Evaluating Vaccination Success, Challenges, and Opportunities Globally

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of global challenges in infectious diseases, with a specific focus on the role of vaccination. It begins by introducing the significance of medical care in the face of emerging diseases and viral infections, emphasizing the importance of vaccination. The essay then delves into the successes of vaccination, including the eradication of smallpox and polio, and the substantial progress in measles elimination. It highlights the high efficacy of vaccines in preventing diseases like Hib and pertussis. The essay also addresses the challenges associated with vaccination, such as OPV-caused paralytic disease and the reintroduction of diseases. Furthermore, it explores opportunities for improving vaccination programs, including global use of monovalent OPV and IPV. The conclusion summarizes the effectiveness and necessity of vaccination, while acknowledging the need for effective management of associated effects to improve its significance in fighting against undiagnosed viral and infectious diseases. The essay uses examples from the World Health Organization and other research to support its arguments, providing a critical analysis of the topic.

Running head: GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Global Challenges in Infectious Diseases
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Table of Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................3
Success:......................................................................................................................................3
Challenges:.................................................................................................................................6
Opportunities:.............................................................................................................................6
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................7
References:.................................................................................................................................8
Appendix:.................................................................................................................................10

2GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Introduction:
The significance of the medical care is considerably high in today’s world with
introduction of complex and critical medical challenges. With introduction of the new
diseases and virus, the importance of the appropriate medical treatment is observed to be
notably high. With a close consideration towards the emergence of several new diseases and
viral infections, the health care services providers are observed to prioritize the process of
vaccinations. According to Heesterbeek et al. (2015), the importance of the strong immunity
amongst the general citizens is considerably high when it comes to protect the general
citizens from the fatal impact of the viral infections, virus and complex diseases. The study is
based on one such context where it analyses the success, challenges and opportunities
associated with the process of vaccination for the efficient elimination of the detrimental
impact infectious diseases.
Success:
According a bulletin of World Health Organization, it is observed that the vaccination
has certainly helped the society in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases (Who.int.
2020). According to Khan et al. (2015), the vaccine safety is also an important aspect and is
seen to attract larger public attention than the vaccination effectiveness. Having said that,
several experts of the World Health Organization portrayed that the vaccines are much safer
than that of the therapeutic medicines. With such understanding of the significance of the
vaccines, it becomes important to analyse the success of the vaccine on the management of
the infectious diseases. One of the important success of the vaccination is seen to be the
eradication. Having said that, the researchers of the World Health Organization claimed that
it is considerably complicated to consider the absolute eradication of the infectious disease
and the application of the vaccines for the enhancement of the immunity amongst the general

3GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
citizens has only delivered success with complete eradication in case of the small pox. The
vaccines are observed to be crucial in ensuring the efficient discontinuation of the routine
smallpox immunization at the global stage. Along with that, Heesterbeek et al. (2015),
mentioned that the application of the vaccines in association with the relevant diagnostic tests
has great significance in eradicating other infectious diseases which has no extra human
reservoir.
Another important success of the vaccines is eradication of polio. Having said that
many of the researchers still consider polio to be a global challenge. However, the high
coverage of the OPV or more specifically known as Oral Polio Vaccine is seen to play a
massive role in eliminating the type 2 polio virus at the global fraternity. Having said that,
Kirkpatrick et al. (2015), mentioned that the eradication of the infectious diseases asks for
greater levels of population immunity in each and every part of the world over a prolonged
period of time. As per the esteemed opinion of Khan et al. (2015), the infectious diseases can
be successfully eliminated at the local stage without any sort of global eradication of the
causative microorganism. With a close look at the progress that the researchers of World
Health Organization have achieved, the substantial success in the measles elimination with
the application of the vaccines, is pretty prominent. Considering the progress of the
researchers, it is visible that the transmission is not taking place indigenously any longer and
at the same time, importation is also not necessarily resulting in the sustained spreading of the
virus and infections.
One of the substantial success of the vaccination programs is visible with the
achievement of 95% population immunity with the utilization of the dual dose vaccination
schedule. As per the bulletin of the World Health Organization, it is visible that the MMR
vaccine or more specially known as Combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine has the
potential to eliminate and eradicate the infectious diseases such as the mumps and rubella

4GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(Who.int. 2020). The bulletin also highlighted the significance of the vaccination in
essentially eradicating the diseases with the mention of increasing measles immunization
levels in various parts of Africa where the vaccination coverage had an average of 67% in the
year 2004 (Who.int. 2020). In addition to this, the success with the utilization of the vaccines
in eliminating the measles is pretty prominent in America and the effectiveness of the
vaccination in eliminating the measles, rubella and mumps is evident in various parts of
Finland. As per the comments of Wahl et al. (2018), there is high possibility of eliminating
the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease with the utilization of the well implemented
programmes with perimeter ranging across the nation. The success of the Efficacious
vaccines in protecting the individuals with prior administration to the exposure is
substantially crucial in highlighting the success of the vaccines in the effective elimination of
the infectious diseases.
Other than this, Kirkpatrick et al. (2015), mentioned that the pre exposure vaccination
of the infants which contains innumerable number of antigens is important aspect of the
immunization programmes against the childhood diseases. Along with that, a bulletin of
World Health Organization showed that vaccine efficacy in tackling invasive Hib disease
amongst the people of the African regions, Native Americans, Europe along with the Chile is
seen to be as high as 90% (Who.int. 2020). Along with that, there is no existence of any
infant who have consumed three doses of vaccine and developed Hib disease in the short
term. On the other hand, the addition of the boosters with the vaccines is crucial for the long
term protection of the infants from the detrimental impact of the Hib. The high effectiveness
of the vaccination is also visible amongst the infants against the fight with pertussis in
Sweden and Hib in Germany (Who.int. 2020). In case of administration after the exposure,
the vaccines also havethe capability to protect the mankind against the fatal impact of the
varicella, rabies, hepatitis A, measles and hepatitis B. From the societal perspective, it is

5GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
estimated that the vaccine has the power to prevent approximately 6 million deaths across the
globe. In United States, there is 99% decline in the incidence of the 9 different viral and
infectious diseases and the effectiveness of the vaccination programs is pretty prominent with
the figure in the mentioned nation (Who.int. 2020).
Challenges:
One of the major challenge of the vaccines in the elimination of the virus related
diseases is OPV-caused paralytic disease tenacious vaccine-virus excretion amongst the
immunodeficient citizens. Along with that, Lemos et al. (2018), highlighted that the local
elimination of the virus and the infectious disease not necessarily remove the danger of the
reintroduction and the severity of the same is pretty visible in Botswana where importation of
type 1 poliovirus from Nigeria took place in the year 2004, however, Botswana is regarded as
polio free from the year 1991 (Who.int. 2020). Other than this, the danger of reintroduction is
also prominent in United States where measles was observed to be reintroduced in the year
2005 to Indiana by a traveller who was suspected to travel from Romania. Having said that,
Lemos et al. (2018), stated that it is of difficulty to ensure that the diseases with
environmental reservoir like tetanus or the animal reservoirs like the rabies and Japanese
encephalitis are tackled or eradicated with the application of the vaccines.
Opportunities:
The transmission of types 1 and 3 of the Oral Polio Vaccine continues in limited areas
in a few countries and the large sale success in the same is certainly a massive opportunity
with the utilization of the vaccines. Global use of monovalent type 1 and type 3 OPV and
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may eventually be required. Other than this, the scope of
resolving the detrimental impact of the OPV-caused paralytic disease along with the
persistent vaccine-virus excretion amongst the immunodeficient individuals across the globe

6GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
will certainly be a massive opportunity for the health care service providers for enhancing the
effectiveness and the progress of the vaccines and the vaccination programs. Other than this,
it is pretty prominent that the global usage of the type 3 Oral Polio Vaccine and type 1 Oral
Polio Vaccine along with the inactivated polio vaccines is much required for the success in
eliminating the detrimental consequences of the polio virus (Lopalco 2017). With a close
look at the challenges associated with the vaccination, it is understandable that the diseases
with environmental reservoirs such as rabies and Japanese encephalitis are difficult to
eradicate. Having said that, the progress of World Health Organization with the vaccination
research and development, it is understandable that the global disease elimination can
successfully achieved with the utilization of the vaccination programmes in case the
vaccination for the humans and animals for rabies is maintained at the top level for a
prolonged period of time.
Conclusion:
On an ending note, it is understandable that the vaccination has greater success in the
fight against the viral and infectious diseases. The global success of the vaccination
programmes for Hib, Polio and Rabies along with viral diseases certainly highlights the
effectiveness and necessity of the vaccination. In addition to this, the vaccination has been a
major remedy in mitigation of disease severity, prevention of infection, Herd protection,
source drying, cancer prevention, prevention of the growth of the antibiotic resistance along
with the extension of the life expectancy. However, the associated effects of the vaccines is a
major point of concerns for the health care providers and the medical servers and that
effective management of the same will be much required in improving the significance and
utilization in fighting against the undiagnosed viral and infectious diseases.

7GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
References:
Heesterbeek, H., Anderson, R.M., Andreasen, V., Bansal, S., De Angelis, D., Dye, C.,
Eames, K.T., Edmunds, W.J., Frost, S.D., Funk, S. and Hollingsworth, T.D., 2015. Modeling
infectious disease dynamics in the complex landscape of global health. Science, 347(6227),
p.aaa4339.
Khan, R., Vandelaer, J., Yakubu, A., Raza, A.A. and Zulu, F., 2015. Maternal and neonatal
tetanus elimination: from protecting women and newborns to protecting all. International
journal of women's health, 7, p.171.
Kirkpatrick, B.D., Colgate, E.R., Mychaleckyj, J.C., Haque, R., Dickson, D.M., Carmolli,
M.P., Nayak, U., Taniuchi, M., Naylor, C., Qadri, F. and Ma, J.Z., 2015. The “Performance
of Rotavirus and Oral Polio Vaccines in Developing Countries”(PROVIDE) study:
description of methods of an interventional study designed to explore complex biologic
problems. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 92(4), pp.744-751.
Lemos, D.R.Q., Franco, A.R., Garcia, M.H.D.O., Pastor, D., Bravo-Alcântara, P., Moraes,
J.C.D., Domingues, C. and Cavalcanti, L.P.D.G., 2018. Risk analysis for the reintroduction
and transmission of measles in the post-elimination period in the Americas. Revista
Panamericana de Salud Pública, 41, p.e157.
Lopalco, P.L., 2017. Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for
polio eradication. Epidemiology & Infection, 145(3), pp.413-419.
Wahl, B., O'Brien, K.L., Greenbaum, A., Majumder, A., Liu, L., Chu, Y., Lukšić, I., Nair, H.,
McAllister, D.A., Campbell, H. and Rudan, I., 2018. Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae
and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines:

8GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
global, regional, and national estimates for 2000–15. The Lancet Global Health, 6(7),
pp.e744-e757.
Who.int. 2020. WHO | Vaccination Greatly Reduces Disease, Disability, Death And Inequity
Worldwide. [online] Available at:
<https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/2/07-040089/en/>

9GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Appendix: