HCR6001 Global Health and Sustainability: Tobacco Report Analysis

This report delves into the global health crisis stemming from tobacco consumption. It begins with a historical overview, tracing the evolution of tobacco use from its origins to its widespread adoption, highlighting the rise of the tobacco industry and the subsequent increase in smoking. The report then analyzes the current status of the issue, emphasizing the health risks associated with tobacco abuse, including various diseases and the impact on mental and physical health. It also explores the key considerations, such as the decline in smoking rates in developed countries and the tobacco industry's shift towards less developed nations. The report concludes by suggesting future preventive measures, including policy interventions like taxation and smoke-free legislation, to mitigate the harmful effects of tobacco and promote public health globally. The report also touches upon the role of awareness campaigns in reducing tobacco consumption and the manipulation of public policies by tobacco industries.

GLOBAL HEALTH AND
SUSTAINABILITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Tobacco consumption is predominately the case where individuals consume excess
amount of tobacco above from permissible level and thus encounter various health related
diseases. The main purpose of this report is to study the effect of tobacco across the entire world
and thus establish various measures for mitigating its effect and making people aware of its
harmful effects on health.
This report gives a brief about Background information of issue, Current status of the
issue, Key considerations and the future preventive measures.
MAIN BODY
Background information of issue
The emergence of tobacco occurred years back when individuals were not aware of its
diseases and the significance and is prevailing till now across the entire world. Tobacco basically
has been one of the inevitable factor which is growing within Americans and other individuals
from around 8000 years. It was first discovered by the European who also discovered smoking
was Christopher Columbus. In the year 1915, tobacco was the first to be cultivated within
Europe. By the end of the year 1600, the use of tobacco spreads across the whole Europe as well
as England and thus was used as the important monetary standard and a practice which
contributed throughout entire century. Towards the end of the year 1700, smoking became
widespread and the industry of tobacco developed (Frazer and et.al., 2016).
In Germany some of the anti-smoking groups which were associated with different anti-
liquor groups initially published the advocacy against high consumption of tobacco within
Journal Der Tabakgegner in the year 1912 as well as 1932. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden
published the paper that includes statistical evidence of the lung-cancer and tobacco link. This
was considered as against the social attitudes of wide range of people and thus they protested
against tobacco. In the year 1602, an anonymous author published the essay whose title was
Work of Chimney Sweepers and this stated that the illness which is generally seen within
chimney sweepers were basically caused through soot as well as tobacco might have the similar
effect. The initial instance of the smoking which was reported was associated to the ill health. In
the year, 1795, Sammuel Thomas in Germany estimated that the main cause of tobacco was high
amount of the consumption of nicotine as well as excessive smoking and this is might affect the
individuals in future also (Gao and et.al., 2018). During the year of 1920s, the initial medical

reports which were linked to smoking as well as link cancer appeared and most of the newspaper
editors usually refused to report the findings because they did not want to stop and offend the
tobacco industry which gives them a high coverage as well as money. The series of medical
reports which were published in year 1950s as well as 1960s confirmed that the tobacco and
smoking causes a heavy range of some serious diseases.
As the main cause of tobacco which was reported was the high consumption of cigarettes
thus people wanted more and more cigarettes or some other material related to this. Thus, in
view of this, a high number of cigarette making equipment and machines were established in the
year of 1880s and the late half of 1890s. The first machine which was developed for the
production of cigarettes produced around 200 cigarettes every single minute. At that time due to
low value of money, the cheap and inexpensive manufacturing as well as utilization of cigarettes
enabled the tobacco organizations to extend and expand their position in market and thus make
the people tobacco-oriented during that period (Siddiqi and et.al., 2015).
The prevalence and the development of tobacco as well as cigarette smoking continued
its growth in early 20th century due to the establishment and development of large amount of
tobacco producing firms as well as firms promoting it on large platform. The ability as well as
power of the tobacco industries suddenly took a drastic turn and smoking eventually increased
during the period of world wars. This eventually raised the wealth of major political parties who
were immensely dealing in tobacco. The expansion of tobacco and smoking during world wars
increased because of the policy for offering free cigarettes to some allied troops in form of
morale boosting agent.
Later in twentieth century, the trend of tobacco and smoking declined and thus became
less popular because of dramatic enhancement within the knowledge of people regarding health
effects of passive as well as active smoking. People during the same period became highly aware
of the effect of tobacco industry for misleading the health effects of public about smoking and
tobacco consumption. People began to realize that the tobacco industries are manipulating the
public policies for their own good and for short-term interest of companies (Lucchiari and
et.al.,2016).
In view of this, the first and foremost successful lawsuit and rule against tobacco industry
over illness related to smoking happened during later part of 20th century. Thus, in the late 20th
century, people became more aware of the consumption of tobacco as well as smoking and also

