appropriate manner (Devlin and et. al.,
2016). Near about 18% income tax paid by citizens are going for healthcare and this is denoted
as 4.5% of average citizen income. Gross domestic product of UK is 8.4% and out of this most
of the amount is invested over healthcare and other services (Cabrera and et. al., 2020).
The National Health Services was initiated in the year of 1946 and the organisation is
continuously providing healthcare services to various people existed within country which is free
of cost. Just before this time healthcare services was available only for wealthy people. In the

year of 1911 National insurance act was initiated by David Lloyd George in which small amount
of money was reduced from overall wages so that they can get health benefits in appropriate
manner (Carroll and et. al., 2020). After the time of second world war health care system was
launched to health care system due to which appropriate taxation systems are introduced so that
individuals are able to get such care and needs which may be helpful in dealing with various
obligations. In the recent time change in national health care systems are associated with
dissolving current managerial systems in the year of 2014. This scheme provided work to almost
30000 managers due to which healthcare system was enhanced. The UK government is
providing sponsorship to Universal healthcare system which is named as national healthcare
services (Geldsetzer, 2020). This is associated with health care system that is funded by public in
UK. This is involving around National Healthcare System of Scotland, NHS Wales, NHS
England and health and social care system in Northern Ireland. Healthcare system of UK is
regarded as one of the most efficient system existed in the world due to which country is known
as established nation.
Section C: Prediction of future health of population in nation utilizing relevant health indicators
UK is one of the Autonomous country which is associated with various islands of Great
Britain, North island and eastern part as well. In the current time rate of life expectancy in
England is 83.2 years for women and 79.6 years for men. The population of England is rising
high and dealing with high market expectancy of living for longer duration of time. That means
the society within England is associated with altering their health of people in which perception
of people are changing(Rowley and et. al., 2017). This is found under this report that number of
individuals those are aged more than 85 years which is going to be stayed at constant level by
year end of 2031. As the living standard is getting improved due to which health disparities are
obtained within nation and as people those are high than 19 years are appropriately managing
their health so that on various areas health improvements can be rendered. The type 2 diabetes
mellitus cases are increasing in 8.8 billion pounds in a year.
This is being analysed that near about 1 million individuals are forecasted to be increased by the
year in the year 2035 (Carter and et. al., 2017). That means near about 55 million people which
people with preventable disease such as kidney failure, heart disease, sight loss and heart stroke.
In 25 years expected birth rate in United kingdom is forecasted as 2.4 years due to which
estimated rise to birth rates was seen at 2.4 years. The individual those are more than 65 age in

UK and they are expected to live for more 22 years and females are expected to live for more
19.9 years (Wardrop and et. al., 2018).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion this can be analysed that life expectancy rate of birth in UK is
existed as 83.1 years for female and 79.4 years for males. COVID is an infectious disease which
may cause death to an individual but in current time due to COVID vaccination the rate of death
has been decreased. Diabetes is one of the most common disease existed within England as one
out of 16 are facing such issues of diabetes. The healthcare system existed within UK is
providing such facilities to people in which betterment in health is being seen over population.

REFERENCES
books and journals
Alwafi and et. al., 2020. Trends in oral anticoagulant prescribing in individuals with type 2
diabetes mellitus: a population-based study in the UK. BMJ open, 10(5), p.e034573.
Bacon, A.M. and Corr, P.J., 2020. Coronavirus (COVID‐19) in the United Kingdom: A
personality‐based perspective on concerns and intention to self‐isolate. British Journal
of Health Psychology. 25(4). pp.839-848.
Becker and et. al., 2018. Cataract in patients with diabetes mellitus—incidence rates in the UK
and risk factors. Eye, 32(6), pp.1028-1035.
Cabrera and et. al., 2020. Uncovering the behaviour of road accidents in urban areas. Royal
Society open science, 7(4), p.191739.
Carroll and et. al., 2020. European and United Kingdom COVID-19 pandemic experience: The
same but different. Paediatric respiratory reviews.
Carter and et. al., 2017. Predicting suicidal behaviours using clinical instruments: systematic
review and meta-analysis of positive predictive values for risk scales. The British
Journal of Psychiatry. 210(6). pp.387-395.
Devlin and et. al., 2016. Delivering digital health and well-being at scale: lessons learned during
the implementation of the dallas program in the United Kingdom. Journal of the
American Medical Informatics Association. 23(1). pp.48-59.
Geldsetzer, P., 2020. Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among the general public in the
United States and the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional online survey. Annals of
internal medicine. 173(2). pp.157-160.
Rowley and et. al., 2017. Diabetes 2030: insights from yesterday, today, and future
trends. Population health management. 20(1). pp.6-12.
Stephenson and et. al., 2018. Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception
period and its importance for future health. The Lancet, 391(10132), pp.1830-1841.
UK, G., 2020. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK. UK Government.
Wardrop and et. al., 2018. Spatially disaggregated population estimates in the absence of
national population and housing census data. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. 115(14). pp.3529-3537.
Watkins, J., 2020. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic.

Online
Patient & Programme Monitoring. 2021. [Online] Available through<
https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance/systems-tools/
patient-programme-monitoring>
NCD Surveillance, Monitoring & Reporting. 2021. [Online] Available through<
https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/surveillance>