Globalization's Impact on Public Health: An Analysis of SSC335

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SSC335 ASSIGNMENT

Contents
Introduction.....................................................................................................3
Body................................................................................................................4
Conclusion.....................................................................................................15
References.....................................................................................................16

Introduction
Globalization is a key challenge to the public health care system across the
globe. It is not easy to identify the links between public health and the
globalization. Globalization is a complex set of the process having a huge
impact on human society worldwide. This work critically evaluates the
impact of the globalization on the health care system worldwide with the
support of relevant theories and models. Globalization is a process that
eases the movement of goods, services, human and capital across the
national border. It is free form the political border. It has contributed to the
economic growth of various regions and improved the purchasing power,
economic status. But the overall development of the world cannot be
measured only in economic terms. It also focuses on the overall
development, healthy lifestyle and well-being of individuals, families and
society.
Global health is measured in terms of DALY, QALY and mortality rate. It is
the measure that identifies the number of life-years affected due to illness
and other health problems. It calculates the number of years lost due to
disability. It comprises of health care practices, medical practitioners, audit
agencies, society, institutes and governments (Gets marter, 2019).

Body
Globalization is supported and controlled by several factors political,
social, economic, technological, and cultures. It impacts, directly and
indirectly, the health of the global population. As national borders are
disappearing, people are free to travel, generating new challenges to global
health. To mitigate the risks posed by its international cooperation between
the private institutes, government bodies and other stakeholders is
required. Several challenges are posed by it and they can only be solved
after defining global health (Perspective medicine, 2019).
Health care system is a combination of people, organizations and resources
that deliver health care services. Measure global health issues are
published in the book “to save humanity” and the issues are antimicrobial
resistance, health coverage, tobacco use, climate change and access to
medicines. There are several terms devised by various scholars that help in
understanding the concept of global health effectively and this term are:
Global health is measured in terms of DALY, QALY and mortality rate.
DALY is the measure that identifies the number of life-years affected due to
illness and other health problems.
QALY is the measure that identifies the quality of life years affected due to
the illness and other health problems. It calculates the quality of life lost
due to disability. Mortality rate: it is the number of deaths anally per annum
and it is specific to the geographic locations. It is higher in developing
regions.
Impacts of the globalization on the health system are both positive and
negative and they can only be mitigated with the formulation of effective
policies and procedures. The changes in the government structure, policies

and procedure also affect the global health environment. Issue of violence
against the women, harassment, and antimicrobial resistance has also
increased substantially due to increased interaction between the
populations (Arthur Kleinman, 2019).
Spread of diseases due to increased connectivity in the nations has
increased the risk to the life of the global population. In the past, in several
instances, the severity of a problem has increased multifold due to air
travel. For example, the outbreak of zika virus in the year 2015 affected the
lives of many people across the globe as infected people have travelled
across the border. Along these people virus has travelled from Congo to
different nations. This has resulted in risk to the life of many people across
the globe. According to the survey conducted by the World, Bank
globalization has helped to the health care system in a way that it has lifted
many people from the extreme poverty and raised their economic status
(Arthur kleinman, 2019).
This has resulted in improved health condition in poor nations. Global
health burden is reduced due to the invention in the developed countries to
fight severe global health problems. Presence of international organizations
like WHO, WB and WEF has mitigated the risk of life-threatening diseases
and also provided health care support to the millions of people. It is the
advantage of cross border availability of treatment. The other advantage
available due to the globalization is the presence of many NGO and
voluntary organizations as a doctor without borders; it gives
humanitarian support and treatment to the people suffering from health
problems or in case of outbreak of pandemic diseases (Labonté, 2018).

Cause of a global health problem
Spread of diseases: increased connectivity has made it easy for the people
to travel across the borders but it also leads to the spread of bacteria, virus
and other harmful elements to the life of people. It becomes very difficult
for the national governments and international organizations to control the
spread of the diseases. In the past also Ebola infections have ballooned
because infectious person travelled across the border. The WHO had to
declare it as a global health emergency (Mannar, et al., 2018).
Impact on the dietary pattern: due to the increased impact on the
dieting pattern of the people, there are several impacts on the health due to
the arrival of the fast-food chains in the developing regions. According to
the report of the WB on GBD, the threat of cardiovascular diseases is
increasing and putting the life of individuals at an immeasurable risk
(Charteris, et al., 2018).
Nutrition: in the year 2010 104 million children are malnourished and
underweight. The malnutrition in the children exists due to much reason but
the major is an absence of vitamins, minerals and essential ingredients in
the food items. It affects the health of a child and his or her growth
negatively. This problem is increased due to the child labour and similar
problems across the globe and it can also be tackled with the help of

globalization as the globalization impro0ves the availability of food,
nutrition and other health supplements.
Violence against the women: it is also the cause of the spread of global
burden of disease. Many reports published by local and national
governments have shown that physical and mental violence against the
women is a cause of health burden and in this globalized world, it is difficult
to control the spread of STD and bacterial diseases. Surrogacy also led to
the degradation in the health conditions of the women. Some, developing
courtiers are becoming a centre of it and globalization has also made it easy
several times and affects the health of those women adversely.
Neglect of the tropical diseases: the potential of the tropical diseases to
affect the health quality is neglected by the local governments, international
organizations and national governments. These diseases are also leading to
spread of diseases very fast. The tropical diseases are malaria, dengue,
japan encephalitis, yellow fever are continuously been ignored by the health
experts and world health organizations (Charteris, et al., 2018).