understood its harmful effects on physical as well as mental health. The prevalence of smoking
declined within the traditional market of Western Europe as well as North America. Seeing the
declined sales, the entire tobacco industry re-focused their promotional and advertising efforts
upon the nations which were less developed like Africa, Asia, Soviet union, Latin America and
Middle East. As there were weak regulatory framework within these nations thus this encouraged
tobacco companies to target this population and thus make revenue by selling tobacco and
nicotine to these people. Hence, this became one of the hot topic during 20th century where more
and more organization like Walmart began to make more and more people aware of the
dangerous effects of tobacco and smoking. A stream of special campaign began to rush across
the whole world in wide range of institutes, colleges, universities, private institution, etc whose
main agenda was to discourage tobacco consumption and smoking.
Current status of the issue
Tobacco abuse is one of the most important health care issue which has revolutionized
the entire world and has thus affected the large number of people. This is the most significant
issue that affects people and thus leads to the death of the individuals. Healthcare is basically the
process through which the numerous diagnosis, preventives measure, cures are being taken for
improving the health of individuals and thus maintaining their proper health. Thus, in this
context tobacco abuse has formed the major part of healthcare issue sue to which the people have
been under serious threat and has therefore affected their mental as well as physical health to a
great extent (Pulvers and et.al., 2016). Tobacco abuse is primarily the dependence on tobacco
wherein individuals consumes tobacco to a great extent which is caused by drug nicotine. In
short, tobacco abuse is when people consume tobacco higher than the permissible amount and
which affects their health as well as mental ability. This has become one of the serious issue
across the world which has led people to disability and even death. It has been reported that more
than 4 million people die every year due to the consumption of excessive amount of tobacco and
thus this lead to their overall impairment and disability.
As reported by World health organization, this has become one of the serious issue and is
the biggest threat after HIV and TB which will also affect the health of individuals in the long
run. This not only affects the physical health but impacts the brain of large number of
individuals. This is commonly seen among youngster both belonging to backward class as well
as belonging to upper and middle class individuals. Thus, it affects the individuals of each and

every class and make their sensory organs almost negligible due to which they are not able to
sense the surroundings. According to the report of 2017 and 2016, Tobacco is considered as one
of the highly consumed material which makes the individuals extremely addictive to it once they
consume it (Ahwal and et.al.,2019). As per the estimate of Disease control and Prevention, every
year there occurs the death of more than 6 million people due to the consumption of high amount
of tobacco and thus this has become of the leading factor towards death. The chemicals
contained within it stimulates the brain area and thus affects the division of pleasure and reward
due to which the individuals remain under depression and their learning capabilities decreases.
According to the report of WHO, around 70% of the adult and youth are under the threat of this
harmful chemical substance known as nicotine and the main cause of this is excessive amount of
smoking as well as chewing tobacco. Although, there are different treatment of this disease
available but still sometimes the cure becomes difficult due to high addiction. The most
important reason behind this is that most of the backward class individuals are not much
educated about the awareness of tobacco and thus are nit highly educated to understand the
importance of prevention. Even the children are not much educated due to which sometimes
because of education pressure, they tend to seek the support of tobacco which to relief from
depression which eventually impact their mental health to a great extent. It releases toxins within
brain and leads to its impairment. It not only leads to the disturbance of mental health but also
results in large number of other health issues like health problems, anxiety, irritability, lung
cancer, kidney problems, visual impairment etc. Thus, this is one of the most remarkable issue
which has transformed the entire world and have become a buzz among people (Sheth and
et.al.,2016).
Now a days people have become educated and more and more aware of the harmful
effects of tobacco and the prevalence rates has been reduced from around 40% to more than 20%
across the world and thus has been a sharp decline in the rates of tobacco-induced diseases like
heart diseases, lung cancer, mouth cancer etc (Mello and et.al., 2019). This growing awareness of
people regarding health issues has enabled WHO as well as government to establish wide range
of policies wherein the main aim is to destroy tobacco instead of reducing it and improve the
health of individuals. The tobacco policy being established by government in cooperation with
tobacco health program has made a significant impact in reducing smoking as well as lung
related diseases like cancer. FDA authority developed certain key policies on tobacco products to

reduce the harm for example the most important and significant policy which is being established
in UK together with federal government is exercising taxes over the tobacco products. The tax
over some tobacco items provide revenues and profit to the government at much low
administrative cost which makes these takes more appealing. Moreover, higher taxes generally
have reduced tobacco consumption especially cigarettes and eventually improves the health of
public. This effective combination of enhances revenues as well as improving health of people
have resulted in tobacco taxation am effective policy.
Along with this, the smoke-free policy and legislation is one of the key component in
tobacco control comprehensive strategy. Policies on the clean and hygienic indoor air intake has
somewhat prohibited the smoking at some particular locations like workplace, restaurants, public
places, casinos, institutes etc. Even though there are various laws and rules on the clean air
indoor for more than 40 years but the Establishment of smoke-free policy has expended
drastically in recent scenario. Most of the locations are generally smoke free as they are oriented
towards youth. As per CDC School and health policies and programs, around 70% of the states
and 95% of the school districts prohibits smoking and tobacco consumption by the students
within school building, vehicles grounds, off-campus etc. Around 78% school districts has
smoke-free schools.
Key considerations
As tobacco consumption has become one of the most recent trend across the world thus
there has been a lot of research on this in order to prevent the consumption of tobacco as well as
smoking. Tobacco has grown over several years and thus have transformed the lives of many
people and it has affected their health both physically and mentally. The main ingredient of
tobacco is Nicotine which not only harms the health of people but also make them helpless. The
highest amount of tobacco and nicotine is present in cigarettes and when people smoke more
than 80% of the tobacco goes inside their lungs which affects them to a great extent. As per the
reports of WHO, the life expectancy of an individual inhaling tobacco and smoker is around 10
years which is much less than the nonsmoker (Jacquet and et.al.,2018). A normal cigarette
contains around 7000 chemicals as well as tobacco which is more than enough to cause the
cancer. According to the health and administration department, tobacco consumption kills
approximately 48000 people each and every year. In addition to this, smoking related diseases
and illness cost around $300 billion per year including more than $170 million in the direct

health care for old aged and adults while more than $1656 million within lost productivity (Peng
and et.al.,2018).
In 2017, it was reported by WHO that around 34.3 million people in UK are the smokers
a who mainly forms adult and thus consumer more than 7000 mg of tobacco periodical. It has
been reported in 2018 that more than 13.7% adults currently takes the support of smoked
cigarettes among which 15.6% are men and 12.0% are women. As per the recommendations of
surgeon and healthcare professionals, most of the death which occurs are due to different types
of cancer and heart diseases and the main reason behind these diseases is excessive amount of
tobacco consumption (Burton and et.al.,2015). According to the report of 2018, the highest
mortality rate which has been observed due to smoking and consumption of nicotine is in the
developed nations like UK, US. Middle east etc. In United Kingdom, Cigarette smoking and
tobacco consumption mainly accounts for more than 480000 death per year. Taking globally,
around 6 million people die of the effect of tobacco and the main cause remains cancer.
According to FDA authority, it this trend continues then the number will increase to more than 8
million and the life expectancy will reduce from 10 years to 8 years. The tobacco consumption
not only affects adults but children also remain under the threat of tobacco and cigarette
smoking. Every day, nearly 32, childremn as well as teen which are of 18 years smoke their first
cigarette and thus this lead to their mental impairment. Smoking and tobacco consumption is
mainly responsible for around 1 out of 5 deaths annually within United States. It means that
tobacco causes more than 48000 deaths every year and out of this figure, 41000 deaths are
generally due to exposure to the secondhand smoke.
As per the doctors and healthcare professional, smoker typically inhales nearly 1
milligram of the nicotine in each and every single cigarette and out of these, 4 becomes addicted.
In order to overcome this, tobacco industry generally spends a huge amount of dollar every year
upon cigarettes as well as on the smokeless tobacco promotions. In 2017, more than $9.39 billion
of the money was spent upon advertising as well as promotion of smokeless campaign which
means that around $25 billion was spent every day. In the fiscal year of 2019, states as well as
Federal government collected the fund around $27.3 billion from the tobacco taxes along with
settlements and spent around $655 million. This money was spent of running various tobacco
awareness programs, no smoking campaign, designing various policies and procedures etc.
According to WHO and tobacco authority, spending around 12% from 27.3 billion would fund

each and every tobacco mitigation program of the state at CDC-recommended levels (Pocnet and
et.al.,2017).
As per the current census, it is reported that each and every year, nearly 2000 people
which are younger than 18 years of age smoke the first cigarette and every day around 300
people who have not completed 18 years of age smoke daily and consumes tobacco at a great
level. The data of 2015 reveals that nearly 7 out of 10 which is around 68% adult smokers
wanted to avoid smoking. In 2018, around half of the population which is 55.1% adult smokers
made a quick attempt for leaving smoking and 7 in every 100 people finally quit smoking.
Talking of the race as well ad ethnicity, the tobacco consumption and smoking was highly
reported in non-Hispanic Americans and well as people belonging to multiple races and some of
the non-Hispanic Asians. More than 23 out of 100 non-Hispanic Americans consumers tobacco
to a high level. Besides this, around 19 out of 100 multiple race which forms nearly 19.1% were
reported to be suffering from cancer and other heart related diseases due to excessive
consumption of tobacco and nicotine.
Tobacco has not only targeted adults as well as multiple race individuals but also has
surrounded the entire education system. According to the report of 2018, tobacco consumption
and nicotine intake was found highest among the people who have general education
development (GED). That means, around 36 about of 100 adults which is more than 36.0% of
total population are the adults who have GED certificate and 19.7% are the adults who have high
school certificate. Thus, tobacco has revolutionized the entire world and has targeted each and
every population segment even the kids.
Future preventive measures
In order to overcome the problem of tobacco consumption as well as making people more
and more aware of the health impact which tobacco have, it is highly necessary to take some
measure and steps towards the destruction of tobacco consumption. Thus, not only the
government but the citizens should also take equal part in making this a debate and social topic.
Increasing prices
The first step which should be taken in context to this is increase the cost and prices of
various tobacco products. Increasing prices will eventually lead to the distribution of tobacco
across the whole world. Raising the prices of tobacco as well as cigarettes by increasing the taxes
being levied on it is one of the most effective measure and also policy which will mitigate

smoking among the youth, adults as people having low socioeconomic status (Míguez and
et.al.,2019). This has been recognized as the most efficient preventive measure towards tobacco
and thus will reduce the demand for tobacco. Talking of the demands of tobacco and cigarette,
calculating on average when the price of tobacco as well as cigarette will increase to more than
10% say on single cigarette pack then it will eventually reduce the demand of tobacco and
cigarettes to about 4%among general youth and adult population. Increased taxes will be
advantageous for the smokers and thus would reduce the overall consumption and inhalation of
tobacco. It will also have positive impact upon non-smokers as this will reduce their exposure to
second-had smoke.
The disadvantage of nit adopting this measure is that it will lead to increased
consumption of tobacco and cigarette. When tax on tobacco will be low then it will allow
tobacco companies to easily import and export cigarettes. Besides this, due to low price of
tobacco, people will consumer more and thus this will ultimately lead to an increase in the
tobacco-related diseases.
Implementing anti-tobacco and smoking campaigns
This is the another strategy which the government and other entities should adopt in order
to prevent the consumption of tobacco (Barik and et.al.,2016). According to health and
administration department, establishing some hard-hitting tobacco campaign will educate and
make people aware of harmful effects of tobacco especially people belonging to backwards
classes. Thus, this education will reduce the consumption of tobacco and cigarettes among wide
number of people. The government as well as the tobacco administration should strive willingly
to design a well-through campaign which will leave a great impact on the minds and hears of
people. This campaign should be carried out at different locations especially in institution and
universities as youth are the main target of tobacco consumption.
The cons and disadvantage of this campaign on the other hand would be that most of the
online campaigns would not cover a wide audience especially the people living in villages as
they lack television and other source of internet. Thus, online campaign would not result in wide
coverage and viewership.
Public education
Government need to take necessary steps to reduce consumption of tobacco need to make
people people understand bad impacts of tobacco consumption and for that they need to develop