Cure of global health problem: there are many solutions available to
treat the global health problems and they can be mitigated with the
application of effective theories and models. It can be done with the joint
efforts of the local, national and international governments. It can also be
done with the joint efforts of the public and private sectors. The cure to the
problems can be improved with the implication of following models and
theories.
Global health competency model
The global health competency model is developed to recommend core
qualities and features required in the global health care model. This model
is developed to ensure the uniformity of health care services across the
globe and deliver better quality services during the time of health
emergency. It will also reduce the death toll in the time of health
emergency (de Soysa et al., 2018).
Capacity strengthening is to improve the capacity of health caregiver
across the globe and equip them with requisite knowledge and resources. it
is required to improve the capacity with the use of latest tools and
technologies in the health care system.
Collaborating and partnering are to promote the tie-ups among all
stakeholders of health caregivers and ensure effective services. Cure of
health problems can be identified with the effective collaboration of private
and public sector, governments and international organizations and often
voluntary organizations.
Ethical reasoning and professional practices need to integrate into the
health care system. There should be ethical practices for medical
practitioners. The ethical standards are set by the WHO and other relevant
units.

Health equity and social justice: patients to be treated with equality
without any discrimination. Health care system across the world should
deliver the health services in a cost-effective manner and it should be
available for all.
Program management: the programs designed to provide health care
services should be delivered and manage with the proper understanding
and knowledge of the rules and regulations. They should be managed in a
way that they help in delivering health care services easily.
Socio-culture and political awareness: it should be there when the
health care system is designed to deliver the health care services according
to the needs of the local population and it should be modified as per the
local needs and culture.
Strategic analysis: competence of the health care system depends on its
effectiveness in delivering desired outcomes. It can deliver positive or
negative outcomes it depends on the methods used to deliver the services
and knowledge about the needs of the service seekers. The strategic
analysis helps in formulating effective services to generate long term results
(de Soysa et al., 2018).
Theories of global health delivery
Transdisciplinary approaches of globalization and global health show
that the impact of the globalization has increased several folds and spread
of threat can be attributed to the increasing level of interaction among the
populations. The solutions to solve the problems due to the isolation of
knowledge of
The social construction reality: the knowledge is about anything is
constructed through perception and interaction among the populations.
Based on the perception rules and regulations are formalized to deliver
effective health care to the individuals. It also helps in delivering effective

services to the service seekers. The knowledge used to formulate a global
system to deliver the services carefully and after the strategic analysis of
the present needs of the system. The social construction reality theory
focuses on the formation of the knowledge to improve the health care
processes. In the present context, globalization has eased the availability of
information to improve the health care system. But at the same time, it
leads to the stilling of local health practices and piracy of knowledge.
Unintended consequences of purposive action: it is defined as every
action has to be taken with proper information, knowledge, and values.
Effective knowledge about it influences decision making about the same. It
also affects the results. It depends on the knowledge and effectiveness of
the approach that the result of a particular process will be positive or
negative. It can deliver positive or negative outcomes it depends on the
methods used to deliver the services and knowledge about the needs of the
service seekers (Haslam et al., 2018).
The strategic analysis helps in formulating effective services to generate
long term results. Globalization has led to the transfer of effective tools and
technologies to augment the process of treating a patient and fighting with
the casualties like an outbreak of Ebola, yellow fever, SARS and other viral

diseases. But in case of transportation of the virus to the other place may
also increase the region affected due to the diseases and make it difficult for
the national governments to implement preventive measures effectively.
The first social theory of global health is the unintentional consequence of
social actions. As per this theory, social structure with in the society is the
causes of global health problems and affecting the lives of many (de Soysa
et al., 2018).
Local moral worlds are a theory that helps to identify the comparison
between the values and concepts that people use to make decisions in their
lives. It also helps to understand the reasons that control the demands of
society. According to this theory, the demand for health care services
varies due to the structure and the culture of the society.
Biopower is defined as in the ancient time's monarchs had to control over
death rate but in modern times, public authorities use several tactics to
control the health and wellbeing of an individual. It also uses modern
techniques to control the growth rate of the population. It affects the health
status of an individual also. Many national governments use different
strategies to control the growth rate of the population and it affects the
health of individuals and can also lead to some negative consequences if not
implemented well (Haslam et al., 2018).
Social suffering as per this theory maximum health challenges originate
from the societal problems as poverty, inequality etc. and they also emerge
from the solutions and institutions formed to fight them. These forces affect
the health of an individual, his or her family and community. In the
developing regions, social suffering exists due to the challenges present in
society and due to the structure of society. For example the societies of
many African regions are prone to many bacterial infections due to weak
immune power. In case of outbreak of Ebola these societies are among the
worst affected societies.

All these theories highlight the linkage between the structure of the society,
their needs, their culture etc. and how all these factors directly or indirectly
affect the health of an individual, his or family and locality.