education programs that help them in improvement of people. Proper education make them
aware about consumption of tobacco. If people are able to understand overall effectiveness of
consumption of tobacco. Education help rural people to aware about consequences of tobacco.
Proper education is taken as both positive and negative sometimes people able to understand and
aware about consumption due to effective advertising or education but sometimes people neglect
those advertisement and education (Intarut and Pukdeesamai, 2017).
Increase tax
Government need to increase taxes on tobacco products which help them to increase
prices of the products. If prices are increases people think twice to purchase and consume those
product and it reduces daily consumption and use of tobacco.
Ban advertisements and promotions
Advertising by cigarette brands attract large number of individual to buy their products
and government need to take necessary steps to reduce use of tobacco making a ban on
advertising of tobacco products which help them to develop effective policies for their
development. Ban on advertisement reduces sale of tobacco companies and also reduces
consumption by public.
Smoke free workplace laws
Government need to build laws that help them to reduce consumption of tobacco
products. Need to make all offices and work places smoke free so that it reduces consumption of
tobacco. Because large number of people spend their time on offices and making workplace
smoke free help them to reduce consumption. It helps to reduce respiratory problems of an
individual.
Smoke free policies
Government needs to develop smoke free policies in some districts so that it reduces
consumption of people. Ban on some places where an individual is not able to use tobacco
products.
Provide treatment to smokers
Government need to take initiative and provide proper treatment to smokers. By
providing free treatment help them to improve lives of large number of people and help them to
reduce negative impact of smoking in someone life.

Smoke free products and medicines
Government need to develop smoke free products and medicines. They need to increase
consumption of medicines by effective advertisement that help people to reduce consumption of
tobacco. Smoke free products consumption help people to get reed of tobacco products.
Fund tobacco control programs
Government needs to provide funds to the programs and policies that help people to get
information and increase awareness of people. Need to provide funds to the social events and
programs that help them to develop effectiveness of people and make them aware about products
and services (Perez-Warnisher, de Miguel and Seijo, 2018).
Warning labels on packets
Government and smoking companies need to provide warning labels on cigarette packets
so that it help them to make people free from consumption of cigarette and make them aware
about its consumption and use.
Develop electronic cigarettes
Government needs to develop e cigarettes to reduce consumption of tobacco and also
reduces impact on health of an individual. Electronic cigarettes have a less impact on health of
an individual as compare of tobacco.
CONCLUSION
It has been summarized that tobacco consumption is one of the leading issue which has
transformed the entire world and thus has been the most serious issue since decades. The
prevalence of Tobacco consumption started a whole year back about 2000 years ago and is still
affecting the people to a great extent. The main cause of the excessive consumption of tobacco is
depression among children, societal and cultural pressure, low financial conditions etc. Thus, the
problem of tobacco consumption has been a buzz around the world which have nit only affected
physical but also mental health of people. In accordance with preventing nicotine consumption,
government has taken various measures like Establishment of various polices whose main aim is
to increase awareness of people against tobacco consumption and thus reduce its demand. There
are numerous measures which the government and WHO should focus on in order to mitigate
effect of tobacco like increasing tobacco product prices etc.

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